Moving Toward Independence 1763-1775

Standards:

SSUSH3 The student will explain the primary causes of the American Revolution.

a. Explain how the end of Anglo-French imperial competition as seen in the French-Indian War, and the 1763 Treaty of Paris, laid the groundwork for the American Revolution.

b. Explain colonial response to such British actions such as the Proclamation of 1763, Stamp Act, and the Intolerable Acts as seen in Sons and Daughters of Liberty and Committees of Correspondence.

c. Explain the importance of Thomas Paine’s

Common Sense

to the movement for independence.

Essential Questions:

•

What and who laid the groundwork for a revolution to be able to occur?

•

How did the key ideas of American democracy develop?

•

How did the Age of Enlightenment play a role in independence?

• • • •

What caused the American Revolution? How did this revolution start?

Who was behind this revolution?

What was the colonial response to pre-revolutionary actions by the British?

•

How did the British respond to colonists ideas about freedom?

•

How did some colonists shape their people’s thinking towards approving a war of Independence?

• Why was Thomas Paine so important to the Revolution

?

Vocabulary



French and Indian war, Stamp Act, Intolerable Acts, Proclamation of 1763, Sons/Daughters of liberty, Committee of Correspondence, Pontiac’s Rebellion, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, John Adams,



Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, Aaron Burr, Federalists, Democratic Republicans Albany Plan for Union, John Locke, Montesquieu, Thomas Jefferson,

Democratic Ideas in the Colonies

Religion in the Colonies

• Settlers left Europe because of each nation’s established church.

– Official church • Try to create established churches in the American colonies.

– Roman Catholic- Spanish – Anglican- New York, Maryland, Southern colonies – Congregational- New England, Connecticut – Separatist- Plymouth – Puritan- Massachusetts Bay • Middle colonies encouraged all sorts of religions.

Rhode Island

• Founded by

Roger Williams.

• No established religion.

• Church was separate from the state govt.

1. No taxes to support the church.

2. Did not have to belong to a church to vote.

3. No forced attendance.

Maryland

• Governed by Lord Baltimore.

•

Toleration Act of 1649

– All those professing to believe in Jesus Christ were free to practice their own religion.

– Jews not protected.

Pennsylvania

• Founded by

William Penn.

• Charter of Privileges – Anyone could settle in Pennsylvania as long as they believed that one Almighty God as the Creator and Ruler of the World.

– Only Christians allowed.

Religious Toleration

• Many colonies had to alter their rules to encourage settlers.

• Blacks not always taught Christianity.

– Owners fearful of rebellion.

• Anglicans set up black schools • Quakers established yearly religious meetings.

• Blacks segregated (separate) from the white congregation.

– “African pews”

Democratic Way of Life

• 5 essentials 1. Religious freedom.

2. Freedom to learn.

3. Freedom to think.

4. Freedom to speak.

5. Freedom to publish.

European Learning

• A formal education essential for all wealthy families.

• Tutors hired to teach the sons.

• Wealthy colonists sent sons to private English schools.

• Daughters taught music and literature.

Colonial Learning

Colonial Learning

Changes in Education

• 3 reasons 1. Plantation owners wanted their sons to learn about business.

2. Rural areas needed better education.

3. Scarcity of books – Library societies created by merchants to lend out books for a small fee.

Massachusetts

• • Puritans believed that it was important to read to create “God fearing” and “law abiding” citizens.

1647 law 1.

Every town w/ 50 or more households must appoint a teacher of reading and writing to be paid by the town.

2. Every town w/ 100 or more households must provide a school to prepare young men for college.

• Wealthy families expected to pay tuition.

– Rate for schooling.

• Poor families were paid for by the town.

• Created the idea that a “free public education was mandatory.”

New England Schools

• • • – – – Teachers were either mothers of students or indentured servants.

Problems Children of all ages in the same room.

Short terms.

Irregular attendance.

– Lack of materials.

New England Primer – Written in 1690.

– Taught school children to be obedient, law-abiding citizens, and to worship God.

