Transcript Document 7300891

Idaho’s Water Energy
Resources
and
Hydroelectric Potential
Douglas G. Hall, Program Manager
INL Hydropower Program
August 2006
Topics
• Idaho electricity state of the state
– Energy sources, production, and consumption
– Hydroelectric plants and generation
• Basic natural stream resource assessment
– Resource spatial distribution
– Resource gross power potential
• Feasibility assessment
– Feasible potential projects
– Project realistic power potential
• Development opportunities & costs
• Virtual Hydropower Prospector – a GIS application
– Water energy resource site & feasible project locator
– Preliminary feasibility assessment tool
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Idaho
Electricity State of the State
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Idaho Electricity State of the State
• Electricity consumption*: 21 billion kilowatthours
• Electricity production*: 10 billion kilowatthours
• Electricity Sources*:
Other
Renewables
5%
Other Coal
1%
1%
Natural Gas
3%
• Trends by source*:
(1993-2002)
20%
15%
Coal
10%
Natural Gas,
9%
Other
2%
Annaul Growth Rate
10%
Hydroelectric
90%
5%
0%
Hydroelectric
-1%
-5%
Other
Renew ables
-1%
-10%
-15%
• Average 2004 retail price**
of electricity: 5¢/kWh
-20%
-25%
Petroleum
-19%
(2nd lowest in the nation)
-30%
* EIA, State Energy Profiles 2002
** EIA, Electric Power Annual 2004
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Idaho Hydroelectric Plants
• Hydroelectric plants: 136
• Total plant capacity: 2,468 MW
• Total annual average power: 1,300 MWa
• Average annual generation: 11 billion kilowatthours
• Plant ownership:
Cooperative Federal
Industrial
3
7
7
2%
5%
Non-Federal
5%
Public
14
10%
Private NonUtility
78
57%
Private Utility
27
20%
136 Plants
Private NonCooperative
Utility
12 MW
224 MW
<1%
9%
• Capacity ownership:
Federal
678 MW
27%
Industrial
<1 MW
<1%
Non-Federal
Public
159 MW
6%
Private Utility
1,393 MW
56%
2,468 MW
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Idaho’s hydroelectric plants
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61 hydroelectric plants within 50 mi. of
Twin Falls, ID
Milner: 59 MW
Birch Ck: 30 kW
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Idaho’s Natural Stream
Water Energy Resources
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Hydropower 101
Power ≈ hydraulic head x water flow rate
Capacity – the maximum plant power rating (MW)
Annual Average Power – average rate at which electricity is
generated during a year (MWa)
Generation (MWh) = capacity factor x capacity x 8760hrs
OR
Generation (MWh) = annual average power x 8760hrs
Typical capacity factor = 0.5
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State gross power potential to
feasible hydropower potential
Total Gross Power Potential
19,000 MWa
Excluded power &
Developed power
subtracted
“Available” Gross Power Potential
10,000 MWa
Feasibility Criteria
applied
Feasible Gross Power Potential
7,000 MWa
Development Criteria
applied
Feasible Hydropower Potential
2,000 MWa
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Assessment methodology
• Power potential of every stream reach in the
state estimated
– Reach hydraulic heads (elevation difference start to
finish) provided by digital elevation models
– Reach annual mean flow rates estimated using
regression equations based on stream gages
– Combination of reach hydraulic head and flow rate
yields gross power potential
• Zones where development unlikely identified using GIS
– Federal exclusion zones
– Environmental exclusion zones
• Developed reaches identified by matching existing
plants and reaches using GIS
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R D
h el
N ode aw
or I ar
N th s la e
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C w J ak d
on e ot
M
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as
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ut ar tts
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M ora g
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O ta no
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C
W a Ida n
a s lif ho
hi orn
ng ia
to
n
Annual Mean Power (MWa)
30,000
25,000
Other Available
Excluded
Idaho
Developed
19,000 MWa
20,000
15,000
5,000
0
Annual Mean Power (MWa)
Gross power potential by state and power
category
35,000
90,000
Feasible
4th in the Nation
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
10,000
20,000
10,000
0
Alaska
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Power category distribution of
