Transcript Document 7384195

Brinkley Ch. 4 Part 2
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“The Empire in Transition”
AP Outline
1.
The American Revolutionary Era,
1754-1789
A.
B.
C.
D.
The French and Indian War
The Imperial Crisis and resistance to Britain
The War for Independence
State constitutions and the Articles of
Confederation
E. The federal Constitution
Essay Topic #1
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“Despite its precedent-setting character, the
American revolt is noteworthy because it made
no serious interruption in the smooth flow of
American development.
Both in intention and in fact the American
Revolution conserved the past rather than
repudiated it. And in preserving the colonial
experience, the men of the first quarter of the
Republic's history set the scenery and wrote
the script for the drama of American politics
for years to come.”
Assess the validity of this statement.
Essay #2
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“A salient feature of our Revolution
was that its animating purpose was
deeply conservative.
The colonials revolted against British
rule in order to keep things the way
they were, not to initiate a new era.”
Assess the validity of this statement.
Quiz: Revolution
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
List 5 things Ben Franklin did before
and during the Revolution
What were, and caused the “Coercive
or Intolerable acts?”
Significance of the Battle of Saratoga
Treaty of Paris did what?
Explain 5 things associated with the
Declaration of Independence
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Zenger Case: 1734- lawsuit brought
against a journalist- for writing a
critical editorial- Zenger was innocentfreedom of the press reinforced.
Paxton Boys- Pennsylvania
frontiersmen demanded tax relief and
help with the Indians– Significance showed growing discontent
with British policies
Colonies Before 1763
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"Salutary neglect“-reduced govintervention in colonial affairs.
– Develop independently
– Freedom of Religion
– Commerce (Trade)
– Self Government
– All in an effort to support development
of colonies (Colonies Develop/Population
grows)
Post French and Indian
War 1763
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High expectations -Colonist felt they
were ready to inhabit the newly
acquired land“Peaceful and undisturbed
enjoyment of this good land.”
However Great Britain had other concerns.
Proclamation Line 1763
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Settlers immediately
begin to move West
Pontiac- Ottawa
Leader attacks and
British make
proclamation to limit
Westward Movement
Angered Virginia land
speculators (GW)
King George III- 1760
3 English Administrations
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Grenville 1763– Proclamation of 1763
– Mutiny Act or Quartering Act
– Naval enforcement of
Navigation Acts
– New and Improved Customs
Service
– Sugar Act 1764
– Currency Act 1764
– Stamp Act 1765
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Townshend 1767
– New York assembly disbanded
– Townshend Duties (new taxes
on imports)
– Lead, paper, paint, tea
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Boston Massacre
Committee of Correspondence
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Lord North 1770
– Quiet Period
– Committee of
Correspondence
– Tea Act
– Boston Tea Party
– Coercive Acts- or
“Intolerable Acts”
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Boston Port Act
Massachusetts
Government Act
Administration of
Justice Act
King George III
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Wanted to reassert the authority of the
monarchy over the colonies.
Grenville Prime Minister, 1763
Believed colonists should pay for share of
the war
Supported-Sugar Act, Currency Act, Stamp
Act, Quartering Act and Admiralty Courtsto raise money and control the colonies.
Tar and Feathers
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"Sometimes only the head was shaven, tarred and feathered"
"First degree burns are sustained after a split second contact with a
material that is about 70 °C (160 °F). The same is also sustained after
thirty seconds of contact with 55 °C (130 °F) material. The tar of that
period was of such a quality that it only melted at about 60 °C (140 °F)
but was often heated to higher temperatures. At temperatures of 60 °C
(140 °F) burns can be created with a three second contact.
Furthermore, after the tar had cooled, it and the feathers would have
to be peeled or rubbed off with lard, usually taking a good deal of skin
with them. These would leave ugly scars and infection could set in.
Depending on how "complete" the job was done, there was also a risk
of heat stroke as the tar would act as a strong insulator and prevent
the skin from breathing
.As a public or vigilante punishment, the purpose is to socially
ostracize the victim. The hot tar scars and disfigures so the victim
would be seen, wherever he went, to have suffered the punishment.
