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English Words from Latin, Greek, and Anglo-Saxon Increase spelling, vocabulary, and reading comprehension L.8.4 Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases by using context clues, analyzing meaningful word parts, and consulting general and specialized reference materials, as appropriate. 1 Basic Terms root form: inspector, thermal base word: unlikely prefix: re-, un-, dissuffix: -able, -ive, -ly derivation-a word formed from an existing word, root, or affix: electric, electricity affixes } 2 Three Periods of the English Language •Old English ~A.D. 450-1100 •Anglo-Saxon, Scandinavian, (some) Latin •Middle English ~A.D. 1100-1500 •French-Norman, Latin, Greek •Modern English ~A.D. 1500-present •Greek, Latin, Adopted English 3 English is a combination of Greek, Latin, and Anglo-Saxon (Germanic) Latin is the origin of the Romance Languages. It was the original language of Rome, and Italy. (Hence the name) The Romance Languages are: Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian. 4 Susan Ebbers 2005 5 Anglo-Saxon: Indo-European Origins common words: love, child, house, heart (often one syllable) vowel teams: teeth, foot r-controlled: farm, star, storm, shirt wh-what, sh-ship, th-thumb, ch-church, ng-king, nk-thank prepositions, articles, conjunctions: with, to, for, and, the, but… compound words: mankind, blackbird words with silent letters: knee, night, comb, wrinkle, could, thought 6 Basic Old English Words Down-to-earth and true-blue, the first learned and the last forgotten. We work and eat and laugh and weep, Sing and play and rise and sleep, Hope and pray with all our might, Shun the wrong and love the right. 7 Susan Ebbers 2005 8 Latin: Some Common Roots trans port able to carry dis rupt ion to break pre script ion to write re tract or to pull inter cept ion to take pro ject ile to throw de struct ion to build con duct or to lead dis miss al to send sub vers ive to turn e dict Susan Ebbers 2005 to speak 9 20 Most Frequent Prefixes in School Texts 1. unable 2. review inedible (impotent, illegal, irresponsible) distrust enlighten (empower) nonsense inside, implant overcome misguided submarine prefix interrupt forewarn derail transfer supersonic semicircle antitrust midterm underfed Analysis: White, Sowell, Susan Ebbers 2005 and Yanagihara 1989 10 Prefixes: Meaning and Connotation Often Negative Somewhat Positive dis-, de- non- sub- pro- co- bene- in- un- mis- super- com- be- mal- anti, contra a- en-, em- ad11 Derivational Suffixes Derivational suffixes change the part of speech • • • • words ending with –tion are often nouns words ending with –ive are often adjectives words ending with –ish are often adjectives words ending with –ity are often nouns What about -ment, -ous, -ness? 12 English Language Learners PROFICIENCY LEVELS Intermediate Level: •Understands roots and affixes •Decodes multi-syllabic words Advanced Level: •Uses word parts to determine word meanings 13 Cognates Connect English and Spanish through Latin Origins Romance Languages (e.g., Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, etc.) share the same Latin roots Morta: Roman goddess of death Example: The Latin root for the word death is mort. The French spell it morte and the Spanish, muerte. In English, we have a whole network of related words: mortal, immortal, mortality, mortician, mortuary, postmortem, etc. Ebbers, 2004 14 Greek Combining Forms hydro graph geo pyro polis neuro ortho scope photo therm crat psych chron phobe pseud onym crypt helio logy sphere the, theo 15 Counting in Greek and Latin mono uni di bi du, duo tri tetra quadri penta hexa sept oct nove deca deci cent milli poly multi semi hemi 16 Developing content-specific, academic vocabulary depends on a basic understanding of Greek and Latin Sixty percent of the words in English texts are of Latin and Greek origin Bear et al., 1996; Henry, 1997 17 Content-Specific Greek Terms Anatomy and Medical Terms esophagus, thyroid, diagnosis, psoriasis, dyslexia Studies and Sciences biology, seismology, morphology, geochronometry Animals and Plants arachnid, amphibian, chlorophyll, dinosaur, nectar Theatre and the Arts charisma, drama, chorus, muse, symphony, acoustics 18 grammar school grammar books rules of grammar grammatical grammatically ungrammatical ungrammatically grammatology grammar photograph polygraph mimeograph phonograph telegraph paragraph gram, graph to write, written Greek graph telegram mammogram histogram gram anagram cryptogram monogram electrocardiogram graphite grapheme graphologist graphic graphically Susan Ebbers 2005 photographer cartographer geographer cryptographer autobiographer xylographer paleographer biographer 19 Look Inside—Look Outside pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 1. Look inside the word for known word parts: prefixes, roots or combining forms, suffixes. 2. Use the analogy strategy—“I don’t know this word, but I know pneumonia and I know volcano, so by analogy, this word might have something to do with lungs and heat.” 3. Look outside the word at context clues, visuals The coal miners, coughing and wheezing, suffered from pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. 20 SO MANY SYNONYMS ANGLO-SAXON, FRENCH, LATIN, and GREEK AngloSaxon French Latin or Greek cook sauté concoct holy sacred consecrated kingly royal regal wreck sabotage subvert hearten encourage inspire show cinema theater See also Bryson, 1990; Lederer, 1991; King, 2000 21 ENGLISH: A RICH VOCABULARY SO MANY SHADES OF MEANING “A Positive Emotion” GLAD PLEASED DELIGHTED OVERJOYED HAPPY CAREFREE LIGHTHEARTED MERRY JOYOUS JOYFUL CHEERY CHEERFUL CONTENT BLITHE BLISSFUL SATISFIED BOUYANT BEATIFIC ECSTATIC EUPHORIC EUPEPSIC 22 English is not a Romance Language because it is not 100% Latin based-it is a melting pot, multilanguage. Amistad was the name of one of the most notorious slave ships between Africa and the American Colonies. What is the irony in the word Amistad? Ami=Friend Amigo, Amicable= Friend, Friendly Amistad=FRIENDship???? Amistad was a SLAVEship! 23 How Languages Spread UK France Spain Portugal 24 How Languages Spread UK France Susan Ebbers 2005 Spain Portugal 25 THANK YOU Merci Danke Gratias ευχαριστώ /efharisto/ 26