Transcript Document 7297014

Pest Management Training
Integrated Pest Management
Andrew Lawson
Professor of Entomology and
Chair, Department of Plant Sciences,
California State University, Fresno
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Pest Management Training
What is IPM?
• ecosystem based strategy with focus on long-term
prevention of pest or their damage through a
combination of techniques, incl:
• biological control
• habitat manipulation
• modification of cultural practices
• use of resistant varieties
• pesticides are used only after monitoring indicates
the need and with goal of removing only target
organism
• all control methods are done in a way to minimize
risks to human health, beneficials, non-targets, and
the environment.
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Pest Management Strategies:
Prevention – methods include planting disease free
seed, resistant varieties, plant or harvest dates
unfavorable for pest, removal of overwinter sites….
Suppression– reduce existing populations to tolerable
levels. Methods include aug. biocontrol, mowing or
cultivating weeds, pesticide sprays
Eradication – aimed at totally
eliminating the pest from an
area – usually for newly
introduced exotic pest species
eg Mediterranean fruit fly, Asian
gypsy moth in Orange Co, Light
Brown Apple Moth
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Types of Damage:
Direct damage– where they feed on the part
of crop we use.
CA red scale
Codling moth
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Indirect damage – where they feed on parts of
the plant we don’t use
eg root feeders, leaf feeders – reduces
quality or potential yield
grape leaffolder, Desmia funeralis
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May also act as vectors of plant diseases
eg Pierce’s disease, vectored by GWSS
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And vector human diseases (malaria, West Nile
virus, yellow fever, dengue fever….)
Insect and mite pests in California walnuts.
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KEY PESTS
codling moth
navel orangeworm
walnut husk fly
These pests must be managed in most orchards every
year or economic damage will occur. Pesticide treatments
for these pests often cause outbreaks of secondary pests.
SECONDARY PESTS
walnut aphid
dusky-veined aphid
frosted scale
walnut scale
San Jose scale
spider mites
These pests are often well controlled by natural
enemies in orchards that do not receive applications
of broadspectrum insecticides. They become
problems primarily when sprays applied to manage
key pests kill their natural enemies.
OCCASIONAL PESTS
Pacific flatheaded borers These pests may cause problems in some orchards
redhumped caterpillars
once every few years when environmental conditions
oystershell scale
favor their development.
Italian pear scale
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Sources for additional information on pest of
California crops. http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/
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http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PCA/pcainvert.html
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Additional resources:
• IPM in Practice : Principles and methods of integrated pest
management. Mary Louise Flint and Patricia Gouveia Eds.
University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources.
2001. 296 pp.
• Entomology and pest management, Larry P. Pedigo. 6th ed.
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, c2008. 816 p. : ill.,
maps ; 26 cm.
• Introduction to insect pest management, edited by Robert L.
Metcalf, William H. Luckmann. 2nd ed. New York : Wiley,
c1982. xiv, 577 p. : ill. ; 24 cm
• Natural Enemies Handbook: The illustrated guide to
biological pest control. M. L. Flint and S. H. Driestadt.
University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural
Resources. 1998. 154 pp.
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Host Resistance
Resistant Plant Cultivars - those with inherited
characters that result in less pest damage or
infestation
Host resistance is one of the most effective and least
expensive management tools
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Examples
• Nematode resistance in many crops (beans, cotton,
potato, alfalfa, citrus, grape, walnut… )
• Phyloxera resistance in grapes using resistance
rootstock
• Spotted alfalfa aphid resistance in Lahontan
cultivars of alfalfa
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GMO Example:
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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a bacteria which produces a
protein crystal which acts as an insecticidal toxin.
The gene which codes for this protein has been isolated
and inserted into a number of crops (corn, cotton, rice
and potato (discontinued))
The plant then expresses the Bt gene, producing the
protein and is toxic to the lepidopteran pests feeding on
it.
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Susceptible Cotton
Bt Cotton
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Modifying Insect Behavior:
Pheromones are classified based on the type of
interaction mediated
Eg alarm, aggregation, or sex
Main uses in IPM:
• detection
• monitoring
• mating disruption
mostly rely on sex pheromones
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Most sex pheromones are produced by the female
and used by the male for mate location.
wind
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The most common use is to attract insects to
traps for detection and monitoring
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Wing type pheromone trap used for OFM, PTB OBLR… etc
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A delta trap used for codling moth, pink bollworm, gypsy
moth, PTB…
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Trapping taken to the obvious next step - male
annihilation – place enough traps to catch enough
males so females have no mates.