The feathers serve to dehumanize the victim and expulsion from the
community by carting or running him out of town completes the act.
Riding a rail (especially the old sharp-edged triangular style) could
cut and damage the crotch and impair the victim's ability to walk
without pain. The agonized screams of the victim were typically
drowned out by the noise of the crowd and the clanging of metal
objects (pans, bells, etc.)."
Navigation Laws NOW Strictly
Enforced
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Restricted commerce to and from
the colonies to English or American
vessels. Iron Act/Molasses Act
Certain "enumerated" articles like
tobacco couldn’t be shipped to any
other foreign market except
England, despite higher prices in
other markets.
All European goods going to America had to go
through England first.
George Grenville, new Prime Minister,
sought to enforce Navigation Acts
 Americans
particularly angry
about increased authority of
Admiralty Courts that could now:
no
try smugglers
trial by
 tax evaders
jury
 ship owners, and others
accused of violating commercial
restrictions
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Timeline Activity:
Create a timeline that identifies the key
developments leading up to the War for
Independence- use separate colors to
symbolize British and Colonial/American
actions
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Granville
–
–
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Stamp Act
Quartering Act
Sugar Act
Admiralty Courts
Admiralty courts
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Did Parliament have a legitimate right
to pass laws that affected the
Colonies?
Why or why not?
Colonial Resistance
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Colonists begin to be united against new
revenue measures
The imperial government was imposing on
traditional colonial powers
Colonists resist-
– Virginia Resolves -Patrick Henry in the Virginia
House of Burgesses declares colonists have the same
rights as Englishmen,
– Only taxes voted on by colonial legislature area legal
– Was defeated
– legislatures, other colonies adopt similar
resolutions
Resistance
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Stamp Act Congress
1765
– Mass leaders called
a meeting to discuss
the stamp tax
– met in NY
– 9 colonies
– Created petitions to
the King and
Parliament for
redress
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Sons of Libertyviolence begins to
break out
Popular unrest=
riots
Boycotts of British
goods
Stamp Act Repealed 1766
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British bow to pressure from English
merchants who are losing money from
lack of trade
Declaratory Act passed- stated that
the Parliament had authority over
colonies
“No Taxation without
Representation”
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Virtual Representation- concept that
members of Parliament represented all
of the subjects in the Empire.
Actual Representation- idea that
representatives come from the
electorate
Colonial Unity Emerges=
Common Grievances Grow
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Northern Merchants= upset about taxes and
reduction in colonial manufactures
Settlers= upset about closing the West
Southern Planters= upset no land speculation and
debts rising to English, prices rising
Small Farmers= upset at taxes
Workers= upset about fewer jobs and
(manufacture)
Charles Townshend- 1767
British Leader, Chancellor of Exchequer
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British government- increases restrictions
New taxes on imported goods
To pay for Royal officials in colonies (by pass
colonial legislatures
Tea, lead, paint, paper…
Writs of Assistance- broad license to search
individual homes/ no judge needed
Townshend
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1767- Dissolved the New York assembly for
not complying with Quartering Act
Massachusetts calls for more Unity of the
coloniesEstablished Board of Customs to regulate
trade/end smuggling
Causes:
– Colonists further resent- and unify against,
with boycott of imports– repealed 1770 except tea
Townshend Dies
Lord North Replaces 1770
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Townshend Duties
Repealed 1770
Except Tea
Popular resentment
causes violence
Royal representatives
are harassed especially
in MASS
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Troops are sent to
Boston
Tensions grow and an
incident occurs 5
people shot by British
soldiers
Boston Massacre,
March 1770
Causes further
resentment
(propaganda)
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Revere
Engraving
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Quiet period after Boston Massacre
Committees of
Correspondence
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In response to British new restrictions
on the colonistsSam Adams a patriot from
Massachusetts,
Committees write letters to create
support against the British (UNITY)
Later other colonies will participate in
this Propaganda campaign.
