Transcript Human anatomy 山东大学医学院 解剖教研室 李振华

Human anatomy
山东大学医学院 解剖教研室
李振华
Basic Concepts of
Anatomy
Definition: human

anatomy, the oldest
science dealing with the
structures and functions
of body

Gross anatomy:
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systematic anatomy
regional anatomy
Applied anatomy
Clinical anatomy
人体解剖学发展简史
Hippcrates
Hippocrates----希波克拉底
（公元前460~377）古
希腊名医、解剖学鼻祖。
Galen
Galen-------- 伽林
（130~200）古希腊名医、
解剖学家，著《医经》，对
血液流动、神经分支和脑、
心等器官有具体描述。
Vesalius
Vesalius------(1514~1564) 现代解剖学的
奠基人，1543年出版了《人体构造》这
一划时代的解剖学巨著。
Harvey
Harvey------(1578~1657)
解剖生理学家，发现了血液循
环的原理，确定血液是在一个
封闭的管道内循环。著有《血
液循环论》、《动物的发生》
两书。开创了动物实验研究的
道路。
我国人体解剖学的发展历程
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公元前300～200《黄帝内经》已有对人体解
剖的记载。
两宋时代《五脏六腑》、《存真图》描述了解
剖学知识。
王清任（1768～1831）编著的《医林改错》
更为详细的描述了解剖学知识。
1949～2003年我国解剖学工作者队伍迅速成
长，编写了多套具有我国特色的解剖学教材和
解剖学图谱，对我国解剖学事业的发展做出了
巨大的贡献。
人体解剖教学特点
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人体解剖学的教学包括讲授和实地解剖。主要讲授各
系统的总论和各解剖操作区的重点内容。实地解剖采
取分组形式，在教师指导下，按照解剖操作指导，参
照图谱由学生亲自动手解剖尸体，部分内容观察标本
和模型。同时，密切结合活体的观察和触摸，并适当
的结合一些临床病例讨论以增强对解剖学内容的理解
和记忆。
教学大纲所列教学内容按要求程度的不同，分为“掌
握内容”和“了解内容”两级。掌握内容为重点内容，
学生必须通过反复学习与思考达到牢固掌握、熟练描
述、准确指认和联系实际应用的程度。了解内容则要
求学生达到一般的认识和了解。
Descriptive anatomical terms

The anatomical position:
(解剖学姿势)
The body is upright, legs together,
and directed forwards. The
palms are turned forward, with
the thumbs laterally.
The terms of the direction
(方位术语)
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superior 上,
inferior 下
anterior (ventral) 前 ( 腹侧 )
posterior (dorsal) 后 ( 背侧 )
medial 内侧, lateral 外侧
internal 内, external 外
superficial 浅, profound 深
proximal 近侧, distal 远侧
ulnar 尺侧, radial 桡侧
tibial 胫侧，fibular 腓侧
Anatomical axes and planes （轴与面）
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Axis 轴：
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Vertical axis 垂直轴
Sagittal axis 矢状轴
Coronal axis 冠状轴
Plane面:
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Sagittal plane 矢状面
Coronal plane 冠状面
Horizontal plane 水平面
或transverse plane 横切面
The Locomotor System 运动系统
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运动系统由bone 骨、joints关节
和muscles 骨骼肌组成，占成人
体重60%
 骨起杠杆作用
 关节是运动的枢纽
 骨骼肌是动力器官
功能:
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support 支持
Protection 保护
Locomotion 运动
Introduction of the osteology 骨学总
论Bones in adult are 206 in number.
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Classification of bone
Bones are classified according to their
position and shape
The position can be:
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skull 颅骨
bones of trunk 躯干骨
appendicular skeleton 四肢骨
Types of shape include:
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long bone 长骨
short bone 短骨
flat bone 扁骨
irregular bone不规则骨
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Long bones (found in limbs):
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Diaphysis or shaft 骨干,
which is hollow (called
medullary cavity 骨髓腔), filled
with bone marrow
Two ends－epiphysis 骺
articular surface 关节面,
metaphysis干骺端, epiphysial
cartilage 骺软骨, and
epiphysial line 骺线
Short bones: cuboidal in shape,
e.g. carpal bones
Flat bones: thin,
 Irregular bones: have
any irregular or mixed
shape, e.g. vertebrae,
pneumatic bones含气骨
* Sesamoid bones籽骨:
develop within tendon
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General structures of bone骨的构造
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Bone substance 骨质
 compact bone 骨密质
 spongy bone 骨松质
呈海绵状，由trabeculae骨小梁
构成
※In the flat bones of the skull, the
layers of compact bone are called
the outer plate and inner plate外板
和内板, while the layer of spongy
bone is called the diploë 板障

