Transcript Colonial America European Settlement SSUSH 1

Colonial
America
European Settlement
SSUSH 1
Pre-Historic Settlement
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First inhabitants of North America
migrated from Asia, probably across a land
bridge between Siberia and Alaska during
the last Ice Age
These societies developed; some even
established sophisticated civilizations;
some were nomadic hunter gatherers
Bering Strait Land Bridge
First Europeans Arrive
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15th and 16th Centuries saw Europeans
establishing colonies.
Colonies – territories established by the
government in a foreign land.
The three countries that had the most
impact were Spain, France, and Great
Britain.
Spain New World Empire
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The Spanish were the first to arrive and
establish strong colonies.
They dominated much of South America,
modern-day Mexico, and what eventually
becomes the U.S. Southwest, Florida, and
parts of Georgia.
France Goes Hunting!
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France took advantage of the inland
waterways and rivers to control parts of
the interior.
France focused on the fur trading business
through trapping themselves and trading
with the Native Americans.
Native Americans and French Trappers
came to rely on one another for commerce
SSUSH 1d
Quebec
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France’s first successful colony in North
America established in 1608.
The colony rested high on the banks of
the St. Lawrence River; excellent location
for carrying out fur trading and
establishing more colonies.
Good Military position
SSUSH 1d
Jamestown, Virginia
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First successful British Colony in North
America founded in 1607
A joint-stock company, the Virginia
Company sponsored the colony to make
money off raw materials and products.
New settlers came to get rich and obtain
land.
SSUSH 1a
Jamestown, Virginia
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Colonists were not use to manual labor that was
needed to build a colony.
Most wanted to search for gold to get rich quick,
instead of raising crops to support colony.
Jamestown was built in a swampy area – prone
to infectious diseases, not good for agriculture.
Many died from sickness, starvation, and cold
winters.
SSUSH 1a
Jamestown, Virginia
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John Rolfe saved the colony by introducing a
new crop: tobacco!
England was not happy about the crop because
of its association with corrupt behavior
Crop proved to be very profitable for growers
To attract more settlers, Virginia instituted the
headright system.
This promised 50 acres of land to those who
settled in the colony.
SSUSH 1a
Virginians and Native Americans
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Most Native Americans lived under a tribal
confederation (loose alliance) led by Chief
Powhatan.
Hostility broke out when 200 Natives attacked
the settlement; colonists repelled the attack and
negotiated a peace.
Powhatan kept a close eye on settlers, hoping to
establish trade with them, but weary of their
true intentions.
SSUSH 1a
Virginians and Native Americans
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The colony would not have survived its first
winter had Natives not given them food.
Relations were tense; Native Americans attacked
Jamestown in 1622 killing 300 colonists –
Colonist responded by killing as many Natives in
their own attack.
1644 – Indian leader, Opechancanough,
attacked but he was killed – colonists were now
in firm control of the colony.
SSUSH 1a
Virginia’s Social Structure
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Most colonial Americans accepted class
distinctions.
Wealthy landowners exercised most of the
power in each colony.
In Virginia, society eventually became
divided between large landowners, poor
farmers, indentured servants and slaves.
SSUSH 1a
Indentured Servants
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People who could not afford to come to
North America on their own.
They agreed to work for a landowner for
up to seven years in exchange for the
landowner paying for their trip.
Once the indentured servants served their
seven years, they became small
landowners.
SSUSH 1a
Virginia’s Social Structure
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As the population of small landowners
increased, settlement pushed farther west.
Poor farmers in western Virginia
experienced conflicts with the Natives
They became impatient with the Governor
in Jamestown, who favored the rich and
did not do enough to protect western
Virginians.
SSUSH 1a
Bacon’s Rebellion
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In 1676, this tension led to an
armed conflict known as
Bacon’s Rebellion.
Nathaniel Bacon, a Virginia
Planter and wealth aristocrat,
rallied forces to fight Native
Americans on the Virginia
frontier.
