Transcript A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Henry, M. (1990).
Words: Integrated decoding and spelling instruction based on word origin and word structure.
Austin: PRO-ED.
Facts
Over ____ million people speak English (__________ the population of the world) When we learn English, we are actually learning ____ languages- each with its own phonology and structure.
HERE’S WHY!
Germanic Influence
English is classified as a ____________ language However, less than ___% of the words are Germanic The _______, _________, and _________ came from northern _________________ bringing their language with them Later, the ______________ (known as the Danes) invaded the land and spoke a northern branch of Germanic
Germanic Words
Relatively few in number Common, everyday words in the language Includes all words on the _______ list All words on any lists of the “_____________________” are Germanic
Features of Germanic Words
Short because over time, the endings dropped off Most of our _____________ words are Germanic Examples: the, but, cold, sit ___________________ words in the language Least ____________________ Most difficult to ____________ Examples: they, could, was, write, old, most, thought ___________, ___________, and _____________________ of vowels are characteristics of the Germanic strain of language
Latin Words
Over ___________
the words in the English language are based on Latin A handful of Latin words entered during the language during the __________ era Most of the Latin words came by way of _____________ (a _______ language) Ex. glamour
Vikings
Some of the _________ had settled in Northern France (i.e., Normandy which means “north men”) and adopted the French language In ______, they invaded England For the next 300 years, no king of England (keep in mind: every English king was also king of France at that time) spoke English but instead spoke ___________ (the language of the _________ and ________________)
Latin
Later, __________ in England borrowed words directly from Latin itself _________________ (with its center in Rome) adopted Latin for its services) As Christianity spread over western Europe, the people attending services learned Latin words Latin was also the required language at _________ and _____________ Ex. calculus
Characteristics of Latin Words
Consist of a _________, __________, and _______ Examples: pre dic tion, in somni a Seldom use vowel pairs Use ____________ or vowel ____________ for long sound Examples: invade, denote Never uses sh for /sh/; instead, the sound is spelled ti, ci, si, or xi Examples: invention, social, permission, complexion
Greek Words
_________% of the English vocabulary is based on Greek 1.
2.
Greek words came into the language from 2 sources: _______ (as every educated Roman knew Greek) Borrowed by ____________
Characteristics of Greek Words
Recognized by their spelling and structure Use ___ for /f/ (Example: physics) Use ____ for /k/ (Example: chemistry) Use ___ for /i/ (Example: gym, type) Often consists of 2 elements joined by a connecting ___ (Example: hydrogen, photograph) Scientists use Greek when they want a new word for a __________ or _____________ Examples: neutron, electron, cardiogram Greek has become the language of _________
GREEK Specialized words used mostly in science, though some (i.e., television) are common ROMANCE Technical, sophisticated words used primarily in more formal settings such as literature & textbooks ANGLO-SAXON Common, everyday, down-to-earth words used frequently in ordinary situations and found in school primers
More Influences
Crusaders and the trade with medieval __________ brought words such as tea, sofa, and sherbet From ______: calico, bungalow, jungle From _________: dingo, outback, kangaroo From __________: safari
Move to the New World
Foreign words flooded into the language The Dutch were among the first _________ which is why we have so many Dutch words (Example: cookie, landscape, coleslaw) French explorers who settled in ____________ added chowder, pumpkin, prairie, levee, and others to the list ____________________ contributed banana, cola, goober, yam, gorilla, tote, and okra
Influence of the Native Americans
Place names of rivers, mountains, landmarks, and names of over half the states Can you think of some of these?
