Transcript U.S. Foreign Policy 1865-1914

U.S. Foreign Policy
1865-1914
Introduction
 Since the 1870’s, U.S. foreign policy focused on:
 Expansion Westward
 Protecting the U.S. interests abroad
 Limiting foreign influence in the Americas
 Industrial economy was in bloom following Civil War
 Called for a change in international relations
 Led the U.S. to become one of the leading world powers
 Was the first time since the War of 1812 that U.S. was involved
in foreign politics
 “Age of Power”
 President Obama’s Foreign Policy Challenges
“New Imperialism”
 Foreign relations intensify, US now needs
 Worldwide Markets
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Growing industries
Agricultural Surplus
 Sources of raw materials
 Overseas hope by the Conservatives
 Wanted an outsource for unhappiness
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Territories
Adventure
 Expansionist policy
 Economic and Diplomatic resolutions
 No military intervention
Global Darwinism
 Survival of the Fittest
 U.S. needed to be strong in three critical areas
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Religiously
Militarily
Politically
 In order to prove the nations strength in the international arena,
the U.S. acquired land overseas
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Revival of Manifest Destiny
 Imperialism: Acquiring territory or gaining control over either
the political or economic life of other countries
 Supported by:
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Missionaries
Politicians
Naval Strategists
Journalists
Our Country: Its Possible Future and Present Crisis
Josiah Strong (1885)
Quote I: “It is not necessary to argue to those for whom
I write that the two great needs of mankind, that all men
may be lifted up into the light of the highest Christian
civilization, are, first, a pure, spiritual Christianity and
second, civil liberty…. It follows, then, that the Anglo
Saxon, as the great representative of these two ideas, the
depositary of these two greatest blessings, sustains
peculiar relations to the world's future, is divinely
commissioned to be, in a peculiar sense, his brother's
keeper.”
Naval Power
 US Navy Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan
 Strong navy needed
 Most powerful nations had great navies
 The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890)
 Naval strategists used Mahan’s book
 Convinced Congress to modernize naval fleet
 Steel-plated steam powered ships
 USS Maine
 Purchase Samoa
 By 1900’s, US had third largest navy in the world
Latin America
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James G. Blaine as Secretary of State under Harrison
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Sponsored the Pan-American Conference (1889)
Pushed Big- Sister Policy
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Pushed trade with Latin American Markets
Created Jobs
Stepping stone toward Panama Canal
Pan- American Conference (1889)
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Held in Washington
Effort to establish closer ties with Latin America
Created Pan American Union
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Goal was hemispheric cooperation
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Economic
Political
Continues today as Organization of American States (1948)
Cleveland, Olney, and the Monroe Doctrine
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Boundary dispute between Venezuela and British colony of Guiana
US insisted that the British withdraw from the dispute
British insisted it was none of their business
Cleveland and Olney said that the Monroe Doctrine made it their business
Great Rapprochement
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Efforts of Britain to maintain Yankee friendship
Spanish-American War
 Americans wanted to obtain Caribbean territory
 Three components led to fighting
1. America had invested large amounts of money into Cuban sugar
2. The Spanish had mistreated the Cubans
3. ???
Based on the following map, use deductive reasoning
to determine the third reason for the SpanishAmerican War
CUBA
Monroe
Doctrine
Cuban Revolt (1895)
Why do you think the Americans
sympathized with the Cubans?
Yellow Press
 Press written by Joseph
Pulitzer and William
Randolph Hearst
 Heightened the public’s
dislike of Spanish
government
 Published stories
exaggerating Spanish
atrocities and compared
rebel Cubans to
Revolutionary War
patriots
 McKinley warned Spanish
to establish peace
Hearst
Pulitzer
De Lôme Letter
 Letter written by Spanish
ambassador to
Washington Enrique De
Lôme
 Published in the Journal
 Was stolen by Cuban
rebels and given to Hearst
 Criticized McKinley as a
weak and Stupid politician
 Fueled Jingoism
 Jingoism: extreme
nationalism calling for an
aggressive foreign policy
Sinking of the Maine
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McKinley sends the Maine to the Havana harbor
to protect the US citizens living in Cuba
On February 15, 1898 the battleship Maine
exploded
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One week following the published De Lôme
Letters
260 Americans on board killed
The Yellow Press accused Spain of sinking ship
McKinley orders special naval board of inquiry
to investigate the cause of the explosion
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Evidence proved that it was an accident, not a
purposeful attack on the United States
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Still, most people blamed Spain
“Remember the Maine!” and “To hell with
Spain!”