The Governor condemned his
actions, so Bacon turned his
forces on Jamestown.
The governor was forced to flee
and Bacon’s men burned
Jamestown to the ground.
SSUSH 1a
Bacon’s Rebellion
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Bacon suddenly died – ending his rebellion
Uprising showed that colonists expected a
government that served everyone.
Wealthy realized the discontent among the
poor farmers – planters turned away from
indentured servants as labor.
Planters turned to another source of labor
– slavery!
SSUSH 1a
Slavery in Virginia
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Slavery is a system in which people are owed as
property.
It became essential to the colony’s economy as
indentured servitude decreased.
First African slaves arrived in Jamestown in
1619.
Originally came as indentured servants with the
same rights as white indentured servants.
SSUSH 1a
Slavery in Virginia
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The institution of slavery helped to
establish the plantation system in
Virginia and throughout the southern
colonies.
Plantations were huge farms owned by
wealthy landowners who raised cash
crops
Cash crops are crops grown for trade
or profit.
By the late 1600s, slavery was firmly
rooted in the southern colonies.
SSUSH 1a
Virginia’s Government
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Due to the colonies’ great distance from
England, the British adopted a policy
known as salutary neglect.
Except for limited efforts by the crown to
assert its control in the mid-1600s, the
English government let the colonists
govern themselves.
SSUSH 1a
Virginia’s Government
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The colonies established representative
governments (governments in which the
people elected their own officials and had
a voice.)
Colonial governors appointed by the crown
were in charge, colonial legislatures
consisting of local residents came to
possess most of the power.
SSUSH 1a
House of Burgesses
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1619, Virginians elected the first legislative body.
Members were selected directly by the people
and along with the governor comprised Virginia’s
government.
Upper class generally served in the government.
It helped to lay a foundation for the ideas about
representative government that would develop
in other colonies.
SSUSH 1a
The Colonies
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Some colonies were established as royal
colonies, governed by the King through an
appointed royal governor.
Some colonies were proprietary or charter
colonies
Proprietary colonies were granted to a group of
private owners for development -Pennsylvania
Charter colonies were granted a charter by the
King for the purpose of establishing a
government. - Georgia
Southern Colonies
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Maryland
Virginia
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia
Southern Colonial Society
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Southerners generally accepted class distinctions
and the idea that the wealthy, upper class
(known as the gentry) is superior to the lower,
poorer class
Public education did not exists in the Southern
Colonies; poor were educated at home; wealthy
educated at home with private tutors or sent off
to school in Europe.
Southern Colonial Society
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Great Britain established the southern colonies
for economic reasons rather that religious.
Maryland was started as a refuge for Catholics.
The Gentry remained a part of the Church of
England because it was in their economic and
political interest
Methodist and Baptist over time became
common among the poorer southerners.
Southern Colonial Economy
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Tobacco became very popular in Europe
and became an important cash crop for
Virginia, North Carolina, and Maryland.
South Carolina and Georgia made rice and
indigo important cash crops.
Southern colonies also produced tar, pitch,
and turpentine from the abundant pine
forest.
Southern Colonial Economy
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The South’s reliance on staple crops
(crops that are in large demand and
provide an income) gave rise to the
plantation system and a reliance on
slavery.
Plantation owners often had direct access
to shipping, so large cities did not develop
across the South.
New England Colonies
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Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Rhode Island
Connecticut
SSUSH 1b
New England Colonies
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In addition to wealth, there were other reasons
people came to North America.
Religious dissent (disagreement with the Church
of England) was one of the most common.
English leaders viewed any protest of refusal to
follow Anglican church leaders as a betrayal.
Those with different views saw North America as
a place to escape religious persecution.
SSUSH 1b
Puritans
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Puritans wanted to build a community built
solely on “pure Biblical teaching” rather than
Anglican traditions.
1620, Puritans established the Plymouth,
Massachusetts Colony.
