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Work Breakdown Structures
Fifteen Project Management Job
Functions*
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Define scope of project 
Identify stakeholders,
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decision-makers, and
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escalation procedures
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Develop detailed task list
(work breakdown
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structures)
Estimate time
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requirements
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Develop initial project
management flow chart
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Identify required
resources and budget
Evaluate project
requirements
Identify and evaluate risks
Prepare contingency plan
Identify interdependencies
Identify and track critical
milestones
Participate in project phase
review
Secure needed resources
Manage the change control
process
Report project status
Overlap of Process Groups in a Phase
(PMBOK® Guide, 2000)
Relationships Among Process Groups and
Knowledge Areas (PMBOK® Guide 2000, p. 38)
Relationships Among Process Groups and
Knowledge Areas (PMBOK® Guide)
Project Planning
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The main purpose of project planning is to guide
execution
Every knowledge area includes planning
information
Key outputs include:
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A team contract
A scope statement/project charter
A work breakdown structure (WBS)
A project schedule, in the form of a Gantt chart with all
dependencies and resources entered
A list of prioritized risks
PMI Process Project Gantt Chart
Scope Planning and the
Scope Statement
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A scope statement is a document used to
develop and confirm a common
understanding of the project scope. It
should include
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a project justification
a brief description of the project’s products
a summary of all project deliverables
a statement of what determines project
success
Scope Planning and the Work
Breakdown Structure
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After completing scope planning, the next
step is to further define the work by
breaking it into manageable pieces
Good scope definition
 helps improve the accuracy of time,
cost, and resource estimates
 defines a baseline for performance
measurement and project control
 aids in communicating clear work
responsibilities
List of Prioritized Risks
The Work Breakdown Structure
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A work breakdown structure (WBS)
is a deliverable-oriented grouping of
the work involved in a project that
defines the total scope of the
project
It is a foundation document in
project management because it
provides the basis for planning and
managing project schedules, costs,
and changes
Approaches to Developing WBSs
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Using guidelines: Some organizations, like the DoD,
provide guidelines for preparing WBSs
The analogy approach: Review WBSs of similar
projects and tailor to your project
The top-down approach: Start with the largest items
of the project and break them down
The bottom-up approach: Start with the detailed
tasks and roll them up
Mind-mapping approach: Write down tasks in a nonlinear format and then create the WBS structure
Basic Principles for Creating WBSs*
1. A unit of work should appear at only one place in the WBS.
2. The work content of a WBS item is the sum of the WBS
items below it.
3. A WBS item is the responsibility of only one individual, even
though many people may be working on it.
4. The WBS must be consistent with the way in which work is
actually going to be performed; it should serve the project
team first and other purposes only if practical.
5. Project team members should be involved in developing the
WBS to ensure consistency and buy-in.
6. Each WBS item must be documented to ensure accurate
understanding of the scope of work included and not
included in that item.
7. The WBS must be a flexible tool to accommodate inevitable
changes while properly maintaining control of the work
content in the project according to the scope statement.
Sample Intranet WBS
Organized by Product
Sample Intranet
Organized by Phase
Intranet WBS in Tabular Form
1.0 Concept
1.1 Evaluate current systems
1.2 Define Requirements
1.2.1 Define user requirements
1.2.2 Define content requirements
1.2.3 Define system requirements
1.2.4 Define server owner requirements
1.3 Define specific functionality
1.4 Define risks and risk management approach
1.5 Develop project plan
1.6 Brief Web development team
2.0 Web Site Design
3.0 Web Site Development
4.0 Roll Out
5.0 Support
Intranet Project with Gantt Chart
Intranet WBS and Gantt Chart Organized by Project Management
Process Groups
Sample Mind-Mapping Approach
Sample Gantt Chart
The WBS is on the left, and each task’s start and finish
date are shown on the right using a calendar timescale.
Early Gantt Charts, first used in 1917, were drawn by
hand.
Sample Network Diagram
Each box is a project task from the WBS. Arrows show dependencies
between tasks. The bolded tasks are on the critical path. If any tasks on the
critical path take longer than planned, the whole project will slip
unless something is done. Network diagrams were first used in 1958 on the
Navy Polaris project, before project management software was available.
