Transcript Document 7400432

APPRECIATION PROGRAMME
ON
SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE
9th October 2010
Introduction to Sustainability Sciences
Block I
N. Ganga Vidya
M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation
Block I
Introduction
to
Sustainability Science
Units in Block 1
Unit 1 Concept of Sustainability Sciences
Unit 2 Population and Unsustainable Lifestyles
Unit 3 Finite Resources
Unit 4 Ecological Foundations of Basic Human Needs
Introduction to a few terms
in this Subject
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Sustain – to continue without lessening, to nourish, to allow
to flourish
Develop – to improve or bring to a more advanced state
Community – a group of people who live and interact within a
specific geographic area
Economy – the way the goods and services are produced,
distributed and consumed
Sustainability Sciences is a Dynamic
Interaction between Natural Sciences and
Societies
Definition of Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development Defined
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World Commission on Environment and Development's.
"Sustainable development is development that meets the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.
It contains within it two key concepts:
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the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs
of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be
given; and
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the idea of limitations imposed by the state of
technology and social organization on the environment's
ability to meet present and future needs."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development
Economist Edward Barbier (1987)
The Real Subsets
All definitions of sustainable development require that we see
the world as a system—a system that connects space; and a
system that connects time.
When you think of the world as a system over space, you grow
to understand that air pollution from North America affects air quality in
Asia, and that pesticides sprayed in Argentina could harm fish stocks off the
coast of Australia.
And when you think of the world as a system over time, you start to realize
that the decisions our grandparents made about how to farm the land
continue to affect agricultural practice today; and the economic
policies we endorse today will have an impact on urban poverty when our
children are adults.
We also understand that quality of life is a system, too. It's good to be
physically healthy, but what if you are poor and don't have access to
education? It's good to have a secure income, but what if the air in your part
of the world is unclean? And it's good to have freedom of religious
expression, but what if you can't feed your family?
The concept of sustainable development is rooted is this sort of systems
thinking. It helps us understand ourselves and our world. The problems we
face are complex and serious—and we can't address them in the same way
we created them.
Commitment to Development Index
http://www.cgdev.org/section/initiatives/_active/cdi/
Rich and poor countries are linked in many ways by foreign aid,
commerce, migration, the environment, and military affairs. The
Commitment to Development Index (CDI) rates 22 rich countries on
how much they help poor countries build prosperity, good government,
and security. Each rich country gets scores in seven policy areas,
which are averaged for an overall score.
1. Rich-country policies matter
2. Development is more than aid
3. Aid is more than money
4. Coherence matters
5. Partnerships are powerful
6. No one is perfect
1987
Ms. Gro Harlem
Bruntland Chaired
this
Commission
which
produced
the report
Realising
that
Short term Goals
don’t jeoparadise
the
long
term
development
Three Main Components
of
Study
of
Sustainability Sciences
Awareness
Analysis
Action
The Goal of
Sustainability Science
To Mainstream the principles of
ecology, economics, social, gender
equity and ethics in all the technology
development
and
dissemination
programmes.
Dimensions of
Sustainable Development
P- Population
R- Resource
R -Replenishable
E- Economy
E - Ecology
E - Equity
Social Sustainability of
Development Pathways is as
important as environment and
economic sustainability .
1972 M. S. Swaminathan
There is no better common
Future without a better
common present
The Five Es of Sustainability
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ECONOMY - Compatible with Nature — considering economic development plans
that protect and/or enhance natural resources through improvements in
management practices, technology, efficiency, and changes in life-style.
ECOLOGY - Natural Ecosystem Capacity — understanding natural system
processes of landscapes and watersheds to guide the design of sound economic
development strategies.
EQUITY - Societal Well-Being for All People — guaranteeing equal access to
jobs, education, natural resources, and services for all people -- balancing the
playing field.
EDUCATION - Life-long Learning, Awareness, & Training — citizens and
organizations obtaining adequate and comprehensive information in creating
authentic choices for action intended to affect sustainability; developing
interdisciplinary curriculum to train students for careers in sustainable development.
EVALUATION - Measuring the making of a Difference — identifying key
sustainability indicators that measure the direction and extent of impact from
economic and social activities on natural and human systems; providing feedback to
allow for corrections in ongoing work toward sustainability.