These Puritans became known as the Pilgrims
and celebrated the first Thanksgiving in 1621
Another group settled further north and
established the Massachusetts Bay Colony
SSUSH 1b
New England Colonial Economy
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NE Colonies relied heavily on the Atlantic Ocean.
Shipbuilding, trade, and fishing became leading
industries in the region.
New Englanders traded English Goods for West
Indian products, slaves, etc.
Boston, Massachusetts became a booming urban
center for shipping and commerce.
Farming in New England was for self-sufficiency
SSUSH 1b
New England Education
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Puritans believed that everyone should be able to read
the Bible
They were the first to promote public education.
1647, Massachusetts required all towns with 50+ families
to have a public school.
Grammar schools were required to prepare young men
for College
Women were trained in “womanly duties” at home.
Harvard (1636) and Yale (1701) were founded to train
ministers.
SSUSH 1b
New England Government
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The First Efforts at self-government were
defined in the Mayflower Compact.(1620)
It established an elected legislature and
asserted that the government derived its
power from the people of the colony.
It also implied that the colonists desire to
be ruled by a local government, rather
than England.
SSUSH 1b
Town Meetings
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The belief in representative government often
took the form of town meetings.
Local, tax-paying citizens, (usually property
owners) met together to discuss and vote on
issues.
Despite advocating representative government,
The Puritans still believed that government
should seek to enforce the will of God.
Power tended to rest in the hands of church
leaders; often very authoritative.
SSUSH 1b
Religion and Dissent
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The Puritan Church was a central part of
life in New England.
Every settler in Massachusetts had to
attend and support the Puritan Church.
Dissenters were often banished from the
colony.
SSUSH 1b
Roger Williams
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Disagreed with Puritan Church leaders
Proponent of separation of Church and
State; that every individual should be
free to follow his own convictions in
religious matters
Founded Rhode Island Colony
Advocating fair treatment of Indians.
Founded the first Baptist Church
SSUSH 1b
Anne Hutchinson
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Disagreed with Puritan leaders; felt
that women could discern the will of
God.
Banished from colony for teaching a
Bible study to men and women.
Resettled in Rhode Island and New
York.
She and her family were killed by
Native Americans.
SSUSH 1b
Thomas Hooker
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Hooker maintained that any adult male who
owned property should be able to vote and
participate in civil government, regardless of
church membership.
Left Massachusetts to found the new English
settlement at Hartford, Connecticut.
He is also remembered for his role in creating
the "Fundamental Orders of Connecticut". This
document is one of the modern world's first
written constitutions and an influence upon the
current American Constitution.
SSUSH 1b
Religion and Dissent
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Unrest in Massachusetts took its toll.
The colony lost its charter in 1684
Massachusetts was made a Royal Colony
in 1691; established a representative
legislature
Abolished the requirement that every
member must be a member of the Church.
SSUSH 1b
The Half-Way Covenant
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Original settlers in New England shared
deep religious convictions; as new
generations took their place, leaders
feared their offspring would not share the
same “conversion experiences”. (coming
to faith in Jesus Christ)
This was necessary to obtain Puritan
Church membership.
SSUSH 1b
The Half-Way Covenant
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This threatened the very core of New England Society.
To fix the problem, the church adopted the Half-way
covenant.
It established partial membership for children of full
members regardless of conversion experience.
So long as they were baptized, they were considered
church members but without voting privileges.
Church leaders hoped that younger Puritans would reject
the non-religious world in favor of Puritan teachings
SSUSH 1b
Salem Witch Trials
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1692, the commitment to Puritan faith resulted
in a dark episode in American history – the
Salem Witch Trials.
Claiming to have been possessed by the devil,
several young girls accused townspeople of
being witches.
14 Women & 5 men were hanged; one was
crushed to death for refusing to plead; others
died in prison.
SSUSH 1b
New Englanders and
Native Americans
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Relations were peaceful at first; Natives taught
the Pilgrims how to grow corn that helped them
survive the harsh winters.