Headline of Journal
McKinley’s War Message
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President McKinley Issues cease fire ultimatum to Spain
Spain Agreed to the demand
Public still cried for War
McKinley caves to pressure, and sends message to congress with four
reasons to intervene with the Cuban revolt on behalf of the Cubans:
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To “Put an end to the barbarities, bloodshed, starvation, and horrible
miseries” in Cuba
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Protect the lives and property of the US in Cuba
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End the “very serious injury to the commerce, trade, and business of our
people”
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End the “constant menace to our peace” arising from the disorders in Cuba
Teller Amendment passed by Congress on April 20, 1898
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Declared that the US had no intention of taking political control of Cuba
and that, once the peace was restored, the Cuban people would control
their own government
The Philippines
 Theodore Roosevelt
 Assistant secretary of navy
 Ordered Commander George Dewey’s fleet to Philippines in
anticipation of war
 Recognized the strategic value of Spain’s territories in the
Pacific
 Resigned from Navy post to participate in war
 The Philippines had been under Spain’s control since 1500’s
 War Declared and on May 1, 1898
 Dewey’s fleet attacks Spanish ships in Manila Bay
 Spanish defeated
 August 13, 1898, the fight on land ends with the capture of the
city of Manila
 Filipino rebels aided the US troops under the guide of Emilio
Aguinaldo
Invasion of Cuba
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End of June, US forces had landed in Cuba
 Were extremely ill-prepared volunteers
 Most lethal enemy was not Spanish, but the tropical diseases
 Malaria
 Typhoid
 Dysentery
 5,000 Americans died from disease
 Only 500 died in battle
 Cavalry charge up San Juan Hill by Rough Riders
 Rough Riders were volunteers led by Theodore Roosevelt
 US Navy defeats Spanish Army at Santiago Bay, June 3, 1898
 Without navy, Spain could no longer fight, and called for peace
in early August
Treaty of Paris
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Peace treaty signed in Paris on December 10, 1898
Provided for
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Recognition of Cuban independence
2.
US acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam
3.
US acquisition of Philippines in return for a payment to Spain of $20
million
To annex, or not to annex the Philippines
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2/3 vote needed to ratify the treaty
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Anti-imperialists argues that the annexation would defy the ideas of the
Declaration of Independence
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Deprive the Filipinos the right to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness”
Would entangle the US in Asian conflicts
February 6, 1899: Treaty of Paris ratified
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Vote of 57 to 27, two votes short of defeating the treaty
More Issues with Cuba
 Congress creates the Platt Amendment (1901)
 US was to withdraw troops at the end of the war according to
the Teller Amendment, but remained in 1898-1901
 Upon withdrawal of troops, Congress made Cuba agree to the
conditions of the Platt Amendment
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Never sign a treaty with a foreign power that impaired its
independence
Never build up excessive public debt
Permit the US to intervene in Cuba’s affairs to preserve its
independence and maintain law and order
Allow the US to maintain Naval Base in Cuba, including one
at Guantanamo Bay
 Cuba now a US protectorate
 Foreign policy in Cuba would be subject to US oversight
Filipino Conflict
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Weren’t we just free?
Emilio Aguinaldo was like…really?
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He had fought alongside the US in the Spanish American War
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Led guerrilla fighters in a war against the US now
America mimics Spanish
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Created civilian concentration camps
1901: Americans capture Aguinaldo
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Overall: 5,000 Americans and 200,000 Filipinos died
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America sent over 100,000 troops fight the war
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Paid upwards of $400 million to defeat the insurgency
1901: Taft becomes governor of Philippines
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Wanted to help the islands recover
Censored the press and put dissidents in jail
Ordered the construction of schools, roads, and bridges
Annexation of Hawaii
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Hawaii has been linked to the US since the 1790’s
 American merchant ships would stop there on route to East Asia
1887: treaty made giving America Naval Base at Pearl Harbor.