Mass Production
Production By Masses
“Cooperation is first and foremost a philosophy. However, the magic of
cooperation is seen when this philosophy is translated into business and
economic success.”
“A successful method in which the nation can create and distribute wealth is
through cooperation. The performance of India's milk cooperatives -- and
particularly those in Gujarat -- provides compelling evidence of the
superiority of cooperation over unadulterated capitalism, or socialism, while
serving as an instrument of development. It is not a coincidence that
throughout the world, cooperation has proven to be the first choice of those
involved in the primary sectors, especially agriculture and dairying.
It is in the fitness of things as both agriculture and dairying- involving mass
production and mass consumption - provide livelihoods to millions of
common people in most countries of the world.”
Dr. Verghese Kurian
The father of the Indian milk revolution
Unit 2
Population
&
Unsustainable Lifestyle
The First Edition Cover
The Limits to Growth is
a 1972 book modeling
the consequences of a
rapidly growing world
population and finite
resource
supplies,
commissioned by the
Club of Rome.
Theories of Population
Pessimistic -
Preventive Check
Optimistic - Positive Check
Revisionist - Population is one of the many factors
Marxist – Capitalism is the reason for population increase
Feminisation of Poverty
And the Missing Women
“42.7 million Indian Women die for no other reason
than not being able to access healthcare, if and when
they do being discriminated against being so
malnourished that even if they get treatment they
cannot survive, and all this only if they are not
eliminated before birth or after being born.”
http://www.thehindu.com/mag/2010/04/04
/stories/2010040450060300.htm
The Hindu dated Sunday April 4th 2010
Carrying Capacity
Sustainable Size of a Resident Population in
a given Ecosystem
Carrying capacity is not a fixed number. Estimates put Earth's
carrying capacity at anywhere between 2 billion and 40 billion
people [source: McConeghy]. It varies with a wide range of factors,
most of them fitting under the umbrella of "lifestyle." If humans
were still in the hunter-gatherer mode, Earth would have reached
its capacity at about 100 million people [source: Think Quest]. With
humans producing food and living in high-rise buildings, that
number increases significantly [source: Think Quest].
As of 2008, there were about 6.7 billion people living on this planet
[source: Sachs].
Energy Efficiency
Energy efficiency improvements refer to a reduction in the energy used
for a given service (heating, lighting, etc.) or level of activity. The
reduction in the energy consumption is usually associated with
technological changes, but not always since it can also result from better
organisation and management or improved economic conditions in the
sector ("non-technical factors").
http://www.42u.com/efficiency/energy-efficiency-calculator.htm
Carbon Footprint
It measures total amount of greenhouse gas emissions released into the
environment. Greenhouse gas emissions from all sources are summed up
and changed into units of CO2 equivalent which is used to standardize
greenhouse gas emissions and help make comparisons from different time
periods and across industries. Carbon emissions are usually measured in
metric tones per year (1 metric ton equals 2204lbs).
http://www.carbonfootprint.com/calculator.aspx
Ecological Footprint
The ecological footprint is a measure of human demand
on the Earth's ecosystems.
http://www.ecologicalfootprint.com/
Beyond the Limits first edition
cover. 1992
"Beyond
the
Limits
recognizes that the future
doesn't lie in tinkering with
resource use or simply
squelching
population
growth
in
developing
countries. A sustainable
future will require profound
social and psychological
readjustments
in
the
developed and developing
world."
Unit 3
Finite Resources
Renewable Resources continuous process of renewal and
supply by nature
Non Renewable Resource Physical quantity does not increase
significantly with time
http://www.worldometers.info/
Energy used worldwide today (MWh), of which:
- from non-renewable sources (MWh)
- from renewable sources (MWh)
Solar energy striking Earth today (MWh)
Oil pumped today (barrels1)
Oil left (barrels)
Days to the end of oil
Gas left (boe3)
Days to the end of gas
Coal left (boe)
Days to the end of coal
Water Footprint
http://www.waterfootprint.org/?page=cal/waterfootprintcalculator_indv_ext
People use lots of water for drinking, cooking and washing, but
even more for producing things such as food, paper, cotton
clothes, etc. The water footprint is an indicator of water use that
looks at both direct and indirect water use of a consumer or
producer. The water footprint of an individual, community or
business is defined as the total volume of freshwater that is used
to produce the goods and services consumed by the individual or
community or produced by the business.
