Transcript US Becomes a World Power RUSH

US Becomes a World Power
RUSH
Standard 11.4
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11.4 Students trace the rise of the United States to its role
as a world power in the Twentieth century.
List the purpose and the effects of the Open Door policy.
Describe the Spanish-American War and U.S. expansion in the
South Pacific.
Discuss America's role in the Panama Revolution and the building
of the Panama Canal.
Explain Theodore Roosevelt's Big Stick diplomacy, William Taft's
Dollar Diplomacy, and Woodrow Wilson's Moral Diplomacy,
drawing on relevant speeches.
Analyze the political, economic, and social ramifications of World
War I on the home front.
Trace the declining role of Great Britain and the expanding role of
the United States in world affairs after World War II.
Chapter 10 America Claims an
Empire 190-1919
Section 1 Imperialism and America
(pages 342-46)
 Section 2 The Spanish-American War
(pages 346-52)
 Section 3 Acquiring New Lands
(pages 352-59)
 Section 4 America as a World Power
(pages 359-361)
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What do we need to know?
Why did American business and political
leaders want colonies?
 What locations did the United States
government control?
 How did the United States gain control of
these locations?
 How were racism and Social Darwinism
justifications for imperialism?
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Essay Question
Essay Question:
 Imagine you are living in1898.
 Write an editorial explaining your opinion
regarding the Spanish American War and
America’s imperialist policy toward countries that
are not industrialized.
 Do you agree with the taking and controlling of
other locations by the United States Government
or business interests?
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Key Terms
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Desire for New Land
Imperialism
Acquiring new land
Thirst for new markets
Desire for military strength
Alfred T. Mahon
Great White Fleet
Global Competition
Alaska
Business and Hawaii
1893 Queen Liliuokalani
“The White Man’s Burden”
Sanford Dole
Asia and the Pacific
Global competition
John Hay
Sphere of Influence
China Trade
Open Door Policy
Hawaii, Samoa, Alaska
Boxer Rebellion
Spanish American War
William McKinley
Jose Marti
American interests in Cuba
Cubans rebel against Spain
U.S.S. Maine explodes
Theodore Roosevelt
Yellow Journalism
William Randolph Hearst
Joe Pulitzer
Rough riders
Platt Amendment
San Juan Hill
War in the Philippines
Philippines, Midway Island, Guam
Aguinaldo
Central America and Caribbean
 Panama Revolution
 Panama Canal
 Big Stick Diplomacy
 William Howard Taft
 Dollar Diplomacy
 Woodrow Wilson Moral Diplomacy
 Anti-Imperialist League
 Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, Jane
Addams
 Mexican Revolution
 Pancho Villa
 Emiliano Zapata
 John J. Pershing
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Who said this?
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“We must have no scruples about
exterminating this other race standing in
the way of progress and enlightenment.”
Quiz: 2-07
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Why does the United States want to be
an imperial power beginning before
1898?
How does the US gain Hawaii?
Who was Alfred T. Mahan, and what was
his message… and why?
Jose Marti
USS MaineRough Riders
American Pattern of Imperialism
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The US will intervene
in weaker nations
when an
economic/business/
or
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Political/security
interest is present and 
in danger.
Hawaii
Cuba
Philippines
China
Columbia/Panama
Nicaragua
Mexico…
China and United States Relations
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Why does the United States support an
“Open Door” policy regarding China?
Pro-Imperialism Document
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Secretary of State William Day reflects view- 1898
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“The output of the United States’ manufacturers,
developed by the remarkable inventive genius
and industrial skill of our people…
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Has reached the point of large excess above the demand
of home consumption. Under these circumstances it is
not surprising that greater interest should be exhibited
among our manufacturers and economists in the
enlargement of foreign markets for American goods.”
Factors to Consider
American culture has spread throughout the
continent of the US
 US is industrialized
 US needs markets to sell goods
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“Produce exceeded consumption”
Business interests desire expansion- Steel
industry will support (Navy)
 Global Competition over land is present
 France, England, Germany, Japan, Italy…
 Industrial world vs. Non-industrial world
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American Imperialism
Is the desire on the part of politicians and
industrialists to acquire colonies in order
to support trade and American power.
 Two reasons for obtaining colonies
include:
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 Natural
Resources
 Markets to sell American goods
Imperialism is driven by business
interests
 Racism in the form of Social Darwinism
shape attitudes
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Darwin justification
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“Nations like species struggle constantly
for existence… only the fittest survive.”
Pacific Islands
 China
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What does a country need in order to
have an obtain colonies?
