Transcript Cleaner vehicle fleets in Central and Eastern Europe

Cleaner vehicle fleets in
Central and Eastern Europe
Technical Training for Fleet Managers
Thursday 18 September 2008
Regional Environmental Center
for Central and Eastern Europe
Szentendre, Hungary
Agenda 18th September
8:30
Registration of participants
9:00
Welcome and tour de table
9:15
Session 1: Sustainable transport and the importance of cleaner fleet
management
10:30
Coffee Break
10:45
Session 2: Presentation of the cleaner fleet management toolkit
12:30
Session 3: Group session - Learning to use the toolkit
13:30
Lunch
14:30
Session 4: Cleaner fleet management in practice, by Turgut Yildiz,
Country general manager, TNT Express Turkey
15:00
Session 5a: Practical session
16:30
Coffee Break
16:45
Session 5b: Next steps to a cleaner fleet strategy
18:00
Close
Objectives & Expectations
What are yours?
Objectives UNEP for this training:
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Train public and private fleet managers in the practical use and
application of the Cleaner Fleet Management Toolkit within their own
institution
Discuss opportunities to improve the environmental performance of
your fleet
Have organizations defining building blocks that are relevant for your
clean fleet strategy
Expectations
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•
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Public and private fleet managers use their fleet specific data to
begin development of cleaner fleet strategies during training
Increased awareness of cleaner fleet solutions and available UNEP
support in this area
Exchange of opinions and ideas from all participants as they can be
useful for the other organizations as well
Analyze your fleet and initiate a strategy
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Use or estimate your fleet data
Use the toolkit to estimate your emissions
Identify your options for improvements
What are realistic goals for your
organization?
• Develop a draft strategy for a cleaner fleet
• Presentations of some of the draft strategies
• Group discussion and analysis of strategies
Practical steps to take
following this training
•
•
Collect fleet Data, so that you can measure improvements
Calculate or estimate your environmental Impact
•
Identify your Options for improvement
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Define your Clean Fleet Management Strategy
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Develop Indicators for monitoring
•
Ensure there is high level Commitment
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Start your strategy
•
Inform each other (and us) on your results! See the participants list for contact
details.
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Start by applying the toolkit
Search for other more accurate information sources, like vehicle handbooks,
manufacturers websites, test reports, etc.
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Start with the options in the toolkit
Search for other options as well
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Short term strategy (incl. quick wins)
Medium term strategy
Long term strategy
–
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Indicators should be independent of future changes of business
The perfect baseline is seldom possible
Quiz Questions
Quiz: A new vehicle?
Q: Is it possible to drive a Toyota Prius in Serbia (both unleaded&
leaded petrol fuel available with max. 2000 ppm / 0.2% sulfur)
A: Yes, if you buy
unleaded fuel only,
you can drive the
Prius.
However, as low
sulfur petrol fuel is
recommended (but
not required), the 3
way catalytic
converter –usually
installed when
imported second
hand- will not
reduce the
emissions properly.
Q: Is it possible to import the latest diesel
Landcruiser in Africa?
A: Yes. As all diesel emission control
technologies require low or ultra low sulfur
diesel, these technologies will not be installed
in vehicles manufactured for Africa.
Sulfur Impacts on emissions
control technologies
TWC =
Three Way
Catalyst
DOC =
Diesel Oxidation
Catalyst
SCR =
Selective Catalytic
Reduction
DPF = Diesel
Particulate Filter
Source: “Low-Sulphur gasoline
and diesel: the key to lower
vehicle emissions”, Katherine O.
Blumberg, Michael P. Walsh,
and Charlotte Pera, prepared
by for the International Council
on Clean Transportation, May
2003.
http://www.theicct.org/docume
nts/Low-Sulfur_ICCT_2003.pdf
Quiz: the effects of sulfur
Q: Sulphur significantly reduces the life of engines.
When the sulphur level was decreased from 10,000 ppm to
1,000 ppm, by what percentage did the average engine life increase?
The effect of sulfur on engine life
Engine life increase (%)
100
high
80
average
60
low
40
20
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0
PPM sulphur
A: Going from 15000 to 1000 ppm (1,5% to 0,1%)
sulfur in fuel, is estimated to increase engine life by 80
to 90%.
Quiz: CO2 from
cars
Q: How much CO2 is emitted by a
single 1000 km trip by a new
passenger car like the Opel
Astra 1.6?
