Transcript Document 7316915

Millennium Development Goals:
Global Solutions to Global Problems
Ing. Michal Sedlačko, PhD. MSc.
The Challenges of Environment
and Development
 economic disparity and
political instability
 extreme poverty
 under-nourishment
 disease
 marginalization
 population growth
 consumption
 global energy use
 climate change
 nitrogen loading
 natural resource
deterioration
 loss of diversity
 pollution
 growing water scarcity
 other urban problems
 interactions between
social, environmental and
economic problems
(UN & WB, 1993)
(UN, 2001)
(Kimball, 1994)
 International Terrorism
 Disease/hunger
 Climate change
Intensity of Reponse
Issue Shapes the Policy
Response
Challenges for
Governance
 to determine which issues are best
addressed at which level
 to ensure coherence between policy
options pursued at different levels
 to find ways of ensuring local people are
involved, even where it appears the policy
agenda is best focused at national or
international initiatives
Government ≠ Governance
 Government:
an executive body, representing the state
 Governance:
a system of rules and institutions
EC’s Principles of Good
Governance
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openness
participation
accountability
effectiveness
coherence
EC’s Policy Principles of
SD
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promotion and protection of fundamental rights
intra- and intergenerational equity
open and democratic society
involvement of citizens
involvement of businesses and social partners
policy coherence and governance
policy integration
use best available knowledge
precautionary principle
make polluters pay
The Principle of
Integration
“It is by pursuing our economic, social
and environmental goals separately that
has resulted in repeated trade-offs
between goals. Sustainable development
is between progressing them together.”
(Forum for the Future, 2004)
What are the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs)?
History of the MDGs
 Kofi Annan’s report We, the Peoples – The
Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century
 Basis for the Millennium Declaration (A/55/L.2,
September 2000)
 MDGs: 8 goals, 18 targets, 53 indicators
 estimated costs (2000): additional 40 – 70
million USD, meaning a doubling in ODA flows
as of pre-2001
 Conference on Financing for Development
(Monterrey, April 2002) confirmed the ODA
target of 0.7 % GDP
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme
poverty & hunger
 Target 1: Halve, between 1990 and 2015,
the proportion of people whose income is
less than $1 a day
 Target 2: Halve, between 1990 and 2015,
the proportion of people who suffer from
hunger
(UNEP & Earthscan, 1999)
During the 1990s,
extreme poverty dropped
in much of Asia, fell
slowly in Latin America,
changed little in Northern
Africa and Western Asia,
and rose and then
started to decline in the
transition economies.
But in sub-Saharan
Africa, which already had
the highest poverty rate
in the world, the situation
deteriorated further and
millions more fell into
deep poverty. (UN
DESA, 2005)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
CIS
Central
Europe
2.15/day
Baltics
4.30/day
Regional Poverty Indices (simple average)
(% below US$2.15 and $4.30 per day at PPP)
(TransMONEE, 2003)
Chronic hunger is
on the decline. The
percentage of
people with
insufficient food was
lower in 2000–2002
than in 1990–1992
in all regions except
Western Asia.
However, progress
has slowed over the
past several years,
and the number of
people going hungry
increased between
1997 and 2002.
• Over 150 million children
under age 5 in the
developing world are
underweight, including
almost half the children in
Southern Asia.
• In sub-Saharan Africa, the
number of underweight
children increased from 29
million to 37 million between
1990 and 2003.
• Progress was made in
Eastern Asia where the
number of malnourished
children declined from 24 to
10 million.
Goal 2: Achieve universal
primary education
 Target 3: Ensure that, by 2015, children
everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be
able to complete a full course of primary
schooling
In all developing
regions, except Latin
America and the
Caribbean and Eastern
and South-Eastern Asia,
girls are less likely than
boys to remain in
school. The gap
between girls and boys
is greatest in the 22
countries where fewer
than 60 per cent of
children complete their
primary education.
% of population aged 15-18
Education: High school enrollment, Central Asia
Goal 3: Promote gender equality
and empower women
 Target 4: Eliminate gender disparity in
primary and secondary education,
preferably by 2005, and in all levels of
education no later than 2015
Goal 4: Reduce child
mortality
 Target 5: Reduce by two thirds, between
1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality
rate
• In 1960, more than 1 child in 5
in the developing regions died
before age 5.
• By 1990, the rate was down to 1
in 10.
• But advances slowed in the
1990s.
Only in Northern Africa, Latin
America and the Caribbean and
South-Eastern Asia has progress
maintained its rapid pace. In
these regions, economic
growth, better nutrition and
access to health care have
spurred improvements in child
survival.