A series of wars broke out that pushed the
Natives off lands they had lived on for
generations.
1675, King Phillip ( Native American name was
Metacom) united the tribes to fight the settlers.
SSUSH 1b
King Phillip’s War
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Despite killing nearly 2,000 settlers,
Metacom’s forces retreated when the
settlers fought back.
Colonial soldiers killed Metacom in a
Rhode Island cave.
The confrontation became known as King
Phillip’s War and resulted in the English
gaining firmer control over New England.
SSUSH 1b
Middle Colonies
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New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Delaware
SSUSH 1c
Middle Colonies
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Located between New England and the
Southern Colonies.
The middle colonies were more culturally
diverse because of their location, the
degree of religious tolerance, and the fact
that other countries (Sweden, Dutch) had
originally settled them before England.
SSUSH 1c
Mid-Colonial Economy
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Middle Colonies depended on both farming and
commerce.
Farmers raised staple crops like wheat, barley,
and rye.
Large cities like Philadelphia and New York were
home to a diverse group of people.
Slaves were not as numerous
Good waterways gave access to wooded interior,
fur trading, and an economic relationship with
the Iroquois Indians.
SSUSH 1c
Diversity in the Middle Colonies
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William Penn founded Pennsylvania as a
homeland for the Quakers.
Quakers did not recognize class differences,
promoted equality of the sexes, practiced
pacifism (non-violence) and sought to deal fairly
with Native Americans.
Pennsylvania was a place of religious tolerance –
attracting many different denominations.
SSUSH 1c
Diversity in the Middle Colonies
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New York was originally a Dutch colony, so
its residents spoke other languages.
Jews, as well as, Christians made New
York home – the colonies first synagogue
was located there.
Urban areas continued to grow and
develop and Philadelphia became the
largest city in the colonies.
SSUSH 1c
Middle Colonies Social Order
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Merchants who dealt in foreign trade
formed the Upper class “aristocracy”
Sailors, unskilled workers, and some
artisans comprised the lower class.
The middle class consisted of craftsmen,
retailers, and businessmen.
SSUSH 1c
New Amsterdam to New York
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The area we know as New York was originally
settled by the Dutch, which they named New
Netherland.
1625, they established a trading post at the
mouth of the Hudson River – New Amsterdam
They traded furs, local goods, and agricultural
products with Europe and the other colonies.
New Amsterdam became a key port.
SSUSH 1c
New Amsterdam to New York
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England took notice of the colony’s
prosperity; King Charles declared the
region under the rule of his brother, the
Duke of York.
New Amsterdam surrendered and was
immediately renamed New York in 1664
The entire colony quickly came under the
control of the British.
Colonial Culture
SSUSH 2
The Atlantic Slave Trade
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The Atlantic Slave trade involved shipping
slaves from Africa to the Americas.
This trade grew from the fifteenth century
to the nineteenth century – ending in the
1808
The slave trade existed in Africa before
Europeans arrived.
SSUSH 2b
The Atlantic Slave Trade
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American colonization and the plantation system
made the slave trade very profitable for
European and African slave traders.
Slave ships carried millions of African slaves to
the Americas.
By the 1700s, black slaves outnumbered white
settlers in Latin America and in South Carolina
SSUSH 2b
The Atlantic Slave Trade
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These slaves arrived by way of the Middle
Passage
Middle Passage was the route taken by
ships carrying slaves from Africa to North
America.
It was called the “Middle Passage”
because it was the middle leg of the
“triangular trade route”
SSUSH 2b
Middle Passage
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Africans were forced to live in cramped
quarters aboard slave ships and suffered
inhumane treatment
Due mostly to poor sanitation and disease,
many of them died before reaching
America.
SSUSH 2b
Colonial African American Culture
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Slaves came from many different cultures within
Africa.
