Transcript Document 7301894

Chapter 10
Global Effects
Lecture #24
HNRS 228
Energy and the Environment
Adapted from Fiorentino / Rutgers U.
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Chapter 10+ Overview
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Earth as a planet
The polar regions and sea ice effects
The stratospheric ozone situation
Another look at greenhouse gasses
Climate change
Global warming
Remote Sensing
Geographic Information Systems
Geomatics
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iClicker Question
Which of the following layers of the
atmosphere is highest above the surface
of the Earth?
A Troposphere
B Stratosphere
C Thermosphere
D Mesosphere
E Ozone Layer
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iClicker Question
What is the primary ingredient of the
Earth's atmosphere?
A Nitrogen
B Oxygen
C Nitrogen and oxygen in equal parts
D Hydrogen
E Carbon dioxide
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iClicker Question
In what part of the atmosphere does
weather occur?
A Hydrosphere
B Stratosphere
C Ionosphere
D Troposphere
E All of the above
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iClicker Question
How rapidly a planet loses its atmosphere depends on
the planet's
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mass
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II.
atmospheric composition
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III.
temperature
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IV.
rotation period
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B
C
D
E
I & II
III & IV
I, II, & III
II, III, & IV
I, II, III, & IV
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iClicker Question
The presence of Earth’s magnetic field is a good
indication that
A there is a large amount of magnetic material
buried near the North Pole.
B there is a quantity of liquid metal swirling
around in the Earth's core.
C the Earth is composed largely of iron.
D the Earth is completely solid.
E there are condensed gasses in the core of the
Earth.
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iClicker Question:
The dinosaurs were most likely wiped
out by:
A: disease
B: hunting to extinction by cavemen
C: a giant meteor impact
D: the close passage of another star
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iClicker Question:
A leading cause of Global Warming
is:
A: Increased soot (smog) in the atmosphere.
B: Increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
C: The Earth is getting closer to the sun.
D: The luminosity of the sun is steadily
increasing.
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iClicker Question:
The Greenhouse effect would not
occur if:
A: The Earth had no atmosphere.
B: The amount of carbon dioxide doubled.
C: We got rid of all the forests.
D: The Earth didn’t have an ocean.
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iClicker Question:
Sunlight absorbed by the Earth’s
surface is reemitted in the form of?
A: radio waves
B: infrared radiation
C: visible radiation
D: ultraviolet radiation
E: X-ray radiation
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Geomatics refers to earth (geo)
measuring (matics) technologies
…the discipline of gathering, storing, processing, and delivering of geographic
information. This broad term applies both to science and technology, and
integrates the following more specific disciplines and technologies: geodesy,
surveying, mapping, positioning, navigation, cartography, remote sensing,
photogrammetry, geographic information systems, & global positioning systems
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomatics
Organize and solve problems involving
spatial analysis
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Data and Information
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To some: Information is not Data
Data needs to be transformed into information
(and vice versa)
Information can be defined as an answer to a
question using data –or–
Information is what we know that must be
organized into data for use in analysis
With GIS we transform information into data
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Geomatics
Remote Sensing
Image Process
Raster GIS
Air Photo
Vector GIS
Satellite Images Photogrammetry
3D Modeling
GPS
GIS
Visualization
Networking
Databases
Internet
Geomatics has application in:
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Regional and Urban Planning
Defense and Intelligence
Forestry
Archaeology
Natural resource management
Water/soils/agriculture
Telecommunications
Emergency Response
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Policy
Transportation
Demography
Global environment
Wildlife management
Business
ANY problem that has a spatial aspect
ANY scale from the local to the global
“Applied Geography, in the form of
maps & spatial information has
served discovery, planning,
cooperation & conflict for at least
the past 3000 years” Bolstad
FIVE major functions
Inherent to Geomatics
Collect
Manipulate
Manage
Analyze
Display
Primary Disciplines of Geomatics
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Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Remote Sensing
Air photo
 Satellite imagery
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Global Navigation Satellite Systems
(GNSS)
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Geographic Information System
“…a computer based system to aid in the
collection, maintenance, storage,
analysis, output, and distribution of spatial
data and information…”
FIVE major functions
Inherent to Geomatics
Collect
Manipulate
Manage
Analyze
Display
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Why GIS?
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Expanded
capabilities - do
the heretofore
impossible
Improved
efficiency reduce duration
of analysis 10fold or more
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What is GIS?
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Paper, pencil,
and person can
be a GIS
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Why computerize manual methods?