A: Fuel consumption acc. To Ecotest:
6,99 L/100 km = 14,3 km/L
So for 1000 km 69,9 L of fuel will be
consumed, emitting 69,9 x 2,35 =
164 kg of CO2.
Quiz: CO2 from airplanes
Q: How much CO2 is emitted by a single flight AmsterdamNairobi?
A: Distance: 6.877 km; Fuel consumption: 249 liter  0,625 ton CO2,
plus air pollutants
Source: KLM CO2 calculator
Quiz: Air Pollution
Q: How many people die prematurely due to air pollution?
A: WHO estimates 800,000 people die prematurely every year due to
air pollution
Quiz: PCFV Logo
Q: What would you say this logo represents?
Quiz: Fuel Economy
Q: What's the fuel economy of the new Toyota Prius (in km/L)?
A: According to
the New European
Drive Cycle: 5,02
L/100km = 19,9
km/L
A2: US New
Combined Drive
Cycle: 46 MPG =
19,6 km/L
(19,1 on
highways, 20,4 in
city traffic)
Question
Q: How far does the impact of lead particles emitted by cars in
Europe reach?
A: Lead particles from Europe can still be found in Green land
Lead particles in Greenland
ice core
Hidden sheets
Not part of the training.
Will only be used if extra background information is needed.
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Step
Technologies
1
Avoiding energy losses during idling by shutting
off the combustion engine.
2
Recuperating energy from regenerative braking.
3
Using the battery energy to assist the engine and
downsizing the engine
4
Running the combustion engine at its maximum
load, where the engine efficiency maximizes.
5
Driving without the combustion engine running
6
Enlarging the battery pack and recharging it with
energy from a wall plug
Degree of hybridization
Mild Hybrid Electric
Vehicle, e.g. the Honda
Civic
Full HEV, e.g. Toyota
Prius
Plug-in Hybrid: Under
development
Benefits of Hybrids
The best results are achieved when:
 a large share of the traffic is urban or Stop & Go traffic, increasing
the benefits of regenerative braking and
 high annual mileage, reducing the payback period of the additional
investment
 high fuel prizes, increasing the value of the fuel saved and so
reducing the pack period
 used in densely populated areas, where the reduction of polluting
emissions contribute to the health of a large number of people
 governments have a programme supporting fuel efficient vehicles
by financial or other incentives, like dedicated lanes
Typical fleets to use HEVs for:
• Private and business passenger vehicles, exposed to traffic jams
• City taxis
• Light Duty Delivery trucks
• Transit buses and School buses
• Waste collection trucks
Total cost of ownership
Total Cost of Ownership for a Hybrid
at fuel prizes 1.4 and 2.0 $/ltr, excluding any tax incentives
Costs for buying the car
Maintenance
Fuel costs for 200.000 km
50,000
USD
40,000
30,000
$32,000
$22,400
$14,000
$4,500
$4,500
20,000
$4,500
10,000
$17,000
$20,000
$4,500
$21,500
$17,000
$21,500
Conventional
(1.4$/ltr)
Hybrid
(1.4$/ltr)
Conventional Hybrid (2$/ltr)
(2$/ltr)
Assuming fuel consumptions:
• 20 km/ltr (= 0.05 ltr/km) for the hybrid
• 12, 5 km/ltr for a comparable conventional car (=0.08 ltr/km),
Expected life time of 200.000 km reduction of fuel consumption will be 6000
litres.
Some hybrid models
Honda Civic Hybrid Gen. 2
Toyota Prius Gen. 1
Ford Escape Hybrid (4WD)
Mercury Mariner Hybrid (4WD) Lexus LS 600hL
Honda Accord Hybrid
Lexus GS 450h
Nissan Altima Hybrid
Toyota Camry Hybrid
Lexus RX 400h (4WD)
Toyota Highlander (4WD)
Honda Insight 2
Source:
HybridCenter.org
Hybrid busses:
Connecticut Department of Transportation
Compared four different state of the art busses with its fleet averages (Foyd 2005):
a. clean-diesel buses operated on Number 1 diesel fuel (Sulphur level < 500 ppm)
b. clean-diesel buses operated on ultra-low-sulfur-diesel (ULSD) fuel (,15 ppm) and
fitted with diesel particulate filters (DPF)
c. hybrid buses operated on Number 1 diesel fuel,
d. hybrid buses operated on ULSD fuel and fitted with DPF
NY city bus project
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1995
2000
2005
1995
2000
2005
1995: 500 ppm, no DOC
2000: 500 ppm, DOC, approx. 1000 new vehicles
2005: 30 ppm, DPFs, 3200 new vehicles
NOx
PM
NYC Transit PM and NOx Emissions
Hybrid Bus Experiences
2005)
NYCT 2006
purchases
(Bartnitt and
Chandler
2006)
NYCT 2003/
04 purchases
(Bartnitt and
Chandler
2006)
Houston
Metropolitan
Transit
Authority
2007 (Metro
2007)
British
Columbia
Transit (BCT
2005)
Purchase costs
state-of-Art
Clean Diesel
320 k$
350 k$
290 k$
?