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Check the Link for Great Pictures:
Another Tea Act 1773
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To help the East India Company
Tea is given free export from England and
cheaper prices in the colonies but also, a
monopoly for the company
December 1773 Colonists still resent and
dump tea in the Boston Tea Party90,000 lbs are dumped
Unrest causes - Intolerable Acts
Lord North- Coercive
Acts/Intolerable Acts 1774
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Unrest causes Parliament to punish
Massachusetts
Closed Boston Harbor
Reduced self government powers
Tried to force division among the
colonies
Punish Mass for resistance
Causes colonial UNITY by making
Massachusetts a martyr
Unity of Colonies supported
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Royal Governors begin to dissolve
colonial assemblies
First Continental Congress called in
response to Coercive Acts, Sept. 1774
Representatives from 12 colonies
attend
Petitioned the king for redress of
grievances
Created committees to prepare
resistance (including armed)
King’s government responds with
repression, trade restrictions
George III Responds with
Military
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“The New England governments are in a state of
rebellion, blows must decide whether they are
subject to this country or independent.”
April 1775- General Gage attempts to arrest Sam
Adams and John Hancock, at Lexington, and
seize militia powder
Paul Revere rides to warn them and the
“Minutemen”
“Shot heard round the world” begins the military
phase of the rebellion.
Second Continental
Congress -- May 10, 1775
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All 13 colonies present
Selected George Washington to head
of the Continental Army.
Adopted measures to raise money and
to create an army and a navy
Olive Branch Petition
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July 1775
Second Continental Congress creates
Pledges loyalty and asks king to
intervene with parliament on behalf of
the colonists.
Protect their rights
Did everyone want
Independence?
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No
Some Radicals Wash,
Adams, Hancock,
Franklin, were ready
Most Americans were
not ready in 1775
The movement toward
independence
increases in 1776
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Reasons for
Radicalization
Cost of War $ and lives
British enlist slaves
British enlist indians
British use Mercenaries
Naval blockade
“Common Sense”
Thomas Paine
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See ppt “Declaration of Independence
and Common Sense”
The War
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May 1775 Ticonderoga, Fort Captured on
Canada Frontier
Bunker Hill – June 17, 1775, Colonists inflict
massive casualties on British attack, but
must retreat.
18,000 Hessians (German mercenary
soldiers) hired by King to support British
forces
Americans failed to successfully invade
Canada in Oct. 1775
Declaration of
Independence, 1776
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See ppt “Declaration of Independence
and Common Sense”
Declaration of
Independence
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What did the
Declaration of
Independence say?
How is the Declaration
of Independence
organized?
What do you have to
do?
How is the Declaration of
Independence organized?
The Document is divided
into four parts:
 Preamble: announces
the reasons for the
document, explains
why colonists chose to
separate from England
• The Declaration:
the statement that
these 13 colonies
are now
independent
 Political Principles:
a section identifies the
ideas underlying the
rights of the people,
John Locke’s ideas
• Complaints: the
document lists the
unfair acts
perpetrated by the
British Government
Loyalists
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Loyalists ("Tories") = about 30% of
the American people
About 80,000 Loyalists fled the
colonies.
50,000 fought for the British
How did Americans pay
for the war?
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Congress had no authority to levy
taxes on the people
Requisition to states
Sold bonds- gave troops certificates to
be redeemed after the war.
Issued paper money = inflation
Borrowed large amounts of money
form other nations- France,
Netherlands
British and the War
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Advantages
Navy
Best equipped army
Resources of and
empire
Coherent command
structure
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Disadvantages
3000 miles from
home
Not enough of
Popular support
Leadership
mistakes
3 phases of the War
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Phase I North
1775 Bunker Hill
1776 March Brits evacuate
Boston
Late 1775-early 76 Americans
invade Canada
Phase II
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Mid-Atlantic Region
July 1776-78
Gen. Howe and
32,000 British
soldiers invade New
York kick out
Washington take
lots of American
prisoners
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Washington and
19,000 troops
retreat to New
Jersey
Hessians chase him
and occupy Jersey
Christmas 1776 GW
takes Trenton then
Princeton then
retreats again
Brits invade North
and South cut
colonies in two
Phase II part 2
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Brandywine Sept. 1777 Washington
defeated
Germantown Oct 1777 Washington defeated
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Burgoyne comes down from Canada
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Big battle at Saratoga Oct. 1777
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– Burgoyne defeated surrenders 5000 men
– Horatio Gates American Hero
– Led directly to French support of the American
revolution
Indians and Revolution
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Iroquois
Confederacy
declare Neutral
But
Mohawk
Senecca
Cayuga
Support Brits
Will later flee to
Canada
Confederacy ends
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Oneida
Tuscarora
supported the
Americans
Why is Washington seen as
a the “Indispensable Man”
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He survived and inspired the troops to
stay through to the end of the war.
