Transcript Energy Crop Production and Field Monitoring Ken TANIWAKI, Haoming Hu

Energy Crop Production and
Field Monitoring
29 Aug. 2007 National Agricultural Research Center
Ken TANIWAKI, Haoming Hu
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Energy Crop Production and
Field Monitoring
1.
Energy resource and Biomass Energy
2. Oil crop as biomass energy
3. Oil crop production
4. Field monitoring
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1. Energy resource and biomass energy
Chronicles around Biomass
• 1992 Rio de Janeiro “The Earth Summit”
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
Convention on Biological Diversity are concluded
• 1997 COP3 Kyoto Protocol
• 2000 Clinton’s State of the Union：Increase B.M. production
up to triple
2001 Agro-Energy Laboratory(NARO)
2006 Biomass Research Center (NARO)
• 2007 Bush’s Energy Initiative: using 35 billion gallons of
alternative fuels by 2017
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Comparison of energy resources
Japan Atomic Energy Relations Organization (2007)
Reserves of energy resources
Renewable energy has almost same life span as sun
and earth.= 5,000,000,000 yr.?
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Comparison of renewable energy
Japan Atomic Energy Relations
Organization (2007)
wind energy output dispersion
solar energy daily change
Rance tidal power plant
Tidal energy
Japan Atomic Energy Relations
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Organization (2007)
Comparison of energy cost
us$/kwh
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
solar
wind
hydro
petro
lng
coal
nuclear
Energy cost of deferent resources in Japan
Atomic Energy Relations Organization (2007)
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Comparison of energy usability
solar
portability
○
initial cost
×
cost
×
m aintenance △
w ind
○
×
△
△
hydro
×
×
◎
×
petro
△
○
○
◎
lng
×
×
○
◎
coal
×
△
○
○
nuclear
×
×
◎
×
biom ass
○
○
○
○
Energy usability matrix
So, among renewable
energy, biomass used to be
our most familiar energy
resources in our history
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2. Oil crop as biomass energy
Wood
Plant
Seaweed
Algae
Straw
Husk
Ethanol
Plant Oil
Animal fat
Animal waste
Waste food
Sludge
Bio-ethanol and Bio-diesel
Etc.
become highlighted.
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Biomass is produced by photo synthesis
Lipid
C18H30O2 in seed
Protein
BDF(Biodiesel fuel)
ethanol
mineral
Ca,Na,K,Fe,etc.
carbohydrate
Photo&biosynthesis
Calvin-Benson cycle
CO2
C6H12O6 in Leaf
water,fertilizer,mineral
Fatty acid1
Fatty acid2
Fatty acid3
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Biomass is produced by photo synthesis
carbohydrate
reduction
lipid
glycerol
Energy is accumulated
as oil in oil body
oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
fatty acid
C. Somerville. Et.al , Lipid,.2000
Bio-synthesis of lipid
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Caloric value of materials
Kcal/kg
lng
gasoline
diesel
biodiesel(from oil plant)
ethanol
methanol
coal
Energy density of biodiesel
is higher than that of
ethanol
12,000
10,500
10,900
9,600
6,400
4,800
4,800
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Comparison of ethanol and
BDF(Bio diesel fuel )
Energy input or output of per energy in biofuel
Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels, Jason Hill et.al.
2006 PNAS
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NET ENERGY BALANCE
Major oil crop and its yield
Min-Max
average
oil content
oil yield
t/ha
t/ha
%
t/ha
oil palm
12.6-32.4
19.2
20
3.84
rapeseed
2.3-3.8
2.9
35
1.02
sunflower
1.7-2.4
2.1
35
0.74
peanut
2.8-3.3
3.1
35
1.09
soybean
2.3-3.6
2.8
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0.48
jatropha
1.5-2.0
-
0.48-0.71
K.Okada by FAO STAT 2005
Jatropha can grow even in not arable land
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3. Oil crop production
Ex. Rapeseed production
flower
Photo synthesis takes place
even in rape shell
rapeseed
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Selection of cultivars
Ⅰ ．Erucic acid free  heart disease
Ⅱ ．Glucocinolate free  meal can be used as feed
Ⅲ ．Proper cultivars for local climate cold temp response
Ⅳ ．High yield  enough growth period
Ⅴ．Avoid contamination of pollen every year
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Precision seeding
works for high yield
precise seeding with vacuum seeder
is adaptable for double cropping of
rapeseed in winter and sunflower in
summer.
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Double cropping after rice
Effective drainage（Watanabe 2006)
5cm
Cross sectional view of ridge
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Total working time
10-30 hours/ha
Harvesting
Combine harvester
Total cost in fully
mechanized
production system
90-220us$ /ha
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4. Field monitoring for energy crop
Brassica napus = Rapeseed
Low chemical fertilizer sensitivity
Organic nitrogen contributes its growth
Iron may serve its growth
Boron is inevitable
Would distribute glucocinolates from its root that control neighboring plant
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There are several hazards against ample amount of yield
birds
Seeding season
Harvest season
Ripening period is quite short
Harvest season
People sometimes become robber
Budding season
Mouse under snow may eat eat leaves
Under snow
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Eventually contradiction between energy and food usage
of biomass crop has been emerged
e.g.. corn for food or ethanol
biomass crop would not fit for arable land
Enrich field
By root development
Introducing
cultivars into
Field monitoring
Introduce oil crop
Into the field
abandoned fields
Optimize energy and food
cultivar selection
agriculture
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