Sample Enterprise Project
Management Tool
In recent years, organizations have been taking advantage of software
to help manage their projects throughout the enterprise.
Project Time Management
Processes
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Project time management involves
the processes required to ensure
timely completion of a project.
Processes include:
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Activity definition
Activity sequencing
Activity duration estimating
Schedule development
Schedule control
Activity Definition
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Project schedules grow out of the basic
document that initiate a project
 Project charter includes start and end
dates and budget information
 Scope statement and WBS help define
what will be done
Activity definition involves developing a
more detailed WBS and supporting
explanations to understand all the work to
be done so you can develop realistic
duration estimates
Activity Sequencing
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Involves reviewing activities and
determining dependencies
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Mandatory dependencies: inherent in the
nature of the work; hard logic
Discretionary dependencies: defined by
the project team; soft logic
External dependencies: involve
relationships between project and nonproject activities
You must determine dependencies in
order to use critical path analysis
Project Network Diagrams
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Project network diagrams are the
preferred technique for showing
activity sequencing
A project network diagram is a
schematic display of the logical
relationships among, or sequencing
of, project activities
Sample Activity-on-Arrow (AOA) Network
Diagram for Project X
Precedence Diagramming Method
(PDM)
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Activities are represented by boxes
Arrows show relationships between
activities
Better at showing different types of
dependencies
Task Dependency Types
Sample PDM Network Diagram
Activity Duration Estimating
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After defining activities and determining
their sequence, the next step in time
management is duration estimating
Duration includes the actual amount of time
worked on an activity plus elapsed time
Effort is the number of workdays or work
hours required to complete a task. Effort
does not equal duration
People doing the work should help create
estimates, and an expert should review
them
Schedule Development
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Schedule development uses results of the
other time management processes to
determine the start and end date of the
project and its activities
Ultimate goal is to create a realistic project
schedule that provides a basis for monitoring
project progress for the time dimension of
the project
Important tools and techniques include Gantt
charts, PERT analysis, critical path analysis,
and critical chain scheduling
Gantt Charts
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Gantt charts provide a standard format for
displaying project schedule information by
listing project activities and their corresponding
start and finish dates in a calendar format
Symbols include:
 A black diamond: milestones or significant
events on a project with zero duration
 Thick black bars: summary tasks
 Lighter horizontal bars: tasks
 Arrows: dependencies between tasks
Gantt Chart for Project X
Gantt Chart for Software Launch Project
Milestones
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Milestones are significant events on a
project that normally have zero duration
You can follow the SMART criteria in
developing milestones that are:
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Specific
Measurable
Assignable
Realistic
Time-framed
Sample Tracking Gantt Chart
Critical Path Method (CPM)
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CPM is a project network analysis
technique used to predict total project
duration
A critical path for a project is the
series of activities that determines
the earliest time by which the project
can be completed
The critical path is the longest path
through the network diagram and has
the least amount of slack or float
Finding the Critical Path
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First develop a good project
network diagram
Add the durations for all activities
on each path through the project
network diagram
The longest path is the critical path
Simple Example of Determining
the Critical Path
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Consider the following project network
diagram. Assume all times are in days.
C=2
start
1
A=2
2
B=5
4
E=1
3
6
D=7
5
F=2
a. How many paths are on this network diagram?
b. How long is each path?
c. Which is the critical path?
d. What is the shortest amount of time needed to
complete this project?
finish
Determining the Critical Path for
Project X
More on the Critical Path
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If one or more activities on the critical
path takes longer than planned, the
whole project schedule will slip unless
corrective action is taken
Misconceptions:
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The critical path is not the one with all the
critical activities; it only accounts for time.
There can be more than one critical path if
the lengths of two or more paths are the
same
The critical path can change as the project
progresses
Using Critical Path Analysis to
Make Schedule Trade-offs
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Knowing the critical path helps you make
schedule trade-offs
Free slack or free float is the amount of time
an activity can be delayed without delaying
the early start of any immediately following
activities
Total slack or total float is the amount of time
an activity may be delayed from its early start
without delaying the planned project finish
date
A forward pass through the network diagram
determines the early start and finish dates
A backward pass determines the late start and
finish dates
Calculating Early and Late Start
and Finish Dates
Project Schedule Table View Showing
Free and Total Slack