Why did the Americans
Win?
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Didn’t give up!
France helped- Navy, $, Troops
1. The Marquis de LaFayette
2. Compte Rochambeau
3.
4.
5.
Fighting on their home territory“Guerrilla” = unconventional warBritish quit- too much money, too
difficult to win.
The Revolution turned into a world
war that stretched Britain’s resources.
“attrition”
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Franco-American Alliance, 1778
Spain and Holland entered in 1779.
In 1778, Britain again changed its strategy:
focused on former Southern Colonies
Battle of Yorktown: last major battle of the
war
Oct. 19, 1781, General Cornwallis
surrendered entire force of 7,000 men War
continued one more year (especially in the
South)
Treaty of Paris
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Treaty of Paris of 1783: Britain formally
recognized
US independence
US boundaries
– Mississippi in the west,
– the Great Lakes in the north, and to
– Spanish Florida in the south
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Over 250,000 American soldiers fought 10%
who fought died; largest % of any American
war in history
Most of the fighting was done by the
poorest Americans Young city laborers, farm
boys, indentured servants, and sometimes
slaves
Cincinnatus
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Cincinnatus' Reputation: Cincinnatus
was considered a model of Roman
virtue. He was a farmer above all,
although when called to serve his
country he did so without question -briefly and without ambition.
Washington Story
“Shortly after the peace was signed, the revolutionary war
hero Ethan Allen, had occasion to visit England, where
he was subjected to teasing and banter. The British
would make fun of the Americans and General
Washington in particular. One day they got a picture of
General Washington and displayed it prominently in the
outhouse so Allen could not miss it. When he made no
mention of it, they asked him if he had seen the
Washington picture. Allen said, he thought that “it was
a very appropriate place for an Englishman to keep a
picture of Washington. There is nothing that will make
an Englishman shit so quick as the sight of General
Washington.”
Women and the War
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Camp Followers
“Their hair falling, their brows beady
with the heat, their belongings slung
over one shoulder, chattering and
yelling, in sluttish shrills as they went.”
Cooking, laundry, and nursing
Molly Pitcher
Women’s Rights
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Abigail Adams- sends a note to
husband John Adams about the time
of the Declaration (Articles of Confed)
“In the new code of laws which I
suppose it will be necessary for you to
make, I would desire you would
remember the ladies and be more
generous and favorable to them than
your ancestors.”
Women in Colonial and
early US
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Virtually no rights
Unmarried women had some rights to own
property and enter contracts
Married Women
Could not own property
Could not earn independent wages
Everything belonged to the husband
No legal authority over children
Could not write will- no legal transactions
Most states could not obtain a divorce
Republican Motherhood
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Children will be instructed by mothers
– Principles of liberty
– Virtues of Republican Citizenry
State Constitutions
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Written plans for governments (not like
English constitution)
Power of Executive must be limited
– Limit veto
– Disallowed ability to dissolve legislature
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Separation of Powers- Executive and
Legislative
Bicameral = 2 houses upper and lower
Property requirement for voting
Slavery in Post War America
“Holding a Wolf by the Ears”
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In State
Constitutions where
slavery was weak=
abolished slavery
New England and
Pennsylvania
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In South
Racist Assumptionswhite supremacy =
inferiority of blacks
Economic
Investment
No alternative
Social
consequences of
freeing slaves