Periosteum 骨膜:
Outer or fibrous layer
 Inner layer is vascular and
provides the underlying bone with
nutrition. It also contains
osteoblasts(成骨细胞)
Endosteum骨内膜 is a single-cellular
osteogenic layer lining the inner surface
of bone.
Bone marrow 骨髓
 Red marrow 红骨髓:
haematopoietic 造血
 Yellow marrow黄骨髓: fatty
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Chemical composition and physical
properties化学成分和物理性质
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Organic material有机质：
主要是骨胶原纤维束和粘多糖蛋白。构成支架，赋予骨的弹
性和韧性。
Inorganic salts无机质：
主要是碱性磷酸钙。赋予骨硬度和脆性
Organic material
Inorganic salts
Children
1
1
Adult
3
7
Old
1
4
Bones of trunk 躯干骨
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Composition: vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum
and ribs
Vertebrae 椎骨
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There are 33 vertebrae in children, arranged as
follows:
Cervical vertebrae 颈椎 C.7
Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎 T.12
Lumbar vertebrae 腰椎
L.5
Sacral vertebrae 骶椎
S.5
sacrum 骶骨
Coccygeal vertebrae 尾椎 Co.3~4
coccyx尾骨
General features of vertebrae
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Vertebral body 椎体
Vertebral arch 椎弓
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process (7):
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pedicle of vertebral arch 椎弓根:
sup. and inf. Vertebral notch
椎上、下切迹
lamina of vertebral arch 椎弓板
spinous process 棘突
transverse process 横突
sup. and inf. articular processes
上、下关节突
Vertebral foramen 椎孔
Vertebral canal 椎管
Intervertebral foramen 椎间孔
Regional variations of vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae
 Vertebrae Body: small
 Vertebral foramen: larger and
triangular
 Spinous processes:
short and bifid in C3 to C5,
long in C6,and longer in C7
 Transverse processes:
short and bifid, transverse
foramen横突孔
 Articular processes:
horizontal
Atypical vertebeae
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Atlas寰椎 (C1)
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Body and spinous
process absent,
consists of anterior
and posterior arches,
and two lateral
masses
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Groove for vertebral
artery 椎动脉沟
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Axis枢椎 (C2):
distinguished by dens齿突
which articulates with dental
fovea of anterior arch of
atlas
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Carotid tubercle: 颈动
脉结节: anterior
tubercle of transverse
process of C6
Vertebra prominens
隆椎(C7):contains long
and non-bifid spinous
process, it is visible
with neck flexed, used
as clinical landmark in
counting cervical and
thoracic spinous
processes
Thoracic vertebrae
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Vertebrae Body ：
heart-shape, superior and inferior costal
fovea 上、下肋凹
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Vertebral foramen：
smaller, rounder
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Spinous processes：
long, point obliquely downward
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Transverse processes：
transverse costal fovea 横突肋凹
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Articular processes: coronal
Lumbar vertebrae
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Vertebrae Body：
larger, kidney-shape
Vertebral foramen:
larger and triangular
Spinous processes:
projects horizontally
Transverse processes:
long
Articular processes:
sagittal
Sacrum
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Anterior surface:
promontory岬, anterior sacral
foramina 骶前孔(four pairs)
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Posterior surface:
median sacral crest 骶正中嵴,
posterior sacral foramina (four
pairs), sacral hiatus骶管裂孔，
sacral cornu 骶角
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Lateral part:
auricular surface耳状面, sacral
tuberosity骶粗隆
Cornua
Sacral hiatus
palpation
Transsacral (epidural) anasthesia
Sternum
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Manubrium sterni 胸骨柄:
jugular notch 颈静脉切迹,
clavicular notch 锁切迹
Body of sternum 胸骨体
 Xiphoid process
★ Sternal angle 胸骨角:

the junction of manubrium and
body, which connects 2nd
costal cartilage laterally, and
lies opposite lower border of
T4 posteriorly
★ Sternal angle 胸骨角
which connects 2nd
costal cartilage laterally,
and lies opposite lower
border of T4 posteriorly
Ribs肋: 12 pair
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General features
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Ribs 1~7 called true ribs
真肋
Ribs 8~10 called false
ribs 假肋
Ribs 11~12 called
floating ribs 浮肋
Characteristics of “typical” rib
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Posterior end: costal
head 肋头, costal neck
肋颈, costal tubercle肋
结节
Shaft: costal angle肋角,
costal groove 肋沟
Anterior end
Atypical rib
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First rib:
tubercle for scalenus
anterior前斜角肌结节,
sulcus for subclavian
artery and vein 锁骨下
动、静脉沟
11th and 12th ribs lack
costal necks, tubercles
and angles
The Bones of Limbs
山东大学医学院 解剖教研室
李振华
Bones of upper limbs
Composition:
 Should girdle 上肢带骨
clavicle锁骨，scapula肩胛骨
 Bones of free upper limb
自由上肢骨
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Humerus肱骨 in arm
Radius桡骨 and ulna尺骨 in
forearm
Carpal腕骨, metacarpals掌骨
and phalanges指骨 in hand
Clavicle 锁骨
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“S” shaped, medial 2/3
convex forward and lateral
1/3 convex backward
Sternal end胸骨端 medially
and acromial end肩峰端
laterally
Scapula 肩胛骨
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Three borders
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Superior: coracoid process 喙突 ,
scapular notch 肩胛切迹
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Three angles
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Lateral (axillary) border腋缘
Medial (vertebral) border脊柱缘
Superior: opposite to the 2nd rib
Inferior: opposite to the 7th rib or 7th intercostals
space
Lateral: glenoid cavity关节盂,
supra- and infraglenoid tubercles 盂上、下结节
Two surfaces
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Anterior surface concave:
subscapular fossa肩胛下窝
Posterior surface: supra- and infraspinous fossae
冈上、下窝, spine of scapula 肩胛冈, acromion 肩峰
Humerus 肱骨
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Upper end: head of humerus肱骨头,
anatomical neck解剖颈, greater and
lesser tubercles大、小结节, crests of
greater and lesser tubercle, 大、小结节
嵴，intertubercular groove结节间沟,
surgical neck外科颈
Shaft: deltoid tuberosity三角肌粗隆on
lateral surface, and a groove for radial
nerve桡神经沟 on posterior surface
Lower end: lateral and medial
epicondyles内、外上髁, capitulum 肱骨
小头, trochlea 肱骨滑车, coranoid fossa
冠突窝and radial fossa 桡窝 (anteriorly)
and olecranon fossa鹰嘴窝 (posteriorly),
and sulcus for ulnar nerve 尺神经沟
Radius
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Upper end: head of radius桡骨头,
neck of radius桡骨颈, radial
tuberosity 桡骨粗隆, and articular
circumference环状关节面
Shaft：interosseous border骨间
缘
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Lower end: styloid process 茎突
laterally, ulnar notch尺切迹
medially, and carpal articular
surface腕关节面 inferiorly
Fracture of the distal end pf the radius
Ulnar
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Upper end:
olecranon鹰嘴
coronoid process 冠突
trochlear notch滑车切迹
radial notch 桡切迹
ulnar tubersity尺骨粗隆
Lower end
styloid process 尺骨茎突