Used for pink bollworms in Arizona with 5 traps per
acre, but hard to evaluate.
Estimated that > 95% would have to be destroyed
before population would be limited. Un-trapped
males just mate more frequently.
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Mass trapping
• An aggregation pheromone may be used to attract
both sexes – trap enough to reduce overall
population
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Mating Disruption: two main approaches – false
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trail following and mating confusion.
False Trail Following – place out many more
point sources (low release rate) per acre
than the number of females
• males essentially “waste time” by
following dead end trails
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Mating Confusion: place large doses of
pheromone in the field sufficient to hide the
trail of females
• part of confusion comes from antennal
receptors become habituated and no longer
respond to pheromone
• end result is insect becomes unable to
orient to any pheromone source
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Examples of pheromone use in IPM
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Pink Bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
• major pest of cotton in southern California deserts.
• In the central valley CDFA has an ongoing project
to prevent establishment through sterile male
release and pheromone mating disruption
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damage
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The pheromone is called gossyplure in commercial
formulations (7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate)
• has been produced in aerially applied formulations
including hollow fibers, flakes, and microcapsules
• has also been produced in twist tie ropes and
twist-on spirals
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Cultural Practices refers to the management
techniques or options which may be manipulated to
achieve crop production goals
Cultural Control is manipulation of the
environment making it less favorable to pest
invasion, reproduction, survival or dispersal
Most often used as a preventative pest management
tool.
Good cultural practices rely on good understanding
of crop and pest biology, ecology and phenology
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Site Selection
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Select a site that is pest free or select a crop or variety
that is well suited to the area.
Plants poorly adapted to a site are stressed and
therefore more susceptible to insects and disease
Avoid planting in fields with a history of weed,
nematode or disease problems or plant a crop
where these problems are more easily managed
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Sanitation Techniques
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• Typically refers to efforts to maintain clean fields and
equipment to reduce spread of pests or eliminate their
habitat
• Eg: Use certified seed, tubers or rootstock to prevent
the spread of nematodes, weeds and pathogens
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Eg. removal of mummy nuts from almond trees
eliminates overwintering sites for navel orange
worm
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• Eg 2 collection of dropped fruit reduces
populations of codling moth, apple maggot,
and plum curculio
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Destruction of Alternate Hosts:
Destroying alternate hosts which pests use
to build up numbers on or require to
complete lifecycle
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Eg. Lettuce root aphid Pemphigus busarius
overwinters in galls on poplar trees
Populations have been reduced below
damaging levels by eliminating poplar
windbreaks
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• Eg 2 destroy mustard hosts around cole crop
fields to help control cabbage aphid
Brassica spp36
Habitat Modification:
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Pest problems happen when conditions
required for survival by the pests are favorable.
Habitat modification intentionally limits one or
more of these requirements
Eg. Draining areas with standing water
reduces breeding sites for mosquitoes
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Planting and Harvest Dates:
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Plant or harvest on dates to avoid pests
Eg. Early harvest on costal avocados
can help control greenhouse thrips
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On cotton – cotton plowdown program in San
Joaquin Valley dictates no cotton planted before
March 20.
Avoids flight period of emerging female pink
bollworms in spring so they have no hosts to lay
eggs on
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Fertilizers and Soil Amendments:
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Healthy plants tend to have a greater resistance to
pests, but over fertilization may create more pests
Eg. Excess nitrogen on nectarines increases
brown rot, Oriental fruit moth (Gapholita molesta),
and Peach twig Borer (Anarsia eatella)
OFM
PTB
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Excess nitrogen on cotton tends to increase
cotton aphid, leafhoppers and cotton bollworm
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Mechanical and Physical Control
Mechanical and Physical controls include practices
that mechanically destroy pests or present a
physical barrier to their infestation
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Soil Tillage:
Tillage or cultivation may kill weeds, disrupt
lifecycle of some pests, and bury disease inoculum
May also expose insects to desiccation
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Omnivorous leafroller (Platynota stultana)
overwinters in the larval stage in grape mummies,
vineyard weeds, and other trash in the vineyard
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larvae
Adult female
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The French plow is used in
vineyards in early spring
before new growth begins
to bury overwintering
larvae of the omnivorous
leaf roller.
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Soil Solarization has been effective in controlling
certain soilborne pathogens, many weeds, and certain
insects – increases temperature to lethal levels
A clear plastic tarp is placed over bare, moistened soil
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for 3 – 6 weeks during the hottest part of the year.
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Cold storage destroys apple maggot and plum
curculio in apples.