Hubbert Peak Oil Theory
http://www.oilcrisis.com/summary.htm
It is widely accepted that oil is a finite resource; there are basic laws
which describe the depletion of any finite resource:
•Production starts at zero;
•Production then rises to a peak which can never be surpassed;
•Once the peak has been passed, production declines until the
resource is depleted.
Agenda 21 Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism Carbon Market Think
Global Act Local Agenda 21 Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism
Carbon Market Think Global Act Local Agenda 21 Kyoto Protocol Clean
Development Mechanism Carbon Market Think Global Act Local Agenda 21 Kyoto
Protocol Clean Development Mechanism Carbon Market Think Global Act Local
Agenda 21 Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism Carbon Market Think
Global Act Local
Sustainable Development Timeline
http://www.rce-ns.org/fileadmin/rce/Sustainable_Development_Timeline.pdf
1960s The Birth of the Environmental Movement
1962 Rachel Carson writes ‘Silent Spring’ which is often seen to
have been a starter of the environmental movement.
1968 Garrett Hardin writes ‘The Tragedy of the Commons’ detailing
the global dilemma of how individuals acting for self-interest
can ultimately destroy a shared limited resource.
1968 Ehrlich writes ‘The Population Bomb’ which predicted disaster
for humanity due to overpopulation.
1968 During the Apollo 8 mission Bill Anders photographs the Earth
from Space highlighting the fragility of our planet.
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1970s Development of Environmentalism
1972 The Stockholm Declaration is the first real global
environmental forum.
1972 The Club of Rome writes ‘Limits to Growth’ which models
the consequences of a rapidly growing global population
and finite resource supplies
1973 The OPEC oil crisis also highlights the fact that the world’s
resources are finite and unsustainable.
1974 Garrett Hardin writes ‘Living on a Lifeboat’ which details
global ethics and overpopulation issues.
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1980s Towards the birth of Sustainable Development
1980 The World Conservation Strategy is published which
suggests a sustainable approach towards nature.
1985 The British Antarctic Survey discovers the Ozone hole - a
huge display of environmental damage.
1987 The Brundtland report ‘Our Common Future’ first uses the
term ‘Sustainable Development’.
1988 The Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is
formed.
1989 The Exxon Valdez oil spill disaster off Alaska highlights the
damages that human activities can cause.
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1990s Meetings and conferences that developed
understanding of global sustainability issues
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1992 Sustainable Development gains world recognition at the UN Earth
Summit in Rio de Janeiro where 172 nations discuss environmental
issues, culminating in the Rio Declaration and Agenda 21.
1993 The first meeting of the UN Commission on Sustainable
Development takes place.
1993 UN Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small
Island Developing States in Barbados.
1994 International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo.
1995 World Summit for Social Development in Copenhagen.
1990s Meetings and conferences that developed
understanding of global sustainability issues - contd
1996 Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing.
1996 Second UN Conference on Human Settlements in Istanbul.
1996 World Food Summit in Rome.
1997 Over 160 nations met in Kyoto, Japan, to discuss greenhouse
gas emissions, eventually leading to the signing of the Kyoto
Protocol which entered into force in 2005.
1999 The first global sustainability index is launched.
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2000s Sustainable Development becomes a big issue
2000 At the largest ever gathering of world leaders the
Millennium Development Goals are agreed which et
timebound and measurable goals for combating poverty,
hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation and
discrimination against women.
2002 The Johannesberg Summit takes place as a 10 year follow
up to the Rio Summit, and more progress is made towards
Sustainable Development and establishing organizations and
partnerships.
2003 The Earth Charter includes “Values and Principles for a
Sustainable Future”.
2009 COP 15, the Copenhagen Climate Summit in December.
The Future ?
2012 The Earth Summit (Rio+20) will take place
Unit 4
Ecological Foundation
of
Basic Human Needs
Maslow’s Theory of Hierarchy of Needs
Types of Satisfiers
Violators or Destroyers - impact other needs
Pseudo - false sense generation
Inhibiting - over satisfying
Singular - one person
Synergic - simultaneous many needs
Please think aloud
&
involve all around you in the thinking process
Thank You
Have you tested your brains to do
some social service here is chance
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