head of ulna 尺骨头
Carpal bones 腕骨
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Proximal row ― (lateral to medial) scaphoid
手舟骨, lunate月骨, triquetral三角骨 and
pisiform豌豆骨
Distal row ― (lateral to medial) trapezium大
多角骨, trapezoid小多角骨, capitate头状骨
and hamate钩骨
Metacarpal bones掌骨
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Numbered one to five from thumb to little
finger
Structure of each―base (proximally),
shaft, and head (distally)
Phalanges of fingers 指骨
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Consist of 14 ―two for first digit (thumb)
and three for each of other four digits
Structure of each ―base (proximally),
shaft, and trochlea of phalanx (distally),
tuberosity of distal phalanx远节指骨粗隆
Bones of Lower Limb
Composition:
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Pelvic girdle:
hip bone髋骨
Bones of free lower limb:
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Femur股骨 in thigh ( patella髌
骨)
Tibia胫骨 and fibula腓骨 in leg
Tarsals跗骨, metatarsals跖骨,
phalanges of toes趾骨 in foot
Hip bone
Consisting of three fused bones,
ilium, ischium, pubis
 Ilium髂骨
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Body of ilium 髂骨体
to form superior 2/5 of acetabulum髋臼
Ala of ilium 髂骨翼: iliac crest 髂嵴, anterior
superior iliac spine 髂前上棘， anterior
inferior iliac spine 髂前下棘, tubercle of
iliac crest髂结节, posterior superior iliac
spine 髂后上棘，posterior inferior iliac
spine 髂后下棘, greater sciatic notch 坐骨
大切迹, gluteal surface 臀面，iliac fossa 髂
窝, arcuate line弓状线, auricular surface 耳
状面, iliac tuberosity 髂粗隆,
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Ischium 坐骨
Body of ischium 坐骨体―to form posterior
and inferior 2/5 of acetabulum, ischial spine
坐骨棘, lesser sciatic notch 坐骨小切迹
 Ramus of ischium 坐骨支, ischial
tuberosity 坐骨结节
Pubis 耻骨
 Body of pubis 耻骨体―to form anterior and
inferior 1/5 of acetabulum, iliopubic
eminence 髂耻隆起
 Superior ramus of pubis 耻骨上支: pecten
of pubis 耻骨梳, pubic tubercle 耻骨结节,
pubic crest 耻骨嵴, symphysial surface耻
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骨联合面
Inferior ramus of pubis耻骨下支: obturator
foramen 闭孔
Acetabulum 髋臼―formed by bodies of
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ischium, ilium and pubis
Lunate surface月状面, acetabular fossa
髋臼窝, acetabular notch髋臼切迹
Femur 股骨
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Upper end: femoral head股骨头, fovea
of femoral head 股骨头凹, neck of
femur 股骨颈, greater trochanter 大转
子，lesser trochanter 小转子,
intertrochanteric line 转子间线,
intertrochanteric crest 转子间嵴
Shaft: linea aspera 粗线, gluteal
tuberosity 臀肌粗隆, pectineal line耻骨
肌线 ，popliteal surface 腘面
Lower end: medial and lateral
condyles内、外侧髁， medial and
lateral epicondyles内、外上髁,
adductor tubercle 收肌结节，
intercondylar fossa髁间窝, patellar
surface髌面
Fracture of the femoral neck
Tibia 胫骨
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Upper end: medial and
lateral condyles 内、外侧髁,
intercondylar eminence 髁
间隆起, fibular articular
surface 腓关节面, tuberosity
of tibia胫骨粗隆
Shaft: interosseous border
骨间缘, soleal line 比目鱼肌线
Lower end: fibular notch腓切
迹, medial malleolus 内踝
Fibula 腓骨
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Upper end: fibular head 腓骨头,
neck of fibula 腓骨颈
Shaft:
interosseous border骨间缘
Lower end: lateral malleolus 外踝
Patella 髌骨