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Barriers may exclude pests – eg.Tanglefoot
band on citrus to exclude ants
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Sterile Insect Technique
First developed for screwworm fly (Calliphoridae), a
parasite of cattle in Southern US, Central and South
America
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eggs are laid at the edge of a wound on a warmblooded animal. Larvae feed on the living flesh.
larvae pupate in the ground. Emerge as adults
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Left untreated, screwworm-infested wounds lead to
death. Multiple infestations can kill a grown steer in
5-7 days.
Female mate only once
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In 1950’s USDA developed sterile insect technique
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• laboratory-raised flies sterilized by gamma rays are
spread by aircraft over infested areas.
• As millions of sterile flies flood an area, the sterile
males mate with fertile female flies.
•The resulting eggs do not hatch.
• First used operationally on Sanibel Island, Fl. in
1957. By 1959, screwworms had been eradicated
from the Southeast
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In 1950’s – released 50 million/wk
In late 1970’s – released 500 million/wk
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Each tower has 70 trays with 25,000 flies/tray
(=1.75 million/tower)
Program has expanded through Mexico & Central America
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Sterile male technique has also been used
against Medfly in CA, Pink Bollworm, and Light
Brown Apple moth (under development),
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Biological Control – a cornerstone of IPM
There are three approaches or types of
biological control:
Classical
Augmentation
Conservation
Proper selection, timing, and application of insecticides
to reduce impact on natural enemies
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Pesticides in IPM
Pesticides are any substance or mixture of substances
intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or
mitigating any insects, rodents, nematodes, fungi or
weeds or any other forms of life declared to be pests;
and any substance or mixture of substances intended
for use as a plant regulator, defoliant or desiccant”
(FIFRA)
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Selection and use is complicated:
• many materials to choose from
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• many formulations available
• must know pest ID, life stage, and beneficials present
• must consider how pesticide will react with crop, nontargets, environment, worker safety etc
• must identify nearby locations and factors which
prohibit or limit use of certain pesticides. Eg schools,
parks, workplaces, lakes, streams etc
• pesticide must be registered for use on commodity
and growth stage you are targeting
• always check label for legal uses
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Formulation
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• There are many available formulations including
liquids, dusts, granulars and baits.
• Must consider how formulation affects host plant,
people, nontargets and the environment
• pesticides formulated with oil tend to be more
phytotoxic.
• Wettable powders have low phytotoxicity, but
inhaling dust during mixing is more of a health
risk
• dry flowables have low phytotoxicity, and no
problem with dust, but abrasive to application
equipment.
• longer residual may mean more control, but they
also are usually more destructive to natural
enemies, nontargets and the environment
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Mode of Action:
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When selecting a pesticide one must consider its
mode of action.
Mode of action is the mechanism by which the
pesticide kills or controls the pest.
• most interfere with a metabolic process
Eg. organophosphates interfere with central
nervous system (cholinesterase inhibitors).
Insect growth regulators interfere with action
of natural hormones
• some cause physical damage
Eg. desiccants remove waxy coating resulting
in water loss
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Mode of Action: (cont’d)
• Classified into groups by Insecticide Resistance
Action Committee www.irac-online.org
– Eg carbamates are 1A, OPs are 1B
– Identify 28 MoAs plus subtypes
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Persistence
Persistence is the amount of time it takes for a
pesticide to degrade in the environment, usually
measured in half life.
May be affected by formulation, soil microbes, UV
light, pH of water used in mixing.
If reinfestation if likely, persistence may be
desirable, but usually means increased risk to
people, wildlife, and beneficials
Highly persistent pesticides select for resistance
faster
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Selectivity
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Selectivity is the range of organisms and life stages
of organisms affected by the pesticide.
Broad spectrum vs Selective
• Selective - generally desirable in IPM
programs because they have less impact on
NEs and other nontargets (including humans)
• they target chemical processes unique to one
pest or group
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Selectivity (cont’d)
• Selectivity can also be
obtained by application
techniques – eg bark
banding for elm leaf beetle
• Systemic insecticides
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Pesticide Toxicity:
Toxicity is the capacity of a material to cause injury to
organisms - All pesticides are toxic to some
organisms
Each pesticide has a toxicity rating that suggests the
relative hazard to people and other organisms in the
environment
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Toxicity Categories
• Insecticide categories give an idea of their
potential hazard (by LD50):
– Category I – highly toxic – signal words DangerPoison. Oral LD50  50mg/kg.
– Category II – moderately toxic –signal word
Warning. 50mg/kg  Oral LD50 500mg/kg.