Frontier Education

• Experience!!

– Learn to think for yourself.

• Books – Bible – Almanac • Books containing a wide variety of info w/ advise on medicine, recipes, planting, and harvesting.

Poor Richard’s Almanac

• Written by Benjamin Franklin.

– For want of a nail the shoe was lost; for want of the shoe the horse was lost; and for want of a horse the rider was lost. – Learning is to the studious and riches to the careful. – Then plow deep while sluggards sleep, And you shall have corn to sell and to keep. – God helps them that help themselves. – The sleeping fox catches no poultry. – Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.

Colonial Governments

• • – – Virginia House of Burgesses First representative govt. in America (1619).

3 types of colonies 1.

Royal colonies- run by English King and parliament 2. Proprietary colonies- run by a proprietor (governor) 3.

Self-governing- independent of England.

Royal Colonies

• 8 total by 1760.

• King appointed a governor.

• The legislature was the law-making body.

– Counselors- Upper House • appointed – Assembly- Lower House • elected • King could veto any law.

Proprietary Colonies

• 3 by 1760.

– Maryland, Delaware, and Pennsylvania.

• Proprietor appointed the governor.

• Assembly elected by the people.

– One-house legislature.

Self-Governing Colonies

• 2 by 1760 – Rhode Island and Connecticut • Governor and legislature all elected by the voters.

• Each had a written Constitution.

• Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Suffrage

• Right to vote.

• Limits – Only adult males who owned property could vote.

– Religious qualifications had to belong to a church to vote.

– Isolation of the frontier.

Conflicts in the Assembly

• Wealthy had all the political power.

• Wealthy on the seaboard voted for laws that favored them.

• Rural frontier had a very limited say.

Loss of Massachusetts Charter-1684

• Conflict with England • Charter taken away and a royal governor, Andros, sent to rule • Mr. Andros is so hated that he flees, disguised as a woman, back to England

Local Government

• Town meeting- designed to allow citizens to discuss problems.

• Selectmen- 3 principle town officers to administer the laws.

• County- local govt. designed to cover a larger area.

• Justice of the Peace- Chief officer of the local county to carry out laws.

• County lieutenant – Defended the county against Indian attacks.

Events and Situations that lead to Independence for the Colonies!!

A Spider Web graphic organizer #1 #2

Causes of the American Revolution

Mercantilism

• Economic policy where a nation such as England tries to gain greater wealth and power than its rivals.

– Favorable balance of trade- tool used by a nation to get money by selling more goods than it imports.

• Export- selling goods abroad • Import- buying goods from other nations.

• Exports must be greater than imports.

– A nation with a high favorable balance of trade… 1. will be self-sufficient.

2. will be wealthy.

3. will build a powerful army and navy.

4. Will keep its colonies as colonies as long as they are profitable

The Colonies Help Great Britain

1.

Colonies provided raw materials.

2. Colonies provided markets for goods produced in Britain.

3. Colonies encouraged the growth of mercantilism.

4. Colonies provided bases for the Royal Navy.

5. Colonies only trade with Britain

Salutary neglect- deliberate failure to enforce the mercantile laws.- “turn a blind eye” • As Long as the mother country, England was getting rich off of the colonies, they were happy • They ignore the colonists breaking “small” English rules like smuggling • Colonists get used to that “neglect” because of the freedom and profit it gives them

Navigation Acts

•

1651

• Restricted all trade within the British Empire to British ships.

• American colonists begin building ships.

– Created wealthy shipbuilding industry.

Navigation Act of 1660 • Listed specific colonial products that could be shipped and sold

only

to England.

– Enumerated goods- tobacco, cotton, and sugar.

Navigation Act of 1663

• Required colonists to buy most of their manufactured goods from England.

• All European goods sent to the colonies had to unloaded, sale.

taxed

, and then reloaded before – Duty- tax on goods.

• Mercantilism threatened the prosperity of the New England colonies because many of the same products made in America were the same as those in Great Britain.