424 k$ (USD)
HEV Bus
purchase cost
500 k$
500 k$
385 k$
?
664 k$
HEV
Premium
180 k$
150 k$
95 k$
120 k$
240 k$
CNG Bus
purchase cost
-
-
320 k$
-
-
Fuel economy
Improvement
+10%
?
HEV: +37%
+25%
expected…
+58%
expected…
Connecticut
Transit
(CTTransit)
2005 (Foyt
(CNG: -25%)
Examples of Passenger cars
fleets
• Vancouver Hybrid
Taxi Fleet
• NY will have their taxis
all hybrid by 2012
• London: Congestion charge not to be
paid by hybrid taxis
Filling in the fleet inventory
Fill in the numbers of vehicles, the kms driven, and the fuel consumption. If you don’t have exact numbers then a good
estimate will be enough.
If you don’t know your vehicles EMISSION STANDARD according to the Euro standard then use the text below to
approximate with the age of the vehicle.
•
Most developing countries in Africa and parts of Asia rely on a mix of imported vehicles and locally assembled vehicles.
•
Locally assembled are usually pre-Euro or Euro I standard due to lack of national emission standards.
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Imported vehicles have the standard from the country they were imported. Emission standards in Asia are generally
lagging behind EU, US and Japanese standards with 10 years (except China catching up). However, even if imported
with a high emission standard, this standard soon deteriorates due to lack of effective I&M programmes and high sulfur
levels in diesel. Anything beyond Euro I requires <500 ppm of sulfur in diesel which is currently not available in many
developing countries (2000 up to 7000 ppm).
Examples:
1. Any vehicle bought and driven in an EU country year 2000 = Euro III
2. An truck assembled in Kenya the year 2000 = Euro I
3. Any truck made in EU year 2000 and imported to Kenya = Euro I due to high sulphur levels in diesel
Emission
Standard
Year of introduction in the EU
(Similar in the US and Japan)
Pre Euro
Euro I
Euro II
Euro III
Euro IV
Euro V
Euro VI
<1992
1992 - 1995,
1996 – 1999, 2005 in China
2000 – 2004, 2007 in China
2005 – 2008
2009 – 2013
2014 -
Requirements.
Unleaded petrol
500 ppm diesel & petrol
350 ppm diesel, 150 ppm petrol
50 ppm diesel & petrol
EURO emission standards
Simplified charts showing
the progression of European
emission standards for Petrol
() and Diesel cars.
• NOx
• Particulate Matter
Note that until Euro 5,
there were no PM limits
for petrol vehicles.
Note that until Euro 5,
there were no PM limits
for petrol vehicles.
Emissions Improvement:
Old and New Land Cruiser
0.6
0.5
HC
NOx
PM
g/km
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Land Cruiser
year 2000
Land Cruiser
year 2006
US Fleet
average 2006
US Fleet Best
2006
Toyota Land Cruiser
Information from:
US EPA’s green vehicle
guide
www.epa.gov/greenvehicles
FIA’s Ecotest
www.ecotest.eu
Fuel Qualities
Lead/Unleaded Petrol Fuel
Leaded Petrol:
•North Korea
•Myanmar
•Yemen
Dual system:
•Bosnia and
Herzegovina
•Montenegro
•Serbia
•Tajikistan
•Former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia
•Uzbekistan
•Afghanistan
•Algeria
•Iraq
•Morocco
•Tunisia
Unleaded only:
•All other countries
Source: www.unep.org/pcfv
Fuel Quality:
Diesel sulfur levels
Aggregated Fleet Data from
WFP Country Offices
Toolkit Vehicle Category
Light vehicles petrol without catalyst
Light vehicles petrol with 3-way catalyst
Light vehicles diesel - old
Light vehicles diesel with PM filter (new)
Light duty trucks pre Euro
Light duty trucks Euro I+II
Light duty trucks Euro III+IV
Light duty trucks HEV
Heavy duty trucks pre Euro
Heavy duty trucks Euro I+II
Heavy duty trucks Euro III+IV
Heavy duty trucks Euro V
Motorcycles with 2-stroke engines
Motorcycles with 4-stroke engines
Grand Total
Sum of
Number of
vehicles
45
26
1049
40
15
1
103
7
73
3
223
249
1834
Sum of Fuel
Sum of
consumption
Av.