– Category III – slightly toxic –signal word Caution.
500mg/kg  Oral LD50 5,000mg/kg.
– Category IV – low toxicity –signal word Caution.
5,000mg/kg  Oral LD50
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Insecticide Nomenclature
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• Insecticides are designated by three names
• Common name – selected by Entomological
Society of America
• Trade name (also proprietary name or brand
name) – chosen by the manufacturer
• Chemical name – dictated by rules for
nomenclature of organic chemistry
Eg. Common name – carbaryl
trade name – Sevin ®
chemical name – 1-naphthalenyl methylcarbamate
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Grouping by Compounds
• The most precise way to classify insecticides
is by their chemical makeup
• Organophosphates - discovery was associated
with German work on nerve gases (including
sarin) – derived from phosphoric acid
– These work by poisoning the nervous system –
inhibit acetylcholinesterase
– Examples: Malathion, parathion, diazanon,
chlorpyrifos
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Grouping by Compounds
• Carbamates - developed in 1950’s by Geigy
Corp. – produced from carbamic acid
– These also work by poisoning the nervous system
- inhibit acetylcholinesterase
– Examples: Carbaryl, Carbofuran, Aldicarb
Methomyl
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From Zalom et al 2005
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Grouping by Compounds
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• Organochlorines (chlorinated hydrocarbons):
– Few are currently registered for use in the US mostly removed from market due to
persistence and negative impacts on wildlife
(bioaccumulation)
– These also work as nerve poisons – various
generally alter ion [ ] in axon
– Examples: Includes DDT, Chlordane, aldrin,
dieldrin, endrin, mirex and toxaphen – all no
longer available
– Endosulfan and lindane still registered
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Grouping by Compounds
• Pyrethroids – synthetic compounds based on
pyrethrum – a material produced by
Chrysanthemum sp.
– New materials in this class emerged in the 80’s
and early 90’s (3rd gen and 4th gen)
– These also work as nerve poisons – bind to sites
on Na channel
– Examples: resmethrin, permethrin, esfenvalerate
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Grouping by Compounds
• Neonicotinoids (or chloronicotinyls) - a new
class of synthetics which resemble nicotine
– Imidacloporid (Gaucho®, Merit®, Admire®,
Confidor®, Provado®….), Acetamiprid (Assail®),
thiacloprid (Calypso®), Thiamethoxam
(Platinum®, Actara®)
– Affects central nervous system - nicotinic
acetylcholine receptor agonist.
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From Zalom et al 2005
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From Zalom et al 2005
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Grouping by Compounds
• Fumigants – contain one or more of the
halogen gases (Cl, Br or F)
– Commonly used for structural pest control and
for stored product pests in grain elevators,
packaged beans, grains, etc
– Examples: para-dichlorobenzene & napthalene
(mothballs), methyl bromide (phased out in 2005
due to ozone depletion – current CUE)
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Other Insecticides
• Botanicals – not really a chemical grouping,
but include all insecticides derived from
plants – the chemicals themselves are diverse
– pyrethrum is an example produced by
Chrysanthemum sp.
– Azadiractins are extracted from seeds of the
neem tree – deter feeding and oviposition, also
interfere with growth and development – very
safe for mammals
– Nicotine is extracted from tobacco – the most
dangerous of the botanicals
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Other Insecticides
• Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) – mimic
natural hormones and interfere with molting,
metamorphosis, reproduction, or formation
of exoskeleton
– A very quickly growing group
– Chemically very diverse – potentially very
selective
– Examples: hydropene (cockroaches), methoprene
(fleas, leps, beetles), diflubenzuron ( caterpillars,
beetles, flies), lufeneron (Program® - fleas),
hexaflumuron (Sentricon®)
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Other Insecticides
• Microbials - Produced from microorganisms
that cause disease in insects
– Another quickly growing group with promise
– Includes Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis), abamectin
and spinosad (both natural fermentation
products of bacteria)
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Other Insecticides
• Insecticidal Oils – oils work by coating insects
and suffocating them
– Oil is also phytotoxic, the higher the viscosity the
higher the phytotoxicity
– Light (less viscous) oil may be used in the summer
– called summer oils – volatilize more quickly
– Heavy (more viscous) oil may only be used in the
dormant period – called dormant oils
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Other Insecticides
• Insecticidal Soaps – comprised of potassium
salts of fatty acids
– Work by removing protective wax on insect
cuticle and may affect nervous system
– Effective against aphids, whiteflies, mealybugs
and spider mites
– Examples: Safer® soap, M-pede®
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