Synthesis of sources
Analytical power
Measure distance, density, area
Overlay and buffer
Adjacency and proximity
Vicinity (neighborhood)
Networks
Inter-visibility
Interoperability
Flexibility
Repeatability
Output Quality
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Tools of GIS
Collect
Manipulate
Manage
Analyze
Display
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Geographic
Data describing objects from the real world in
terms of:
 Position (x,y in some coordinate system)
 Spatial relationships
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Streets may be “connected”
There is a distance between two points
Areas overlap, be adjacent or not touch
Information
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Organized knowledge about locations
facilitates analysis and new knowledge
Predictable data “schema”
…compared to paper maps stored in
different rooms in different drawers,
at different scales and projections
(time consuming and sometimes
impossible to analyze)
Systems
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Consistent storage in a database
Retrieve and manipulate information in a
consistent manner
Flow of data can be documented
Spatial data from a variety of sources,
scales and projections can be converted
into one logical structure allowing access
and analysis using a set of rules
Abstracting the Real World
Real World
Abstraction of relevant phenomena
andModel
properties
Data
Data
Structure
Phenomena that
Exist
1.2 , 4.7
5.8 , 3.6
8.9 , 7.2
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Computer
Representation
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GIS exists in an institutional context…
Effective GIS use depends on a set of protocols and an
integration into the data collection, analysis, decision, and
action loop of an organization
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GIS Data Examples
If it can be mapped it can be entered into a GIS
 Points
archeological sites, trees, fire hydrants, crime
locations, cellular towers, etc.
 Lines
roads, streams, political boundary lines
 Polygons
archeological sites, soils, geology, vegetation
cover, watersheds, political subdivisions
"GIS is simultaneously the telescope,
the microscope, the computer, and
the Xerox machine of regional
analysis and synthesis of spatial
data."
(Abler, 1988)
GIS Data
SPATIAL
REFERENCE
TABULAR
ATTRIBUTE
DATA
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GIS Data
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Hydrology
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Soils
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Roads
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Elevation
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Land use / land cover
(from satellite imagery
or air photos)
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The landscape (in all
its complexity)
Each type of data forms a data layer that is georeferenced to a common map projection and datum
REPRESENTATION AND
DATA STRUCTURES
Most common
data models define
thematic layers
Typically there is one
layer for each distinct
theme
Geographic data are often in
layers which represent specific
surface features, or themes,
e.g., soils, roads, or elevation
La y er 3
La y er 2
La y er 1
Ea r t h
su r f a c e
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GIS - The Concept of Layers
Assessment of Soil Erosion Hazard
DERIVED DATA
LAND DATA
Ownership Class
Hydrology
Topography
ANALYSIS
Slope
Erodability
Runoff
Potential
Soil Erosion
Soils
Land Cover
Base Map
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A Forest Area….
Delineated to make patches
Overlaid with Species Data to…
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Create Ranked Critical Areas
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TABULAR RELATIONSHIPS
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GIS operates On All Scales
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A GIS Schematic
Collect
Manage
Input Existing
Spatial Files
Input
Tabular
Data
Display
Spatial
Processing
System
Digitize
Maps
Digitize &
Classify
Imagery
Manipulate
& Analyze
MAP OUTPUTS
Composite Maps
Perspective Maps
Interpret Maps
Scaled Maps
Spatial
Data Base
Non Spatial
Resource
Data Base
•Area
•Lengths
•Data Base
Summaries
Data Base
Management
System
TABULAR AND
STATISTICAL
INFO
GIS is Generic
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Regional and Urban Planning
Defense and Intelligence
Forestry
Archaeology
Natural resource management
Water/soils/agriculture
Telecommunications
Emergency Response
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Policy
Transportation
Demography
Global environment
Wildlife management
Business
ANY problem that has a spatial aspect
ANY scale from the local to the global
“Applied Geography, in the form of maps &
spatial information has served discovery,
planning, cooperation & conflict for at least
the past 3000 years” Bolstad
Some GIS Applications Areas
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Policy
Education
Cartography
Hazards – EMS, first
responders
Hydrology
Land Resources
Zoning
Use value Taxation
Transportation
Environmental impact
assessment
Parks and forest management
Planning
Agriculture
Soils management
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Marketing
Global environmental issues
Demographics
Wildlife management
Route selection
Civil engineering
Network analysis – e.g.
telecom
Public health
Toxic waste management
Archaeology and history
Police, fire, 911, emergency
Oil and other toxic spills
Landscape architecture
Many, many others, and more
to come
Remote Sensing
“Remote sensing is the science and art of
obtaining information about an object,
area, or phenomenon through the analysis
of data acquired by a device that is not in
contact with the object, area, or
phenomenon under investigation.”
Lillesand & Kiefer (1987)
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Remote Sensing Platforms
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Geostationary
Polar orbit
Manned space
High altitude
aircraft
Jets
low alt.
aircraft
Platforms
In-situ/ground
30000 km
1000 km
300 km
90,000 ft
10-30,000 ft
500-10,000 ft
10-100 ft
0-5 ft
Air photos have been
the major source
of information for
making maps
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Air Photos
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High resolution
Since 1930’s (for
change detection)
Provide most
cadastral, utility
and infrastructure
data for GIS
Precision Agriculture and Disease Detection
Cranberry Beds
Drainage
Tiles
Reservoirs
Disease
Color infrared aerial photograph, July, 1999 Source: Ocean Spray Cranberries
Inc.