Slave populations on any particular plantation
usually consisted of Africans from a variety of
backgrounds; different languages, different
religions,
Africans developed a tight knit community over
time; quickly adopted the English language;
adopted Christianity to their African beliefs.
SSUSH 2b
Colonial African Culture
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Southern slaves worked on farms harvesting crops and
processing agricultural products
Northern slaves worked as artisans (barrel makers,
blacksmiths, carpenters) and household servants.
Some worked for wages and bought their freedom.
Slaves in the British colonies became less mobile and
their treatment more harsh.
Southern slaves suffered as the economy came to rely
on the institution of slavery for their profits.
Some free blacks became slave owners themselves, but
blacks saw the few rights they had decline over time.
SSUSh 2b
Individualism and Social Mobility
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Social Mobility ( the ability to move from one
social class to another) was limited in Europe
If you were born into the Upper class, you had
opportunities that the lower class did not have.
Owning land gave you access to better
education, wealth, political office, serving in the
military, etc….
Members of the lower class had little chance of
advancing.
SSUSH 2c
Individualism and Social Mobility
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In the colonies, it was different.
Those who came as indentured servants,
eventually became land owners and
obtained the right to vote.
Lower class people who came found that if
they worked hard that they could advance
their economic status.
SSUSH 2c
Individualism and Social Mobility
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A belief in the ability of each individual to
achieve success if they apply themselves and
work hard is called individualism.
This led to the idea of universal suffrage and
democracy.
Universal suffrage – all white males were
allowed to vote – not just landowners.
Democracy- people electing whomever they wish
to serve in public office; rather than just the
ruling class.
Benjamin Franklin
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He was an inventor, scientist, writer,
ambassador, and founding father of
the United States.
He is also an example of
individualism.
He was not born into the upper
class.
His father made candles and soap for
a living and his mother was a
daughter of a former indentured
servant.
SSUSH 2c
Benjamin Franklin
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Benjamin quit school at the age of 10 and
became an apprentice to his brother who
was a printer and eventually made his way
to England.
1726, he returned to Philadelphia and
opened his own print shop.
He was an autodidact, a self taught
person.
Benjamin Franklin
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Because of his wit and ability to communicate
his ideas and opinions, Franklin made a fortune
as a writer, scientist and inventor.
He also created the first fire department
He used his natural abilities to climb the social
ladder of the colonies.
The example of Franklin established the idea
that success was open to all – and still is today!
SSUSH 2c
Religious Expression
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Many Europeans fled to North America in
search of religious freedom.
This did not mean that they were
prepared to offer such freedom to those
who believed different from them.
Religious expression became more diverse
over time but remained predominantly
Christian and Protestant.
SSUSH 2d
Religious Expression
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In the 1730s, the colonies
experienced what was known
as the First Great Awakening.
The “Awakening” was a
religious movement that
featured passionate preaching
from evangelists like Jonathan
Edwards and George Whitfield
It encouraged people to seek a
sincere relationship with Jesus
Christ instead of a ‘religion’
SSUSH 2d
Edwards
Whitfield
Great Awakening
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It encouraged colonists to think for themselves
on religious matters.
Helped to ensure that principles like freedom of
religion and separation of church and state (the
government not imposing a particular religion on
its citizens, but allowing citizens to practice their
own faith) became valued colonial principles.
SSUSH 2d
Why did nations establish colonies?
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Mercantilism – theory that countries grow
wealthier and maintain their national
security by consistently exporting more
than they import.
To do this nations needed colonies for
additional resources and markets
American colonists began a profitable
trans-Atlantic trade
SSUSH 2a
Trans-Atlantic Trade
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Colonies shipped their products and raw
materials to England and the West Indies.
England passed the Navigation Acts which
required the colonies to sell certain goods only
to England.
Colonists could make more money by selling
directly to other countries, so they broke the law
and did just that.
Strict enforcement of the Navigation Act
contributed to the call for revolution.