Goal 5: Improve maternal
health
 Target 6: Reduce by three quarters,
between 1990 and 2015, the maternal
mortality ratio
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS,
malaria & other diseases
 Target 7: Have halted by 2015 and begun
to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
 Target 8: Have halted by 2015 and begun
to reverse the incidence of malaria and
other major diseases
• Globally, 4.9 million
people were newly
infected with HIV in 2004
and 3.1 million died.
• HIV is spreading fastest
in the European
countries of CIS and in
parts of Asia.
In sub-Saharan Africa, 7 out of 100 adults are living with
HIV. In some Southern African countries, more than a
quarter of the adult population are HIV-positive.
Turkmenis
Tajikistan
Uzbekistan
Kyrgyzstan
Georgia
Azerbaijan
Kazakhsta
Armenia
Belarus
Moldova
Russia
Ukraine
100
1,000
15,100
1,000
1,000
4,000
9,000
2,500
20,000
8,000
750,000
360,000
0
0,5
1
HIV Prevalence, % of adult population
(World Development Indicators, 2004)
1,5
• Russia, Ukraine, Latvia, and Estonia are at
1% adult infection rate that experts believe
is a threshold beyond which it is nearly
impossible to avert an epidemic.
• Under pessimistic scenario, Russia loses
10% of GDP by 2020 owing to disease
Goal 7: Ensure environmental
sustainability
 Target 9: Integrate the principles of sustainable
development into country policies and programmes
and reverse the loss of environmental resources
 Target 10: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the people
without sustainable access to safe drinking water and
basic sanitation
 Target 11: By 2020, to have achieved a significant
improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slumdwellers
In the last decade
alone, 940,000
square kilometres of
forests – an area
the size of
Venezuela – were
converted into
farmland, logged or
lost to other uses.
• The proportion of population using safe sources
of drinking water in the developing world rose
from 71 per cent in 1990 to 79 per cent in 2002.
• The good news is counterbalanced by the fact
that 1.1 billion people were still using water from
unimproved sources in 2002.
• In sub-Saharan Africa, 42 per cent of the
population is still unserved due to conflict,
political instability and low priority assigned to
investments in water and sanitation, especially
given high population growth rates.
(WB, 2004)
Goal 8: Develop a global
partnership for development (I.)
 Target 12: Develop further an open, rule-based,
predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial
system (includes a commitment to good governance,
development, and poverty reduction – both nationally and
internationally)
 Target 13: Address the special needs of the least
developed countries (includes tariff-and quota-free access for
exports enhanced program of debt relief for HIPC and cancellation
of official bilateral debt, and more generous ODA for countries
committed to poverty reduction)
 Target 14: Address the special needs of landlocked
countries and small island developing states
Goal 8: Develop a global
partnership for development (II.)
 Target 15: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of
developing countries through national and international
measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term
 Target 16: In cooperation with developing countries, develop
and implement strategies for decent and productive work for
youth
 Target 17: In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies,
provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing
countries
 Target 18: In cooperation with the private sector, make
available the benefits of new technologies, especially
information and communications
Official aid and private
charitable donations
from developed
countries are the main
source of external
financing for the
poorest countries. For
middleincome
developing countries,
trade is the primary
source of foreign
revenue. Private
foreign direct
investment ranks
second for these
countries, but is
partially offset by the
return of profits to
corporations’ home
countries.
What is sustainable
human development?
What is Development?
 human development is about people, about expanding
their choices to live full, creative lives with freedom and
dignity – enlarging people’s choices
 purpose of (any!) development is to improve people’s lives
by expanding their choices, freedom and dignity
 “development is about removing the obstacles to what a
person can do in life, obstacles such as illiteracy, ill health,
lack of access to resources, or lack of civil and political
freedoms” (Fukuda-Parr, 2003)
Human Welfare
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income
(absence of) poverty
social inclusion
health/nutrition
housing
education/culture
security from crime
environment
governance and civil and political rights (human
rights, access to information, participation)
“Peace, political transparency and
accountability, openness of institutions,
sustainable development, social
wellbeing, environmental protection and
energy efficiency are interdependent
and indivisible.”
(UNEP & IETC 2000)
Sustainable development means “to
increase the quality of human life without
overstepping the carrying capacity of
supporting ecosystems”.