Americans maintained sugar plantations on the island
 imported Japanese and Chinese to work for low wages
1887: Wealthy American planters convince King Kalakaua to Hawaii’s constitution
 Gave only wealthy landowners the franchise
 Really only gave the whites to vote
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US legislation caused issues for US citizens in Hawaii
 Tariff put into effect to place duty on Hawaiian sugar
 Sugar plantation owners feared a drop in sale & profit
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1891: Queen Liliuokalani assume throne after death of King Kalakaua
 Hated the rise in power he gave white planters
 Abolished the Hawaiian Constitution to strip the white majority of their power
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Overthrow the Queen!
 With help from US officials and the Marines, the rebel planters took action to
overthrow the monarch.
 Sanford B. Dole assumes power and request that President Harrison annex
Hawaii into the United States
Continued…
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Harrison agrees to Annexation
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Cleveland orders full
investigation of the proposed
annexation
Investigation proves:
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Hawaiians did not want to
become annexed into United
State
California Angry!
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Could not get required
signatures from the Senate
before election of Cleveland
Californian businesses were
closely tied to Hawaiian
planters
Scared of losing business
McKinley takes office
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His administration favored
annexation
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July 1898: Hawaii annexed and
become territory in 1900
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August 1959: Hawaii becomes
50th state to Union
Review….
 What are the major reasons for US expansion overseas?
(19th/early 20th century)
 How was the Monroe Doctrine used to justify US
defense of Cuba?
 What did the US gain in the Philippines and in the
Caribbean?
Boxer Rebellion
 Chinese were angry at the so
called spheres of influence
 The Society of Harmonious
Fists
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Secret society of Chinese
nationalists that attacked
foreign settlements and killed
Christian missionaries
 US sent troops to protect
American lives and property
 Ended up joining in an
international force of troops
from all the spheres to crush the
rebelling Boxers
 Chinese in the end had to pay
the sum of the insurrection in
indemnities
 Xenophobia at its finest
Big-Stick Policy
 Roosevelt’s Policy
 “speak softly and carry a
big stick”
 Acting boldly and
decisively in situations
 Broke the tradition of
noninvolvement
 Used to maintain peace
between rival nations
Roosevelt Corollary
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1904
Latin American nations were in debt to European creditors
European nations were ready to dispatch military control to force the
nations into payment
Roosevelt took action so that the Monroe Doctrine would not be
violated
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The US would intervene in nations owing whenever needed
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Gunboats filled with sailors and marines would occupy the delinquent
countries major ports and manage the custom taxes until they had fulfilled
all of their debts
Between 1904 and 1924, the US presidents used the corollary in :
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Haiti
Honduras
Dominican Republic
Nicaragua
Resulted in poor relationships with Latin America countries
History Channel: Roosevelt’s Foreign
Policy
Panama Canal
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Because the American empire now spanned throughout the Pacific and Atlantic
oceans, a canal needed to be built through Central America
Revolt in Panama
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Roosevelt couldn’t build his canal because Panama was under the control of
Colombia
In order to expedite things, Roosevelt agreed to support the Panamanians in a revolt
for their freedom
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Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903
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Succeeded almost immediately
New independent government of Panama agreed to help out the US
Granted the US long-term control of a canal zone
1904-1914: building of the canal
High handed tactics
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Many Americans were approving of the canal
Many Latin Americans were disapproving because of the support given to panama
against Columbia
Congress cores in 1921 to pay $25 million to Columbia to pay for its loss of Panama
Quote II: "There was much accusation about my having acted in an
'unconstitutional' manner," Teddy shrugged. "I took the isthmus,
started the canal, and then left Congress -- not to debate the canal,
but to debate me. . . . While the debate goes on, the canal does too;
and they are welcome to debate me as long as they wish, provided
that we can go on with the canal."
