Transcript Indigenous Peoples, Poverty and Human Development in Latin America Harry Anthony Patrinos

Indigenous Peoples, Poverty
and Human Development in
Latin America
Harry Anthony Patrinos
World Bank
February 9, 2007
Georgetown University
Washington, DC
Context
• UN Decade of Indigenous Peoples 1994-2004
• Indigenous gains in political influence
– Upheavals: Mexico, Ecuador, Bolivia
– Indigenous political representation increasing
• Changes in international & national policy
Harry Anthony Patrinos, World Bank
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Good news: the education gap has been
narrowing steadily
Percent of population that had some schooling
Peru by birth cohort, 1950-1980
(% of population with some schooling)
100
Non-indigenous
90
Indigenous
80
70
1950
1960
1970
1980
Lines are logarithmic estimates of trends
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But indigenous people still have fewer
years of education…
Indigenous/non-indigenous schooling gap, average
years of school, 15 & older, latest year
Country
Bolivia
Ecuador
Guatemala
Mexico
Peru
Non-Indigenous
9.6
6.9
5.7
7.9
8.7
Harry Anthony Patrinos, World Bank
Indigenous
5.9
4.3
2.5
4.6
6.4
Schooling Gap in Years
3.7
2.6
3.2
3.3
2.3
4
… and receive less added income for each
year of education
Average earnings gain for an additional year of schooling is
less for indigenous people, latest available year (%)
Country
Bolivia
Ecuador
Guatemala
Mexico
Peru
Non-Indigenous
9
8
13
10
12
Harry Anthony Patrinos, World Bank
Indigenous
6
7
12
8
13
5
Evidence of labor market discrimination
is still significant
Discrimination explains ¼ to ½ of labor earnings gap
between indigenous & non-indigenous people, but may be
falling (% of earnings unexplained)
Country
Bolivia (urban only)
Ecuador
Guatemala
Mexico
Peru
Harry Anthony Patrinos, World Bank
Early 1990s
28
33
52
48
50
Latest Available Year
26
45
42
42
58
6
Low tests scores for indigenous children
suggest low quality schooling
Standardized test scores for indigenous children in
national math tests, grade 5
Country
Bolivia 1997 (OREALC)
Guatemala 2000 (grade 3)
Mexico 2001 (EN)
Peru 1997 (OREALC)
Harry Anthony Patrinos, World Bank
NonIndigenous
16
48
463
14
Indigenous
Gap
14
40
430
10
12%
17%
7%
27%
7
Some new and successful social programs
reach indigenous peoples
Mexico: portion of indigenous/non-indigenous
peoples in income quintile that benefit from
Oportunidades conditional cash transfers
68%
61%
42%
33%
23%
19%
12%
4%
1
3
2
4
8%
1%
5
Income Quintile, lowest to highest
Indigenous
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Non-indigenous
8
But social insurance systems cover
fewer indigenous peoples
Percent of workers in firms with 10+
employees who contribute to social security,
Guatemala 2000
69%
65%
61%
56%
45%
36%
Total
Rural
Indigenous
Harry Anthony Patrinos, World Bank
Urban
Non-indigenous
9
Evidence of poor health among indigenous
peoples is widespread
Stunting (height/age) is about twice as widespread
among indigenous children (% of children that are
stunted)
59
58
44
33
29
14
Ecuador
Guatemala
Non-indigenous
Harry Anthony Patrinos, World Bank
Mexico
Indigenous
10
Little progress in income poverty reduction
for indigenous people
Poverty rates changed little for indigenous peoples; where
poverty declined, progress was slower for indigenous peoples
(% change in headcount poverty rate between earliest and latest survey year)
Country
Bolivia, 1997-2002
Ecuador, 1994-2003
Guatemala, 1989-2000
Mexico, 1992-2002
Peru, 1994-2000
Harry Anthony Patrinos, World Bank
Non-Indigenous
- 8
+ 14
- 25
- 5
+ 3
Indigenous
Change of less than
Change of less than
-15
Change of less than
Change of less than
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
11
Indigenous people also recover more
slowly from economic crisis
Indigenous poverty rates climbed less rapidly
during crises, but also recovered more slowly
Percent change in headcount poverty rate
Country
Non-Indigenous
Indigenous
Ecuador
Crisis
(1998-1999)
Recovery (2000-2003)
Mexico
Crisis
(1994-1996)
Recovery (1996-2000)
Harry Anthony Patrinos, World Bank
+ 6
- 14
+ 5
- 5
+ 27
- 25
+ 8
- 1
12
Four priority areas for action
• More and better education
– Decrease gap in years of schooling
– Improve school quality (bilingual/bicultural education)
• Promote equal opportunities – “head start” for
indigenous
– Maternal and child health projects
• Improve accountability in delivery of social services
• Improve data collection efforts
– Include identification questions for indigenous
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Moving beyond poverty & human development
•
•
Link between indigenous & poverty established
Poverty has not diminished over time
 But need to move beyond human development
• Need to examine distribution & returns to
income generating assets (physical, human,
public, social capital)
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Objectives of new study
Economic Opportunities for Indigenous
Peoples in Latin America
1. Examine composition of income and incomegenerating activities of indigenous
2. Investigate factors determining participation of
indigenous in income-generating activities
3. Identify key features of policies & programs to
increase economic opportunities
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