A strong navy to protect
American investment and
control the land
 Alfred T. Mahan advocated
strengthening of the American
Navy.
 Pro-imperialism- US needs
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Coaling stops
Repair facilities
Permanent Bases
Alfred T. Mahan
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In 1890 published a book, The Influence
of Sea Power upon History 1660-1783
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Very popular in America, Roosevelt
ordered a copy for every ship
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By 1900 US is # 3 Navy in the world
Missionaries
US protestant missionaries support
imperialism
 Convert the “heathen”
 Racist attitudes
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Alaska, Hawaii, and Samoa
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In 1867 President Johnson’s
secretary of state William Seward
purchased Alaska from the Russians
for $7.2 million
Samoa
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In 1878 the Samoans granted the United
States the rights to the naval base at
Pago Pago
How does the US Acquire
Hawaii?
Hawaii had American planters and
missionaries
 These planters wanted to maintain their
power and wealth and felt that they
would benefit from being part of the US
 The US government was interested:
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 Obtaining
colonies
 Increasing trade (Hawaii is a good point to
support the navy and strategic for trade)
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The whites on the islands revolted and in
1893 they seized power
Queen Liliuokalani
In 1891 Liliukalani ascended to the throne and tried to
regain power from the Americans
 American marines were sent to the islands to support
the coup
 A new government was formed in Washington and so
did a treaty of annexation
 Democratic senators blocked ratification
 President Cleveland sent a special team to the islands
to investigate the events
 They found that the coup had been organized by
American planters
 Hawaii was annexed in 1898
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One American who supported
Annexation of Hawaii
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Sanford Dole
Was an advisor to the king
then
Then the governor during
the Coup de etat
His brother started the Dole
Pineapple business
How does the United States get
involved in a War with Spain?
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McKinley
Yellow Journalism
Joseph Pulitzer- World
William Randolph Hearst- New York Journal
The USS Maine
De Lome Letter
Cuba
Rough Riders- San Juan Hill
Philippines
Aguinaldo
Spain
Spain was weak
 Lost most of its former colonies in the
early part of 1800s
 Held Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines,
Guam, and various other colonies in Africa
 Americans begin their contact in Cuba first
in the Sugarcane business.
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Cubans wanted independence from
Spain
Fought in 1860’s
 And again in 1895
 Spanish repress Cuban rebels harshly
 Causes Americans to sympathize with the
Cuban Rebels
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Jose Marti
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Cuban poet and Nationalist
wanted Cuban independence and
begins a guerrilla war against
Spain 1895
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“Man loves liberty, even if he
does not know that he loves it.
He is driven by it and flees from
where it does not exist.”
Marti was afraid of American
involvement
Later dies in the war.
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President William McKinley
President 1896-1901
 Hesitated to go to war with Spain Bowes to public pressure- due to
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 Yellow
Journalism
 Maine Explosion
 De Lome Letter
Assassinated by an Anarchist-1901
 Theodore Roosevelt takes over after…
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Yellow Journalism
The Spanish-American War is often
referred to as the first "media war."
 During the 1890s, journalism that
sensationalized—and sometimes even
manufactured—dramatic events was a
powerful force that helped propel the
United States into war with Spain.
 Newspaper publishers used melodrama,
romance, and hyperbole (exaggeration) to
sell millions of newspapers
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How do these pictures reflect the idea of
Yellow Journalism?
Pulitzer and Hurst
Two of the greatest Yellow
Journalists..
 Joseph Pulitzer- publisher of
the New York World
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William Randolph Hearstpublisher of New York Journal
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“You Furnish the pictures and
I’ll furnish the war.”
De Lome Letter
Spanish diplomat De Lome, wrote a letter
insulting President McKinley
 This letter was “Leaked” to the press and
caused outrage among Americans.
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Americans became more open to the idea
of War with Spain.
Maine Explodes 1898
Causes
Americans to
Blame Spain
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imperialists
and excuse to
take Spanish
possessions
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“Yellow”
Headlines
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“Yellow”
Headlines
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US calls for troops and invades Cuba,
Puerto Rico and the Philippines
Roosevelt, Rough Riders, San Juan
Hill
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Theodore Roosevelt, former governor of
New York, Former Secretary of the Navy,
Philippines
Pre-planned
attack- in event
of War Dewey
was to attack
 Americans under
Dewey destroy
the Spanish
Fleet in Manila
Bay
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Treaty of Paris
Ends the Spanish American War
 Cuba gets freedom from Spain (US will
control Cuba for some time)
 US gets Guam, Puerto Rico, and Buys
Philippines for $20 million
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Puerto Rico
Why is Puerto
Rico important
to the US even
today?