triangular sesamoid bone
Tarsal bones 跗骨
Consist of seven short bones
arranged in three row
 Posterior row ―talus 距骨,
calcaneus 跟骨
 Intermediate row ―navicular
bone 足舟骨
 Anterior row ―medial,
intermediate, and lateral
cuneiforms 内侧、中间和外侧楔骨,
cuboid bone 骰骨
Metatarsal bones 跖骨
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Consist of five elongated bones,
numbered one to five medial to lateral
Structure of each ―base (proximally),
shaft, and head (distally) in each
Phalanges of toes 趾骨
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Consist of 14―two for first toe (hallux)
and three for each of other four toes
※Surface landmarks:
trochlea of talus距骨滑车,
calcaneal tuberosity 跟骨结节,
tuberosity of navicular bone 舟骨粗隆,
and tuberosity of fifth metatarsal bone
第五跖骨粗隆
Skull颅
山东大学医学院解剖教研室
李振华
The skull is composed of 23 bones,
which may be divided into the
cerebral cranium and facial cranium

Cerebral cranium 脑颅(8)
―larger, upper and posterior part,
contains and protects the brain
 Single bones: include
frontal bone 额骨,
ethmoid bone 筛骨,
sphenoid bone 蝶骨,
occipital bone 枕骨
 Paired bones: include
temporal bone 颞骨
parietal bone 顶骨

Bones of facial cranium 面颅(15)
―smaller, lower, and anterior part,
contains bones that surrounded
the eye, nose and mouth
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Single bones: include
mandible下颌骨,
vomer 犁骨
hyoid bone舌骨
Paired bones: include
maxilla 上颌骨,
nasal bone 鼻骨,
lacrimal bone 泪骨,
palatine bone 腭骨,
zygomatic bone 颧骨,
inferior nasal concha 下鼻甲
parietal bone
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone
Zygomatic bone
Nasal bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Occipital bone
面颅上颌为中心，上鼻泪，下下颌，
外颧内甲后犁腭，舌骨颈前单落脚。

Mandible
下颌骨
Body of mandible

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
Superior border: alveolar arch 牙槽弓
Inferior border: base of mandible下颌底
Outer surface: mental protuberance 颏隆凸,
mental foramen 颏孔
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Inner surface: mental spine颏棘,
digastric fossa二腹肌窝

Ramus: has two vertical processes
separated by mandibular notch下颌切迹
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Coronoid process 冠突
Condylar process 髁突
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head of mandible 下颌头
neck of mandible 下颌颈
Mandibular foramen 下颌孔，
mandibular lingula下颌小舌
Angle of mandible下颌角
Masseteric tuberocity 咬肌粗隆
The skull as a whole 颅的整体观
Skull viewed from above (superior view)

Bones: frontal额, paired parietal顶, occipital枕
Sutures:

coronal冠状缝,
 sagittal 矢状缝,
 lambdoid人字缝
parietal tuber 顶结节， parietal foramen顶孔
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
Internal surface of the calvaria
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sulcus for superior sagittal sinus上矢状窦沟
granular foveola 颗粒小凹
arterial grooves 动脉沟
Skull viewed from behind

external occipital protuberance
枕外隆凸
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superior nuchal line上项线
Internal view of base of skull
颅底内面观
Base of skull forms three fossae
 Anterior cranial fossa
颅前窝
 Meddle cranial fossa
颅中窝
 Posterior cranial fossa
颅后窝
Anterior cranial fossa 颅前窝
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Formed by orbital part of
frontal bone, cribriform
plate of ethmoid, and
lesser wings of sphenoid
Structures:
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frontal crest额嵴
foramen cecum 盲孔
crista galli 鸡冠
cribriform plate 筛板
cribriform foramina 筛孔
Meddle cranial fossa 颅中窝
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Formed by the body and
greater wings of sphenoid,
petrous part of temporal
Structures:
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body of sphenoid bone
蝶骨体
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hypophysial fossa 垂体窝
optic canal 视神经管
anterior clinoid process
前床突
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tuberculum sellae 鞍结节
dorsum sellae 鞍背
posterior clinoid process
后床突
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sella turcica 蝶鞍
Meddle cranial fossa 颅中窝
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carotid sulcus 颈动脉沟
superior orbital fissure 眶上裂
foramen rotundum 圆孔
foramen ovale 卵圆孔
foramen spinosum 棘孔
sulcus for middle meningeal
artery 脑膜中动脉沟
foramen lacerum 破裂孔
internal opening of carotid
canal 颈脉管内口
trigeminal impression
三叉神经压迹