Av. Fuel
Mileage
per year
Mileage Cons.
(kms/yr)
(litres)
(km/yr) (km/L)
1,261,866
188,419
28,041
6.7
351,449
62,976
13,517
5.6
18,501,236
3,051,736
17,637
6.1
454,635
277,976
11,366
1.6
1,080,000
216,000
72,000
5.0
12,000
1,245
12,000
9.6
1,887,230
1,463,557
18,323
1.3
126,000
13,300
18,000
9.5
1,535,920
1,233,627
21,040
1.2
20,000
44,444
6,667
0.5
2,303,005
148,683
10,327
15.5
438,613
10,686
1,761
41.0
27,971,954
6,712,648
15,252
4.2
comments
Mostly Land Cruisers
Congo, Chad and Niger
Malawi only
Sri lanka only
Sudan data mainly
Sri lanka only
Sudan data only
Unreliable data of Burkina Faso
• 31 countries (=36% of 86 countries with SIS)
• 1362 vehicles (=66% of 2058 vehicles under SIS)
• 472 motorcycles (=68% of 687 motorcycles under SIS)
 Data coverage is 2/3
Assuming the other 55 countries have similar fleets and fleets usage, one can estimate the
emissions of the whole SIS insured WFP Fleet, by multiplying these numbers with 1,5, e.g.
• Fuel consumption = 6,7 mln ltr x 1,5 = 10 mln ltr/yr
• Total mileage = 28 mln x 1,5 = 42 mln kms/yr
Estimation of WFP emissions
• Using the factor 1,5 for the whole WFP fleet
• assuming an average diesel content of 5000 ppm and
• assuming all data is correct (!)
The toolkit gives the following indicative emissions:
– CO2
24000 ton
– PM10
10
ton
– SOx
9
ton
– NOx
130
ton
– VOC
110
ton
– CO
330
ton
• Is that much?
• What to do now?
First recommendations
for WFP and IFRC
Short term
• Start promoting Eco-driving:
•
•
– Send all drivers to a clean driving training
– Refresh bi-annually
– Monitor the fuel economy per vehicle
Consider the environmental impact (both CO2 and Air pollution) when
choosing new vehicles (SUN project!)
Define a pilot project with Hybrid Electric Passenger Vehicles
Medium term
• No 4WD vehicles in city traffic
• Move pre-euro vehicles to high-sulfur countries, enabling to clean the
fleet in low-sulfur countries
• Manual transmission vehicles only
• Use or import Low Sulfur diesel where possible
Long term
• Change all trucks to Euro 3 or higher where possible
• Change all motorcycles to 4 strokes
Cleaner vehicle fleets in
Central and Eastern Europe
Training for REC Country Offices
Friday 19 September 2008
Regional Environmental Center for
Central and Eastern Europe
Szentendre, Hungary
Agenda 19th September
8:30
9:00
Registration of participants
Welcome and tour de table
9:15
Session 1: Sustainable transport and the importance of
cleaner fleet management
•
10:30
10:45
•
•
Coffee Break
Session 2: Presentation of the cleaner fleet management
toolkit
13:00
14:00
15:00
15:15
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and Regional Environmental Center for
Central and Eastern Europe (REC) cooperation on cleaner fuels and vehicles
Transport and the environment: energy, air quality and climate change
Cleaner, more efficient vehicles – the role of fleets and fleet managers
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Overview at purpose and function of the toolkit
In-depth look at the tools available
Understanding the ‘Inventory and Options Tool #18’
Lunch
Session 3: The toolkit in practice
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The experience of TNT Turkey, by Turgut Yildiz, Country General Manager, TNT Express
Turkey
Development of cleaner fleet strategies
Coffee Break
Session 4: Applying the toolkit in your country programmes
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Discussion – targeting fleets and fleet managers
UNEP and REC support
17:00 Close