Transcript Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation

Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation
Publication No. FHWA-HRT-05-106
Pedestrian Design
at Intersections
Lesson 11
Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation
Lesson Outline
• Intersection design principles.
• Purpose and design of crosswalks, curb
ramps, technology, half-signals, curb
extensions, pushbuttons, refuge islands, and
roundabouts.
2-2
Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation
Intersection Design Principles
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Encourage crossing at intersection corners.
Make pedestrians visible to traffic.
Make vehicular traffic visible to pedestrians.
Encourage predictable pedestrian actions.
Ease movement to street level.
Minimize crossing distance.
Slow vehicular traffic.
2-3
Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation
Reduced Visibility
2-4
Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation
Alternative
Design
Before
17.4 m (58 ft)
17.4 m (58 ft)
After
9.6 m (32 ft)
17.4 m (58 ft)
2-5
Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation
Use of Crosswalks
• Purpose:
– Control pedestrian movements.
– Promote a connected pedestrian network.
– Improve visibility of a crossing place.
• Design Issues:
–
–
–
–
Location.
Marking types.
Lighting.
Maintenance.
2-6
Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation
Common Crosswalk Types
2-7
Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation
Use of Curb Ramps
• Purpose:
– Provide access for wheelchair users, strollers,
luggage, handcarts, etc.
• Design issues:
–
–
–
–
–
Location.
Slopes.
Flat landing area.
Obstructions in or near the ramp.
Width.
2-8
Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation
Curb Ramp Slopes
1.5
m
n
La
Sid
ew
alk
g
din
lk
wa
e
Sid
(5
ft)
m
1.55 ft)
(
8.3
Ma 3%
x.
10%
re
Fla
%
e
10 Flar
m
1.2 ft)
(4
600 mm (24 in)
Detectable
Warning
2-9
Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation
Slope and Counter Slope
lk
wa
e
Sid
g
din
n
La
Buffer
Area
m
1.2 ft)
(48
.33
%
10%
re
Fla
Buffer
Area
%
e
10 Flar
Ma
x.
Provide 600 mm (24 in)
level strip if algebraic
difference exceeds 11%
5%
Change angle must be flush
without a lip, raised joint, or gap
2-10
Ma
x.
Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation
Use of Crossing and
Detection Technology
• Purpose:
– Provide visibility to crossing.
– Encourage and assist pedestrian crossings.
• Design issues:
– Which treatment to use (lighting, flags, green
signs, flashing beacons, staggered pedestrian
crossings, etc.) and where to use?
2-11
Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation
In-Roadway Warning Lights
2-12
Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation
Use of Pedestrian Half-Signals
• Purpose:
– Assist pedestrian crossings on high-volume,
unsignalized intersections along arterials.
• Design issues:
– If delay > 30 seconds, pedestrians will cross on their
own.
– Adjust timing for pedestrian walking speeds.
– Place pedestrian signal heads on channelized islands.
– Provide audible signals where necessary.
2-13
Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation
Example of Half-Signal
2-14
Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation
Use of Curb Extensions
• Purpose:
–
–
–
–
Shorten pedestrian crossing distance.
Shorten pedestrian signal phase.
Allow pedestrians to see the traffic better.
Allow traffic to see the pedestrians.
• Design issues:
– Corner radius length.
– How far to extend into the street?
2-15
Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation
Use of Signal Timing
and Pushbuttons
• Purpose:
– Stop vehicular traffic and provide pedestrian
crossing phase.
• Design issues:
– Location (near ramps, in medians, etc.).
– Lights (like an elevator call button) to indicate
actuation of the pushbutton.
– Quick response time to actuation.
– WALK/DON’T WALK signal phase timing.
2-16
Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation
Pushbuttons
Source: PBIC, www.pedbikeimages.org
2-17
Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation
Use of Pedestrian Refuge Islands
• Purpose:
– Provide a safe resting/waiting area for
pedestrians.
– Allow pedestrians to cross only one direction
of traffic at a time.
• Design issues:
– Accessible path through island.
– Offset crosswalks to orient crossing
pedestrians to oncoming traffic.
– Minimum dimensions—1.8 meters (m) long
by 3.7 m wide (12 feet (ft) long by 6 ft wide).
– Highly visible approach nose.
– Guide strips for the visually impaired.
2-18
Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation
Use of Roundabouts
• Purpose:
– Lower vehicular speeds.
– Reduce the number of conflict points.
– Shorten crossing distances and waiting times.
• Design issues:
–
–
–
–
Marked versus unmarked crosswalks.
Accessibility for visually impaired pedestrians.
Splitter islands.
Discouraging pedestrians from crossing to the
center island.
2-19
Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation
Conflict Points at Intersections
2-20
Federal Highway Administration University Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation
Lesson Summary
• Pedestrians can be accommodated even at
wide, high-volume intersections.
• A wide variety of design elements exist to
make good pedestrian design possible at
intersections.
2-21