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Managing Nutrient Input/Run-off into Watersheds
Phosphorus Distribution
Nitrogen Distribution
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Satellite Imagery (temporal analysis)
Banda Aceh, Indonesia (source: DigitalGlobe)
The Nature of an “Image”
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A remotely sensed image is not considered a
photograph
An image is a rendition (or model) of target
features described through the use of spectral
reflectance
These reflectance values are stored in a
quantitative, numerical fashion in a manner
suitable for input to a computer
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…the electromagnetic spectrum
• Note: The EM spectrum is
arbitrarily segmented into
major divisions
• There are no natural breaks
in the EM spectrum
• Humans created the
separations for our own
convenience
Electromagnetic Radiation
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Electromagnetic radiation (EM) is the signal
collected by most remote sensing instruments
The source of the energy varies depending on
the sensor characteristics
Most systems rely on the sun to generate all
the EM energy needed to image terrestrial
surfaces (passive sensors)
Other systems (active sensors), transmit
energy in a certain direction and record the
portion reflected back by features within the
signal path
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Remote Sensing Topics
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Radiation Laws
Light Interactions with Atmosphere
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Interaction of Light with Surface
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Spectral signatures, reflection,
transmission, illumination
Land Observation Satellite Systems
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Scatter, Absorption, Windows
AVHRR, Landsat, MSS, TM, SPOT
Digital Image Analysis vs. Photo
Interpretation
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A Remote Sensing Schematic
Collect
Manage
Manipulate
& Analyze
Display
Spatial
Processing
System
Classify
Imagery
MAP OUTPUTS
Input Existing
Spatial Files
Input
Tabular
Data
Composite Maps
Perspective Maps
Interpret Maps
Scaled Maps
Spatial
Data Base
Non Spatial
Resource
Data Base
Data Base
Summaries
Data Base
Management
System
Change Detection
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1982-1992 land use
change
29,860 acres/year
1992-1995 land use
change
56,640 acres/year
% total non-federal
land developed
– 1982 = 27.7%
– 1985 = 32.7%
– 1992 = 34.4%
– 1997 = 40.8%
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Where in the World am I?
Unless clouds are in the way…
 Stars have provided us with the ability to find
our location (method-dependant accuracy from
1 to 10 miles) and determine (night) time
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Satellites provide superb location and time to
a very high degree of accuracy
NAVSTAR GPS
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NAVigation Satellite Time And Ranging
Global Positioning System
Developed by US Dept of Defense
Satellite-based radio-navigation system
using timing and ranging measurements
to accurately determine locations on the
earth’s surface
Provides worldwide, 24 hour, 3D
coverage
Freely available for civilian use
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How does GPS work?
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Control Segment
Space Segment
User Segment
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Three Segments make up the GPS system
Space Segment
User Segment
Control Segment
Colorado Springs
GPS Applications
Navigation on Land
Cadastral surveying
Navigation on seas
Navigation in the air
World Wide
Navigation in space
Harbor navigation
Navigation in rivers
Navigation of
recreational vehicles
High precision
kinematic surveys
on the ground
Guidance of robots
and other machines
GPS
24 Hours
Per Day
Geodetic network
densification
High precision
aircraft
positioning
Photogrammetry
without ground control
Monitoring deformation
Hydrographic surveys
Active control stations
….and Integration with
Mobile-Collection Devices
Mobile device syncs with officebased servers
For data maintenance, data
update, field scouting
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Now GPS can be connected to most anything!
Sprayers, seeders, harvesters
Pathfinder
Watch
Data loggers
Form factors:
Transportation:
Boats
Trucking
Cabbies!?!?!
Kenwood GPS (top Right)
Automotive GPS:
Garmin - Magellan
TomTom
Mobile Phones
Pocket PCs
GPS Ready
digital cameras/video
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Tablet pen based PC with Digital Ink
New GPS Technologies Concentrate on Portability,
Data Handling and GIS Workflow model….
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A GPS Schematic
Collect
Manage
Input Existing
Spatial Files
Input
Tabular
Data
Display
Spatial
Processing
System
Digitize
Maps
Digitize &
Classify
Imagery
Manipulate
& Analyze
MAP OUTPUTS
Composite Maps
Perspective Maps
Interpret Maps
Scaled Maps
Spatial
Data Base
Non Spatial
Resource
Data Base
•Area
•Lengths
•Data Base
Summaries
Data Base
Management
System
TABULAR AND
STATISTICAL
INFO
“…effective use of
GIS depends on a set
of protocols and an
integration into the
data collection,
analysis, and action
loop of an
organization,”
Bolstad
63