1. Vessels from colonies set sail for Africa with rum.

2. Rum traded for slaves or gold.

3. Slaves taken to West Indies and sold for molasses, sugar, or money.

4. Molasses sent to colonies to make more rum.

Triangular Trade

Molasses Act of 1733

• Colonists could buy molasses from French, Dutch, or Spanish islands, but had to pay a high duty or tax on the imports.

• Made the making and selling of rum more expensive for the colonists

Problems in Governing the Colonies

Need for Money after the end of Anglo French warfare

• Britain in debt after 4 wars with France even though they won • Britain needed to maintain the large empire they now had • British felt their colonists, as subjects of the King, should help pay the debt.

•

War between France and England that takes place in the colonies

•

British felt that the colonists especially owed them for fighting the French in the Ohio river valley in North America.

•

The colonists did not see it that way. Saw it as England’s war not theirs and certainly not something to pay for with their taxes.

•

Colonists begin to Develop an identity as Americans and anti British

The French and Indian Wars 1754 to 1763

Canada

• Taken by Britain after the French and Indian War.

• Britain had to reorganize old French governments. That costs.

• Colonists do not want to pay for that even though they are safer because of it

Problems with the Land West of the Appalachians

• Fur traders want no settlers.

• Farmers and land speculators want the land open for settlement.

• Settlers demand protection from the Indians from Britain.

• Britain wants no more war

Indian Lands

• Natives pushed off the land west of the Appalachians by colonists looking for new lands • Pontiac’s Rebellion Indians try to stop colonist’s westward movement by destroying British forts.

• British offer generous peace terms to Pontiac. Guess who this ticks off?

Weak King

• George III seen as ineffective and stubborn by colonists.

• He viewed colonies as territories owned by Britain. • Neither parties big on compromise and negotiation • Ask me about his nickname

Proclamation Act of 1763

• Ordered all settlers to withdraw temporarily from all lands west of the Appalachians.

– Result of Pontiac’s Rebellion.

• Reserved certain lands for the Indians.

• Fur Trade put under control of royalty. Guess who benefits from that action? Down with the British!

We’re not gonna take it!

Why do I have to leave my nice new house?

Sugar Act of 1764

• Attempt by British Parliament to raise money to protect the colonies.

• Placed a duty on molasses, sugar, and other imports.

– Royal inspectors searched homes looking for smuggled goods from other countries.

• Severely hurts the rum business.

• Forbid the colonies to issue paper money.

• Colonies must pay all taxes with gold or silver coins.

• Forced more gold and silver to be sent to Britain.

• Result- made the colonies cash flow poor

Currency Acts of 1764

Quartering Act of 1765

• Colonists must provide barracks and supplies to British troops in America.

• Must “quarter” troops in their homes for free

Stamp Act of 1765

• Levied taxes on diplomas, playing cards, newspapers, advertisements, and all legal documents.

“An Emblem of the Effects of the STAMP,” a warning against the Stamp Act published in the Pennsylvania Journal, October 1765; in the New York Public Library.

Types of Taxes

Indirect Taxes • Taxes on an item that are hidden in the cost or spread out for others to pay.

– Examples • Gas tax • Sugar Act tax Direct Taxes • Taxes paid directly to the government.

– Examples • Income tax • Stamp Act tax

“taxation without representation !”

• Colonist cry that taxes were being levied on them without any representation in Parliament.

– British felt that Parliament not only represented the British, but also the colonists. Did not need men from the colonies to be voted into Parliament

Stamp Act Congress

• 1765 • Delegates from 9 colonies hold a meeting in New York.

• Declared their loyalty to the King, but opposed taxes levied w/out consent.

• Sons of Liberty – Organized society that rioted in large towns. Terrorists?

• British merchants demand the repeal of the Stamp Act.

– Colonists not buying their goods • Stamp Act repealed by Britain in 1766.

Declaratory Act of 1766

• Parliament asserts that it had full authority and power to make laws to bind the colonies and people of America.