Idaho water energy resources
Developed Potential
1,442 MWa
8%
Available Potential
10,105 MWa
53%
Excluded Potential
7,540 MWa
40%
Total Resource Potential
19,088 MWa
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Feasibility Assessment –
Feasible Power Potential
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Feasibility criteria
• Not previously developed
• Development not improbable
– Not in federal exclusion zone
– Not in environmental exclusion zone
• Site assessibility – within 1 mile of a road
• Load or tranmission proximity
– Within 1 mile of either
• Power line
• Substation
• Power plant
OR
Within the 90th percentile
of distances of hydro
plants in the same power
class to a city or
populated area boundary
in the hydrologic region
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Site development configurations
Artist’s Conception of Canal
Offtake Project
Tazimina Project
Alaska
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Environmental benefits & desirable
features
• Emissions-free generation
• Power predicability
• New dam not required
• Reservoir is not created
• Main stream channel is not obstructed
• Small plant footprint
• Minimal visual impact
• Long plant life (30 to 50yrs or more)
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Project development criteria
• Working stream flow – the lesser of:
– Half the reach flow rate
OR
– Sufficient flow rate to produce 30 MW
• Working hydraulic head – penstock length
– Upper limit set by existing projects
– Search algorithm found optimal location for
minimum length penstock to capture maximum
hydraulic head
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R D
h e
N odelaw
or I a
N th s la re
ew D n
a d
Je ko
rs ta
M Flo ey
ar ri
C N yla da
o
So n e nd
ut nec vad
h ti a
M
D c
as
s a Mi ak out
c ch ta
M hus iga
in e n
n tt
N N A eso s
ew ew r ta
i
So Ha M z on
ut m exi a
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a i
Ve r o re
r mli n
a
W G e on
is or t
co gi
n a
H s
M K awin
is a a
s i ns ii
ss a
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LoInd pi
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si a
an
O a
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N O exa o
or k Io s
th la w
C ho a
N a ro ma
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sk
Vi Ut a
r g ah
W A M inia
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W irg ma
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K omnia
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t u ng
c
I
A l k
Te rk lino y
nn an is
s
N e s as
ew se
M Y e
Pe C iss ork
nn ol ou
sy ora ri
M lva do
on ni
O ta na
re a
g
Id on
W
a s Al ah
h as o
C ing ka
al t
ifo on
rn
ia
Annual Mean Power (MWa)
Feasible hydropower potential by state
and power category
3,500
Small Hydro
3,000
Low Power
4th in the Nation
Idaho
2,122 MWa
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
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Idaho potential projects by power &
technology classes
• Feasible projects having hydropower potential ≥ 10 kW
6,700 potential projects
Feasible hydropower potential: 2,000 MWa
Small Hydro
409
6%
Small hydro: >1 MW &  30 MW
Low power: < 1 MW
Conventional
Turbines
1,563
23%
Unconventional
Systems
44 MWa
2%
Microhydro
173 MWa
8%
Conventional
Turbines
390 MWa
18%
Unconventional
Systems
139
2%
Microhydro
4,588
68%
Total Feasible Projects
6,699
Small Hydro
1,515 MWa
71%
Total Feasible Project Hydropower Potential
2,122 MWa
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Idaho’s low power & small hydro
potential projects
Power Class
Total Potential
Small Hydro
Low Power
Conventional Turbines
Unconventional Systems
Microhydro
Power
Potential
(MWa)
2,122
1,515
607
390
44
173
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Idaho hydroelectric growth potential from
new low power and small hydro plants
Annual Hydroelectric Generation w/
New Low Power & Small Hydro
30 x 109 kWh
3,500
Annual Hydroelectric Generation
w/ New Small Hydro
Idaho Annual Consumption
21 x 109 kWh
Current Annual
Hydroelectric Generation
11 x 109 kWh
Average Power (MWa)
24 x 109 kWh
3,000
Potential Low Power
607 MWa
2,500
2,000
Potential Small Hydro
1,515 MWa
1,500
1,000
500
0
Current Total Average
Power
1,300 MWa
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Opportunities & Costs
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Powerhouse additions to existing dams
– possibly low hanging fruit
396 Dams
–
136 Hydroeletric
Plants
=