East Asian affairs
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Russo-Japanese War
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1905: Roosevelt hosts conference in Portsmouth, New Hampshire for both nations
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Both sign the Treaty of Portsmouth, but Japan blames the US for not giving them all they
wanted from Russia
“Gentlemen's Agreement”(1908)
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Japanese angry that children with Japanese heritage were forced to attended segregated schools
in San Francisco
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Roosevelt agreed to a non-formal agreement that he would make California repeal the
legislation if the Japanese government would restrict emigration of Japanese workers
Great White Fleet
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Roosevelt orders a parade of the US naval power around the world (1907-1909)
When the ships arrived at Tokyo Harbor, they were warmly greeted
Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)
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Sec. of State Elihu Root and Japanese Ambassador Takahira agree to:
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2.
Show mutual respect for each nation’s Pacific possessions
Support of the Open Door Policy in China
Great White Fleet
Dollar Diplomacy
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Taft’s foreign policy
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East Asia and Latin America
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Taft placed American investments in China and Central America
Railroads in China (1911)
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Mildly expansionist
Dependant on investor’s money
Supported American enterprises abroad
American was planning on joining an already developing international investment towards
railroads in China
Japan and Russia, excluded from the earlier investment, agreed to make their own
investments in northern china
US was angry because this action defied the Open Door policy, and Japan and Russia
agreed to hold the area as a joint sphere of influence
Lodge Corollary (1912)
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Stated that non-European countries could not hold territory in the Western Hemisphere
Angered Japan and Latin America, as Japan was planning on buying land from the Baja
Peninsula to the southern border of California
Henry Cabot Lodge, senator from Michigan, proposed this legislation in fear that Japan’s
government might be trying to acquire the lands
Unsupported by Taft
Moral Diplomacy
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Woodrow Wilson’s foreign policy
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Moral approach to foreign affairs
Opposed Big-Stick Policy
Opposed imperialism
Opposed Dollar Diplomacy
Righting the Past Wrongs
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Philippines
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Puerto Rico
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(1917) Congress grants US citizenship to all inhabitants and limited self government
The Panama Cana
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Jones Act (1916) granted them full territorial status, a bill of rights and universal male
suffrage to Filipino citizens, and Philippine independence as soon as a stable
government was formed
(1914) Wilson persuades congress to repeal the act that gave US ships free passage
through the Panama Canal, something that angered both Roosevelt and Lodge, but
pleased the British, who had objected the US exemption
Conciliation Treaties
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Arranged by Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan
Negotiated treaties with 30 nations where they pledged
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Submit disputes to international commissions
Observe a one-year period of military abstinence before taking military action again
continued…
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Military intervention in Latin America
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Wilson went far beyond both Roosevelt and Taft in use of the military to straighten out
financial and political troubles in Central America and the Caribbean
Argued that such actions were needed to protect the stability of the regions and the Panama
Canal
Conflict in Mexico
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Civil War and Revolution occurring in Mexico
Tested Wilsons moral approach to foreign relations
Tampico Incident (1914)
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Mexican Authorities arrest American sailors upon landing in Vera Cruz
The Mexican ruler, Huerta, refused to apologize for the false arrest, so Wilson ordered a full
on occupation of Vera Cruz
War between Mexico and the US was avoided when South America’s ABC powers offered
to mediate the issue
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Pancho Villa
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ABC Powers: Argentina, Brazil, and Chile
When Huerta fell from power in late 1914, he was replaced by Venustiano Carranza
Pancho Villa, leader of the revolutionaries, led raids across the US-Mexican border and
murdered several people in Texas and New Mexico
Wilson orders General Pershing to pursue the bandit in Mexico, but was forced out by
Carranza because they had not found him in the many months there were there
January 1917: Wilson withdraws Pershing’s troops due to the growing possibility of
America’s entrance in World War I
“I hardly Know which to take First!”
America had become an
Imperial Empire ( 1857-1917)
 Philippines from Spain 1898
 Jarvis 1857
 Guam from Spain 1898
 Palmyra Atoll 1898
 Midway 1867
 Samoa 1899
 Wake I. 1899
 Puerto Rico 1898
 Johnston Astoll 1898
 Hawaii 1898
 Howland 1857
 Alaska from Russia in 1867
 Baker I. 1857
 Kingman Reef 1858