Other native words include: caribou, toboggan, papoose, raccoon, tobacco
Other Changes Cause New Words to Enter
Potato famine (1845) brought ____________ immigrants 1848 revolution caused Germans to settle in ______________ and the __________________ After the American Civil War came the Spanish, Italians, and Scandinavians Czechs, Slovaks, and Poles followed Chinese were hired to build the ____________ (and they remained) Japanese settled on the _____________________ Refugees from all over Europe fled from World War II Also, there followed a huge influx from Puerto Rico, China, Hong Kong, Korea, & Thailand
Anglo-Saxon Layer of Language
Beginning readers start out reading words from the Anglo-Saxon base of language _________________ used short words typical in early readers __________ are also of Anglo-Saxon origin In addition, prefixes and suffixes are added but many of the Anglo-Saxon prefixes are __________ (forget, without, became, overlook, unhappy, understand, inside, befriend) Anglo-Saxon suffixes: ed, er, ing, ly, s (es), able, hood, ful, less, ness, ship, ish)
Anglo-Saxon Letter-Sound Correspondences
CONSONANTS Single
b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z
Blends
bl, cl, fl, gl, pl, sl br, cr, dr, fr, gr, pr, tr sc, sk, sl, sp, st, sw … Final: ft, lk, lt, mp, nd…
VOWELS -r & -l Controlled Diagraphs
ch, sh th wh chat ship this when thin (-ck, -tch, -dge, -ng)
Diagraphs Single Letter (Short/Long)
cap - cape pet - Pete pinning - pining rob - robe cutter – cuter (y) er, ir, ur ar, or arr, err all al 1 sound: ee; oy, oi; oa; ai, ay; aw, au 2 sounds: ea, ow, ou, ie, ei, ew
Latin Layer of Language
Students encounter these words in ____ rd grade Knowledge of consonants & vowels transfers directly to these words None of the complex Anglo-Saxon digraphs are included _______________ sound is the most notable feature (unaccented vowel sound found in unaccented syllables) ~ Letter-sound correspondences are otherwise the same as Anglo-Saxon machine, soda, ahead, about, magazine
Latin Layer
Root words: usually stressed & contain the major meaning of the word spect, rupt, vis, aud, vent, flect, script, gress, dict, tract, lit, duct, struct, pend, ped Prefixes: pre, re, bi, pro, mid, sub, dis, inter, intro, intra, il, extra, per, ultra, trans Many prefixes have the schwa sound aggressive, appearance, connect, collect, attach Vowel diagraphs in the suffixes are ALL pronounced as schwas (nation, precious, omission) & initial consonants in the suffixes, followed by i, are pronounced as /sh/
Common Latin Prefixes
de- (from, away) re- (back, again) bi- (two) tri- (three) pre- (before) pro- (before, forward) co- (together, with) dis- (separation, undo) im- (in, not) sub- (under) ex- (out) trans- (across) mis- (wrong, bad) con- (together, with) in- (in, not) non- (not)
Latin Suffixes
-ist (noun, person)
-ive
-age
-ant
-or (noun)
-ar (adjective)
-ible
-ary
-ize
-ance
-t(ure)
-tion
-sion
-cian
-tious
-tial
-cial
-cious
Latin Roots
rupt (to break, to burst) port (to carry) form (to shape) tract (to pull) scrib, script (to write) spec, spect (to see, watch) stru, struct (to build) dic, dict (to say, tell) flect, flex (to bend) mit, miss (to send) cred (to believe) duc, duce, duct (to lead) pel, puls (to drive, push) pend (to hang) fac, fact (to make, do) vert, vers (to turn) jac, jec, ject (to throw, lie)
Greek Layer of Language
Same letter-sound correspondences as those in Anglo-Saxon words, but adds 3 important patterns: ph for /f/, ch for /k/, and the use of y as a long vowel / ī/ or short vowel /ĭ/ (i.e., medial vowel) Usually specialized words in _________, though some are ________ (___________) Often contain silent _ (pneumonia, pseudonym) _______ as in mnemonics
Greek Combining Forms
Not called prefixes and suffixes but ___________________ since there are usually 2 parts of equal stress and importance
Greek Combining Forms
BEGINNING
auto = self phono = sound photo = light hydro = water tele = distance micro = small therm = heat
ENDING
graph, gram = written/drawn meter = measure ology = study scope = watch, see sphere, crat, cracy, polis biblio, hyper, chron, chrom, arch, phys, pysch, peri, bi, semi, hemi, mono, meta, mega, metro, philo, soph, theo, techni
Syllable Division Rules
Anglo-Saxon = VC/CV; V/CV, VC/V VC/CCV (consonant l-e) are common Latin = Same as Anglo-Saxon but the prefixes and suffixes often consist of syllables based on these patterns (i ble, in tro) Greek = Same as Anglo-Saxon (many v/cv such as hyper, vc/v such as hemi, also, v/cc such as hydro)
Why Students Need This Information
Students use their knowledge to decode unfamiliar words.
1.
Teach students this process See if you can identify the language origin.
2.
3.
4.
Look for the morpheme units: Anglo-Saxon or Latin prefixes, roots, suffixes. Greek combining forms, or single words making up Anglo-Saxon compound words.
If you can’t find a morpheme, or if you find morphemes but still can’t read the word, break the word into syllables using the common syllable division options.
If syllable division doesn’t work, or works for only part of the work, use letter-sound correspondences.