SSUSH 2a
Road to Revolution
French and Indian War
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Known as the Seven Years War in Europe
British colonists began to move west and
found themselves fighting French settlers
and the Native Americans.
In 1754, tensions resulted in the French
and Indian War – Britain fighting against
the French and the Native American allies.
SSUSH 3a
French and Indian War
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After nine years of fighting, France, Great
Britain, and Spain ( a French ally) signed the
Treaty of Paris in 1763
France gave up its claim to Canada, as well as,
all lands east of the Mississippi River.
Spain ceded Florida to the British.
Great Britain was now the only colonial power in
North America.
SSUSH 3a
Tensions Rise
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After the French and Indian War, relations
between England and its colonies deteriorated .
Great Britain was heavily in debt after the war
and felt that the colonies should help pay for the
expenses.
Great Britain now possessed vast new territory
and felt that it needed a way to control them.
GB made some steps that angered the colonists.
SSUSH 3b
Proclamation of 1763
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Forbade colonists from settling
west of the Appalachian
Mountains.
Put the territory under British
Military control.
Also was an attempt to ensure
peace with the Native
Americans.
Colonists resented the
restrictions and most ignored it.
SSUSH 3b
King George III
Stamp Act
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British government taxed nearly all printed
materials by requiring a government stamp.
Colonists met in what came to be called the
Stamp Act Congress; they declared “No Taxation
without representation’
Colonists responded with a boycott of British
goods; refused to buy products of English
businesses.
SSUSH 3b
Sons & Daughters of Liberty
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Group formed to support and enforce the
boycott.
Sons often used violence to intimidate any
merchant or royal official who might use
the stamps.
Daughters used their skills to weave fabric
called ‘homespun’ that were usually
imported from Great Britain.
SSUSH 3b
Stamp Act
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Georgia was the only colony to issue any
of the stamps, prompting angry South
Carolinians to threaten an invasion of
Savannah.
The boycott and other protest led England
to repel (cancel) the law.
SSUSH 3b
Declaratory Act
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On the same day that they repelled the
Stamp Act, parliament passed the
Declaratory Act.
This act stated that Parliament had the
authority to impose laws on the colonies.
In effect, England was saying that it
expected them to comply with British law
whether they felt represented or not.
SSUSH 3b
Committees of Correspondence
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Thomas Jefferson proposed that the
colonies form groups dedicated to
organizing resistance to British laws.
These groups made sure that colonists
remained discontent with British rule.
Boston Tea Party
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British laws had given an unfair advantage
to the British East India company in the
selling of tea (favorite drink of colonists)
December 1773, Massachusetts committee
of correspondence led a group of radicals
dressed as Mohawk Indians- marched to
Boston Harbor- raided ships and dumped
crates of tea into the harbor.
Coercive Acts
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Parliament passed the Coercive Acts to
punish the colony of Massachusetts.
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Closed Boston Harbor; placed a military
governor over Massachusetts; expanded the
Canadian border
Because of the severity of the act the
colonists called it the Intolerable Acts
SSUSH 3b
The Revolution Begins
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To deal with the crisis, representatives
from all colonies except Georgia gathered
for the First Continental Congress in 1774.
It sent a letter to King George III saying
that the colonists had a right to be
represented in Parliament, since they were
not that they had a right to govern
themselves.
Lexington and Concord
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April 1775, British troops were on their way to
seize arms and ammunition stored by colonists
in Concorde, Massachusetts.
Colonial Militia, known as the Minute Men, met
the Redcoats (Regulars) in Lexington
Someone fired the “shot heard round the world”
that started the American Revolution.
One month later, the colonists met in the Second
Continental Congress to discuss the situation.
SSUSh 3b
Thomas Paine (1737-1809)
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January 1776, Paine publishes his famous
pamphlet, Common Sense.
In it, he made a compelling case for
independence that won many to the cause.
Due to his influence and that of others, the
Second Continental Congress stopped seeking
resolution with England and chose to declare
independence.