260 Potential
Powerhouse
Additions
 Minimal additional environmental impact
 Less time and cost to license
 Lower unit development cost ($/kW)
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Estimated development costs for three
types of capacity increase opportunities
• INL developed cost estimating tools based on
historical cost data
• Cost estimating tools applied to Idaho capacity
increase opportunties > 1 MW assessed in 1990’s
Type of Site
Undeveloped site
Powerhouse Addition to
Existing Dam
Capacity Increase at
Existing Hydroelectric
Plant
All
Number
Total Capacity
of
(MW)
Projects
Median Unit Cost
To Develop
Sites
(2002$/kW)
Median Unit Cost
To Develop
Site Capacity
(2002$/kW)
74
1,264
$3,831
$2,791
51
518
$2,063
$1,370
7
726
$1,265
$469
132
2,509
$2,894
$2,523
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Unassessed
More Idaho water energy resources
• Natural stream locations for hydrokinetic
technologies
• Constructed waterways – canals & aquaducts
• Municipal water supply systems
• Effluent streams
– Water treatment plants
– Power plants
– Industrial plants
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Virtual Hydropower
Prospector
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Virtual Hydropower Prospector
• Geographic Information System (GIS) tool on the
Internet
• Idaho National Laboratory developed and served
(http://hydropower.inl.gov/prospector/)
• No special software or licenses required to use
• Displays 500,000 water energy resource sites and
130,000 feasible project sites throughout the U.S.
• Displays context features needed to perform
preliminary feasibility assessments
• Provides tools for locating and selecting features of
interest
• Goes beyond geographic location and provides
attribute information about selected features
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Region Selector
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VHP Desktop
Thumbnail
Map
Toolbar
Legend
Information
Window
Map View
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Features displayed
• Water energy features
• Areas & places
– Water energy resource
sites (500,000 sites)
– Feasible potential projects
(130,000 sites)
• Hydrography (5 feature
sets)
• Power system
–
–
–
–
Hydro plants
Other plants
Power lines
Substations
• Transporation
– Roads
– Railroads
–
–
–
–
–
Cities
Populated areas
County boundaries
State boundaries
Hydrologic region
boundaries
• Land Use
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Excluded areas
• Federally designated
• Environmentally sensitive
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)
Bureau of Land Management (BLM)
Bureau of Reclamation (BOR)
Department of Defense (DOD)
U.S. Forest Service (FS)
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (FWS)
U.S. National Park Service (NP)
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Conclusions
• Idaho has a history of hydroelectric generation which
now allows it to enjoy the among the lowest electricity rates in
the country
• Over 50% of the Idaho’s water energy resources have
not been developed and are not in development exclusion
zones
• Idaho could significantly increase hydroelectric
generation using undeveloped sites, existing dams,
equipment upgrades, non-traditional resources, and new
technology
• Costs of new hydroelectric plants are competitive
considering environmental benefits, attractive features, and
long life
• Virtual Hydropower Prospector provides all hydropower
stakeholders with a tool to evaluate new hydropower
development
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Access to references and VHP
• Access: http://hydropower.inl.gov/
• References: (Resource Assessment link)
– Feasibility Assessment of the Water Energy Resources of
the United States for New Low Power and Small Hydro
Classes of Hydroelectric Plants, DOE-ID-11263, January
2006.
– Water Energy Resources of the United States with
Emphasis on Low Head/Low Power Resources, DOE/ID11111, April 2004.
– Estimation of Economic Parameters of U.S. Hydroelectric
Resources, INEEL/EXT-03-00662, June 2003.
– U.S. Hydropower Resource Assessment Final Report,
DOE/ID-10430.2, December 1998.
• VHP: Virtual Hydropower Prospector link
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Contact
Douglas G. Hall, Program Manager
INL Hydropower Program
Idaho National Laboratory
2525 Fremont Ave.
Idaho Falls, ID 83415-3830
Telephone: 208-526-9525
Email: [email protected]
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