• Colonists really angry feel that they can not “work” with Britain

Townshend Acts

• Levied import duties (taxes) on articles of everyday use in America.

–

Tea, lead, glass, colors for paint.

Writs of Assistance

• Implemented by British government to enforce new laws.

• Written statements giving govt. officials the legal right to search colonist’s businesses, ships, etc.

– Open-ended search warrant.

– Modern Search warrant must have specific reasons.

The Boston Massacre

• March 5, 1770 • Large crowd gathered around British soldiers.

• Soldiers fired upon the crowd- 5 civilians killed and 6 injured.

• Crispus Attucks- black slave first person killed.

• Boston crowd cries “massacre”, forces troops to leave

Repeal of The Townshend Acts

• British Prime Minister calls for repeal of Townshend Acts as they are hurting British merchants.

• But….retain the tax on tea as a symbol of the power Parliament had over the colonists. (rubbing it in)

Committee of Correspondence

• 21 member group who attempted to keep other colonies and the world informed about what was happening in Massachusetts.

• An old school “Facebook” – Patrick Henry – Richard Henry Lee

Tea Act of 1773 • Tax on tea • Allowed the East India Company to bypass British wholesalers and sell tea directly to the colonists.

– Hurts colonial tea merchants.

Boston Tea Party

• 1773 • Colonists dressed as Indians board tea ships and dump the cargo into Boston Harbor.

• Britain lost about $3 million

1.

2.

3.

4.

Closed port of Boston to all shipping until colonists paid for destroyed tea.

Forbade town meetings and revoked Massachusetts charter Required colonists to provide food and shelter to British soldiers sent to America to enforce new laws.

British officials charged w/ crimes committed in America could have cases tried in England.

Intolerable Acts of 1774

!@#*/ !CFF

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Quebec Act of 1774

• One of the Intolerable Acts.

• Enlarged Quebec by establishing the southern border of Canada to the Ohio River and Mississippi.

• Allowed French law to stay.

•

Took away western lands from colonists.

• “Just another act to punish!” is what the colonists say

• • All colonies attend except Georgia.

5 agreements

1. Right to life, liberty, and property.

2. Mutual support of colonies

.

3. Revived non-importation agreements.

4. Would not sell goods to Britain.

5. Local committees to provide action against Britain.

First Continental Congress

The Revolutionaries

Samuel Adams

• Former unsuccessful brewer and political activist.

• 1764- Gets elected to the Massachusetts legislature.

•

Leader of a radical group called the Sons of Liberty.

Samuel Adams- Activist

• Sugar Act- Drafts colonial negative response.

• Stamp Act- Instigates riots in Boston.

• Townshend Acts- Drafts a letter trying to unite the colonies.

• Gathers a crowd of 5,000 colonists to protest British troops in Boston.

• Organizes the Boston Tea Party in response to the Tea Act.

John Hancock

• Wealthy Boston trader and shipper.

• Opposes the Stamp Act and the Townshend Acts.

• Finances many of the revolutionary activities.

•

Finances the “minutemen

”- a group of volunteers ready to do battle at a minutes notice.

John Adams

• Massachusetts lawyer.

• Opposes the Stamp Act.

• Successfully defends the four British soldiers accused of murder in the Boston Massacre.

• Becomes a member of the First Continental Congress and nominates George Washington commander in-chief of the Continental Army.

• Later, is our second President

Patrick Henry

• Member of the Virginia House of Burgesses.

• 1765- Drafts the Virginia Stamp Act Resolutions.

– The colonies only had the right to issue taxes on the colonists.

• 1775- Calls for military action against Britain.

– “ Give me liberty or give me death!”

Wrote the widely-read pamphlet, Common Sense (1776), advocating colonial America's independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain Convinced many colonists to fight Britain

These are the times that try men's souls: The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly: it is dearness only that gives every thing its value.

Thomas Paine

Coming Attractions: The Battle Begins Theme Song-”We ain’t going take it” by Twisted Sister or How We Come to be Known as Americans