Transcript زاس همانرب و رتویپماک ینابم ی یمشاه اضردومحم نارهت هاگشناد

‫مبانی کامپیوتر و برنامه سازی‬
‫محمودرضا هاشمی‬
‫دانشکده برق و کامپيوتر‬
‫دانشگاه تهران‬
‫پاییز ‪84‬‬
What are we here for?
 To understand Computing systems:
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What are computing systems able to do and how
well can they do it?
What are computing systems used for?
How are computing systems implemented?
How can we use them to achieve our own goals
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Computing Machines
 Computers are everywhere
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General purpose: servers, desktops, laptops, PDAs, etc.
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Special purpose: cash registers, ATMs, games, telephone switches,
etc.
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Embedded: cars, hotel doors, printers, VCRs, industrial machinery,
medical equipment, etc.
 Distinguishing Characteristics
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Speed
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Cost
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Ease of use, software support & interface
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Scalability
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Computing Machines
 All computers, given enough time and
memory, are capable of computing exactly the
same things.
=
PDA
=
Workstation
‫مبانی کامپیوتر و برنامه سازی‬
Supercomputer
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In Practice
 In practice, solving problems involves
computing under constraints.
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time
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cost
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Weather forecast, Digital Video, ...
cell phone, automotive engine controller, ...
power
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cell phone, handheld video game, ...
‫مبانی کامپیوتر و برنامه سازی‬
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Computer History
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Abacus
Babbage- 1833
Calculator- 1886
Eniac- 1946
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30 Tons
72 m2
140 KW
‫مبانی کامپیوتر و برنامه سازی‬
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‫‪Programmability‬‬
‫‪, 7‬پايیز ‪84‬‬
‫مبانی کامپیوتر و برنامه سازی‬
‫‪Operating System‬‬
‫‪, 8‬پايیز ‪84‬‬
‫مبانی کامپیوتر و برنامه سازی‬
Computer Organization
Electronic
Devices
Desired
Behavior
 a very wide gap between the intended behavior and the raw
(unorganized) electronic devices.
 The forerunners to modern computers attempted to assemble
the raw devices (mechanical, electrical, or electronic) into a
special purpose-built machine for each desired behavior.
‫مبانی کامپیوتر و برنامه سازی‬
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General Purpose Computer
Electronic
Devices
computer
organization
General
Purpose
Computer
software
Desired
Behavior
 We will break the gap into multiple levels and build an
island in the middle.
 A general purpose computer is an island that bridges the gap
between the desired behavior (application) and the raw
material (electronic devices).
‫مبانی کامپیوتر و برنامه سازی‬
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Computing systems and Programming
Electronic
Devices
computer
organization
General
Purpose
Computer
Hardware
Architecture
‫مبانی کامپیوتر و برنامه سازی‬
software
Desired
Behavior
Software
Programming
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Layers of Abstraction
Natural Language
Algorithm
Program
Software
Hardware
Machine Architecture
Micro-architecture
Logic Circuits
Devices
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Solving a problem…
Problem
 Solving a problem is a systematic sequence of
transformations between layers of abstraction.
Software Design:
Algorithm
choose algorithms and data structures
Programming:
Program
use language to express design
Compiling/Interpreting:
Machine
Architecture
convert language to machine
instructions
‫مبانی کامپیوتر و برنامه سازی‬
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Solving a problem (Cont.)
Machine
Architecture
Processor Design:
choose structures to implement ISA
Microarch
Logic/Circuit Design:
Circuits
gates and low-level circuits to
implement components
Process Engineering & Fabrication:
Devices
develop and manufacture
lowest-level components
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Algorithms
 The first and most important step in solving a
problem with computers is to transform the
natural language description into an
algorithm.
 For every problem there are usually many
different algorithms. Some require fewer
steps, some are more complex, …
‫مبانی کامپیوتر و برنامه سازی‬
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Algorithm
 To qualify as an algorithm a step by step
procedure should have the following properties:
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Definiteness
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Effective computability
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Each step is precisely stated (e.g. hot or cold lack definiteness)
Each step can be carried out by a computer (e.g. take the largest
prime number lacks it)
Finiteness
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The procedure terminates
‫مبانی کامپیوتر و برنامه سازی‬
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This course is about:
 How computers work
 How they are organized internally
 What are the design tradeoffs
 What computers consist of
 How design affects programming and applications
 How to solve our problems with computers
 How to program our solutions in C
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This course is NOT about
 While covering all the basic components underlying a program we won’t
get into too much details about:
 Underlying circuits:
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Logic Circuits, VLSI
 CPU structures and Assembly language
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Microprocessors, and Microprocessors II
 Computer Architecture
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Computer Architecture, Advanced Computer Architecture
 Operating Systems
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Operating Systems
 Problem solving
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Algorithm, Data Structure, Numerical Analysis
 Programming Languages
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Advanced Programming
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Course Outline
 Bits and Bytes
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How do we represent information using electrical
signals?
 Digital Logic
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How do we build circuits to process information?
 Processor and Instruction Set
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How do we build a processor out of logic elements?
What operations (instructions) will we implement?
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Course Outline
 Algorithm/Solving problems
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How to formulate our solutions in manner suitable for
computers
 C Programming
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How do we write programs in C?
How do we implement high-level programming
constructs?
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Administrative Issues
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Class website:
To be determined…
Time
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Sunday
Tuesday
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11:00-13:00
11:00-13:00
Grading
Assignments
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Every Sunday, due the next week at 14:00
Late submission penalties: -20% By Monday at 10, not accepted after that.
Although working in groups is encouraged but cheating is not tolerated.
Quiz
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5%
7.5%
-0.5 for each absence
3 Projects
Midterm
Final Exam
17.5%
25%
45%
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3 Weekly lectures by TAs
 TA team:
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Mohsen Vakilian
: [email protected]
Erfan Azarkhish
: [email protected]
Mahboobeh Ghorbani : [email protected]
Roshanak Zilouchian : [email protected]
Reza Shahidinejad : [email protected]
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References
 Introduction to Computing Systems from
bits &gates to C & beyond, Y.N. Patt, S. J.
Patel. McGraw-Hill 2001
 The C Programming Language, Brian
Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie. Published
by Prentice-Hall. 1988.
 More to be provided in class or at
www.comnete.com/computing/links.htm
‫مبانی کامپیوتر و برنامه سازی‬
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Questions?
 Best way to reach me is by email:
[email protected]
‫مبانی کامپیوتر و برنامه سازی‬
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