tegmen tympani 鼓室盖
Posterior cranial fossa 颅后窝
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Formed by occipital and the petrous
part of temporal
Structures:
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foramen magnum 枕骨大孔
clivus 斜坡
internal opening of
hypoglossal canal 舌下神经管内口
internal occipital protuberance
枕内隆凸
internal occipital crest枕内嵴
sulcus for transverse sinus 横窦沟
sulcus for sigmoid sinus 乙状窦沟
jugular foramen 颈静脉孔
internal acoustic pore 内耳门
internal acoustic meatus 内耳道
Skull seen from below (inferior view)
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alveolar arch 牙槽弓
bony palate 骨腭
median palatine suture 腭正中缝
incisive foramina 切牙孔
incisive canal 切牙管
greater palatine foramen 腭大孔
posterior nasal apertures 鼻后孔
pterygoid process 翼突
occipital condyle 枕髁
external opening of hypoglossal
canal 舌下神经管外口
external opening of carotid canal
颈动脉管外口
styloid process 茎突
stylomastoid foramen 茎乳孔
mandibular fossa 下颌窝
articular tubercle 关节结节
Lateral view of the skull 颅侧面观
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external acoustic pore
外耳门
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mastoid process 乳突
zygomatic arch 颧弓
temporal fossa 颞窝
pterion 翼点
pterygomaxillary fissure
翼上颌裂
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pterygopalatine fossa 翼腭窝
sphenopalatine foramen 蝶腭孔
Skull viewed from the front (anterior view)
颅的前面观
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Frontal region:
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frontal squama 额鳞
frontal tuber 额结节
superciliary arch 眉弓
glabella 眉间
Orbit 眶
pyramid-shaped paired cavities
 Base: supraorbital notch 眶上切迹
infraorbital foramen 眶下孔
 Apex: optic canal 视神经管
 Walls
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Superior:
fossa for lacrimal gland 泪腺窝
Medial:
fossa for lacrimal sac 泪囊窝
Inferior:
infraorbital fissure 眶下裂
infraorbital groove 眶下沟
infraorbital canal 眶下管
Bony nasal cavity 骨性鼻腔
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Roof: cribriform plate of ethmoid
Floor: bony palate
Lateral wall
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Three nasal conchae (superior,
middle and inferior) 上、中、下鼻甲
Nasal meatus underlying each concha
(superior, middle and inferior)
上、中、下鼻道
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Sphenoethmoidal recess蝶筛隐窝
above superior nasal concha
Anterior ―piriform aperture 梨状孔
Posterior ―posterior nasal aperture 鼻后孔
communicates with pharynx
Paranasal sinuses 鼻旁窦
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Frontal sinus 额窦
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Lies in frontal bone, deep to superciliary arch
Drain to anterior part of middle meatus
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Maxillary sinus 上颌窦
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Largest paired sinus, lie in the body of maxilla;
Opening into middle nasal meatus
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Ethmoidal cellules 筛窦
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Lie in ethmoidal bone,
contains large number of air
cells, divided into anterior,
middle and posterior groups
Anterior and middle groups
drain into middle nasal
meatus, while posterior
group drains into superior
nasal meatus
Sphenoidal sinus 蝶窦
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Lies in body of sphenoid
bone
Drain into sphenoethmoidal
recess
General characters of the skull at birth
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The skull at birth is large in
proportion to rest of the skeleton
―1/4 (adult 1/7)
The facial portion equals about
one eight that of the cranium in
size, whereas in adult it is one
half (1/4)
Many bones consist of more than
one piece
Cranial frontanelles ―unossified
membrane between the bones at
the angles of parietal
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Anterior frontanelle ―closes
during middle of 2nd year
Posterior frontanelle ―closes by
the end of 2nd month after birth
Mastoid fontanelle
Sphenoidal fontanelle