(IUCN et al., 1991)
What Does It Mean
to Sustain Development?
 key capabilities for HD:
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living a long and healthy life
being educated
having a decent standard of living
enjoying political and civil freedoms to participate in the
life of one’s community
 essential conditions for HD:
 environmental sustainability
 equity – especially gender equity
 enabling global economic environment
human and
social capital
manufactured
capital
natural
capital
Why Capabilities?
 human capital emphasizes the role of man
as a tool in increasing production
capacities as an objective
 the human capability concept emphasizes
the role of man as a tool in human benefit
as an objective
 SHD “addresses the human or social
dimension as the dominating element, and
views materialistic energies as one of the
conditions for achieving this development”
(Sen, 1993)
 the key word in the “sustainable human
development” term is “human”
The Sustainable Development Paradigm
consists of the following two components:
1) Sustainable Human Development, and
2) Environmental Sustainability.
(Hasegawa, 2001)
(environmental) sustainability:
intergenerational equity
+
development:
intragenerational equity
Human Development as
Objective
“Viewed as an end in itself rather than a
means, human development is about
enriching human lives. Material
enrichment – producing a larger volume
of goods and services – may contribute
to this but it is not the same thing.”
(Griffin & McKinley, 1992)
Means-Motives-Rules
 socioeconomic development, cultural
change (value change), and
democratisation always come together
 a concept based on the principle of “human
choice”
(Welzel, Klingemann & Inglehart, 2002)
(Welzel, Klingemann & Inglehart, 2002)
Broadening “Human
Choice”
 increasing individual resources provides the
means component
 cultural change means a growing public
emphasis on self-expression values – the
motives component
 democracy gives human choice a legal
basis, provides effective rights and thus
represents its rules component
Measuring Human Development
What is HDI?
 Human Development can be measured
and its measure is not just wealth
 HD is broader than HDI
 HDI – a composite index
 Allows measuring progress in major
areas of HD – but not all
 Same values of the index can be reached
in variety of ways
HDI components
 Education
 Literacy rate
 Enrollment rate
 Health – life expectancy
 Economy – GDP per capita in PPP$
Various attempts to add additional components
but they reduce the index reliability
Other HD-related indices
 GDI – Gender-related development
index
 Gender empowerment measure (GEM)
 Human Poverty Index 1
 Human Poverty Index 2
Good advocacy tools, but statistical
reliability questionable and weak as
policy tools
Other HD related indices
 Human Poverty Index 1
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People not expected to survive to age 40
Adult illiteracy rate (% age 15 and above)
Population without access to safe water
Share of under-weight children under age five
 Human Poverty Index 2
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People not expected to survive to age 60
Share of people who are functionally illiterate
Long-term unemployment (as % of labour force)
Population below income poverty line
Problems with composite
indices
 Bringing together “apples and oranges”
 Indexing absolute values – choice of min and
max thresholds
 Reliability of data inputs
 GDP value fluctuates depending on PPP
 Literacy – from census to census
 Enrollment – different meaning for different
educational levels
 Depends on the analytical interpretation
 What does an “HDI value” mean?
 What does a rank mean?
Case Study:
Ukraine
Ukraine: Human Development in
the 1990s (I.)
 In comparison with other countries of the CEE,
Ukraine did not achieve a high level of
decentralization during 1990s
 For the decade as a whole, Ukraine shifted
from 45th to 80th position out of 173 countries
on the human development scale
 Romania and Poland, which were behind
Ukraine at the beginning of the transition
period had surpassed Ukraine by 1993 on the
human development scale
Ukraine: Human Development in the
1990s (II.)
 Life expectancy decreased from 70.5
years to 67.9 years between 1990 and
2000
 Per capita incomes dropped by 42%
between 1992 and 2000
 By 2001, 11% of the country’s population
was suffering from extreme poverty (less
than 4.3 USD in purchasing power parity)
Ukraine: Human Development in the
1990s (III.)
 New cases of Tuberculosis per 100,000
people increased from 30 in 1990 to 69.5
in 2000
 HIV infection now almost 1% of the adult
population and faces crisis in next
several years
 There is a growing disparity among the
regions of Ukraine based on the Human
Development Index
Ukraine: Human Development in
the 1990s (IV.)
 Growth has not yet reversed declines in
public health, life expectancy, disease
 While incomes have recovered, social
services continue to worsen
 Poor disproportionately affected by
declines in social services
Ukraine: Human Development in
the 1990s (V.)
Legacy system of welfare and public services is
under-funded and highly inefficient:
 GDP decline decimates public spending, even
where allocation by percentage is stable.
 Fraud and corruption are universal, so benefits
miss their targets.
 Universally “free” services—education,
health—tend to benefit the wealthy, quality
declines.
 Welfare benefits are poorly targeted and don’t
reach the truly needy.
Adapting MDGs to the
Ukrainian Situation (I.)
 Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
 To Reduce by half, between 2001 and 2015, the proportion of
people whose income is less than 4.3 USD per day in PPP
terms
 To Reduce by one third, between 2001 and 2015, the
proportion of the population, whose consumption is below the
national poverty line
 No target for hunger as this is not problem for Ukraine
 Achieve Universal Primary Education
 Increase education enrollment during the 2001-2015 period
 Increase the quality of eduction
 Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
 To assure by 2015, at least 30-70% balance of each gender at
top levels of the representative and executive power
 To decrease by half, between 2001 and 2015, the gap
between men’s and women’s incomes
Adapting MDGs to the
Ukrainian Situation (II.)
 Reduce Child Mortality
 To Reduce by 17% the under-five mortality rate
between 2001 and 2015
 Improve Maternal Health
 To Reduce by 17% maternal mortality, between
2001 and 2015
 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
 To Decrease the expansion rate of new HIV/AIDS
infections by 13% between 2001 and 2015
 To Reduce by 42% the spread of tuberculosis
between 2001 and 2015
Adapting MDGs to the
Ukrainian Situation (III.)
 Ensure Environmental Sustainability
 To Increase the share of population which has
access to safe drinking water by 12% during the
2001-2015 period
 To Stabilize air pollution from both stationary and
movable sources by 2015
 To Expand a network of natural reserves and
national parks to 10.4% of total area of Ukraine
 Develop a Global Partnership for Development
 World Trade Organization accession by 2004
 EU accession as a full or association member by
2015
Russia:
Welfare for the Rich
 Poorest 20% in Russia get only one-fifth
of the benefits from three of Russia’s
main welfare programs; should get most
 Of the in-kind benefits “monetized” by
law, just 4% went to the poorest 10%;
20% went to the wealthiest 10%.
Argentina: Decentralization and
Human Development 1970-1994
 Period of political changes—dictatorship and
democracy
 Analysis of Health and Education Indicators
 Positive Impact on Health and Education Indicators
during periods of democratization and decentralization
 Inter-provincial disparities in education achievement
declined significantly
 Infant mortality rate fell dramatically from 72 per 1000
in 1972 to 22.5 per 1000 in 1994
 Decline in infant mortality accelerated even more after
democracy established in 1984
 Secondary enrolment per 1000 primary students
increased more than 100% in 25 years
Columbia: The Impact of Municipal
Decentralization 1991 – 2001 (I.)
 Increase in social spending from 8% of GDP to 16.1%
in 1996-97 due to priority begin given to education and
health
 Education decentralization resulted in greater rate of
literacy, more teachers, and higher levels of schooling
 Health service coverage increased from 35% of
population in 1990 to 63% by end of decade
 Infant mortality reduced from 50 per 1000 in 1980-85 to
30 per 1000 in 1995-2000
 Increase of physicians per inhabitants from 1 physician
per 1300 in 1985 to 1 physician per 1,000 in 1998
Columbia: The Impact of Municipal
Decentralization 1991 – 2001 (II.)
 Water supply system coverage reached a
high of 89.2% of population
 Sewerage services reached 78.6% of the
population
Localising the MDGs
Why Localise the MDGs?
 MDGs are global targets that should suit
national realities and country specific
challenges
 National focus does not take into account the
‘local’ dimension
 If global/national targets would be achieved,
disparities across people and places would still
exist
Benefits of Localisation
of the MDGs
 Localization of the MDGs makes local development
strategies more consistent with national plans and
sectoral priorities
 Strengthens local governance and fosters participatory
approaches
 Contributes to improved delivery of public services
 Reduces socio-economic differences and regional
disparities
Arguments for Localisation
of the MDGs (I.)
 Subsidiarity - issues should be dealt with
by the level of government most
appropriate to the nature of the issue
 Implementation is more likely to be efficient
at the local level – because of local
knowledge, sensitivity to specific local
conditions, local engagement and
participation
Arguments for Localisation
of the MDGs (II.)
 Inequality – national averages tend to
mask local variations
 Addressing MDGs at a local level reduces
this danger
 Engagement of local actors allows a more
equitable response to MDGs, focusing on
the issues and priorities specific to particular
local area
Arguments for Localisation
of the MDGs (III.)
 Complementarity – it recognizes links
between national and local
 Thematic integration – ability of local
government to take holistic approach to
MDG related programs. A national
perspective may encourage separate
treatment of the MDGs.
Arguments against
Localisation of the MDGs
 Lack of capacity in local authorities
 Inadequate decentralized statistics and lack of
consistency in data collection
 Fragmentation of effort
 Political differences between national and local
authorities
(Millennium Ecosystem Assessment)