 Does not
become a
state
 Is part of the
US
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Cuba
Was independent
 Teller Amendment- stated US had no intention of
holding Cuba (Before the War)
 However- the US forced the Cubans to adopt the
Platt Amendment
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Cuba could not make treaties with foreign countries
to use its territory
US was allowed to intervene in Cuban affairs
Cuba could not go into debt
US could lease land on the island for Navy base
Cuba was a US Protectorate
“There is of course little or no independence left
to Cuba.” Wood, American Commander in Cuba
Yankee Imperialism in Cuba
Once in “control” of Cuba
 American business begins to assert power
 Tobacco
 Sugarcane
 Fruit
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The Philippines and Aguinaldo
The Filipinos wanted independence too
 Their Leader was Emilliano Aguinaldo
 They will fight American control for three
years
• Aguinaldo will eventually be captured and
give up the fight.
US Occupies Philippines
70,000 120,000
troops sent
to pacify
Philippines
 4000
Americans
and 20,000 –
50,000
Filipinos die
 Lasts 3 years
 Bloody and
Repressive
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Brutal Counter-Insurgency War
Mass killings
 Concentrations camps
 “We must have no scruples about
exterminating this other race standing in
the way of progress and enlightenment.”
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William Howard Taft
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The first American
Governor of the
Philippines.
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Americans claim
and control the
Philippines until
1948
McKinley and Philippines
McKinley thought
 Returning Philippines to Spain would be
cowardly
 US would not turn over islands to another
Imperial country
 Filipinos were not ready for independence
 US needed to educate the Filipinos
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Anti-Imperialism League
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Northeast-Urban
Some women
Andrew Carnegie
Mark Twain
Samuel Gompers
William Jennings Bryan (will
later advocate supporting
Treaty of Paris- to bring debate
to the presidential election)
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Undemocratic to hold colonies
Empire founded upon force
Make worse racial problems in
US
“Bringing large numbers of
aliens into the United States
would threaten the welfare of
the nation”
Morally wrong
“No man was ever created
good enough to won another.
No nation was ever created
good enough to own another.”
Assassination
of McKinley
Senator Albert J. Beveridge on Expansion January 9, 1900
Mr. President, the times call for
candor. The Philippines are ours
forever, "territory belonging to the
United States," as the Constitution
calls them.
 And just beyond the Philippines
are China's illimitable markets. We
will not retreat from either. We will
not repudiate our duty in the
archipelago. We will not abandon
our opportunity in the Orient. We
will not renounce our part in the
mission of our race, trustee, under
God, of the civilization of the
world.
 And we will move forward to our
work, not howling out regrets like
slaves whipped to their burdens,
but with gratitude for a task
worthy of our strength, and
thanksgiving to Almighty God that
He has marked us as His chosen
people, henceforth to lead in the
regeneration of the world.
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Mr. President, this question is deeper than
any question of party politics: deeper than
any question of the isolated policy of our
country even; deeper even than any
question of constitutional power. It is
elemental. It is racial. God has not been
preparing the English-speaking and Teutonic
peoples for a thousand years for nothing hut
vain and idle self-contemplation and selfadmiration. No! He has made us the master
organizers of the world to establish system
where chaos reigns. He has given its the
spirit of progress to overwhelm the forces of
reaction throughout the earth. He has made
us adepts in government that we may
administer government among savage and
senile peoples. Were it not for such a force
as this the world would relapse into
barbarism and night. And of all our race He
has marked the American people as His
chosen nation to finally lead in the
regeneration of the world. This is the divine
mission of America, and it holds for us all
the profit, all the glory, all the happiness
possible to man. We are trustees of the
world's progress, guardians of its righteous
peace. The judgment of the Master is upon
us: "Ye have been faithful over a few things;
I will make you ruler over many thing."
From Congressional Record(56th Cong., 1st Session) Vol XXXIII,
China
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Trade with China was very important to US
in the late 1800’s
China “The Sick Man of Asia”
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Chinese government  All had settlements along
was weak
the coast
 “Spheres of Influence”
France
 Europeans had control of
territory
Germany
Britain
Japan
Russia
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The “Chinese Cake”
US wants to protect trade with China
1899 John Hay- Secretary of State
 Wrote of series of notes called the
 “Open Door” notes All nations allowed to trade with China
 The US would “Safeguard for the world
the principles of equal impartial trade with
all parts of the Chinese Empire”
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Boxer Rebellion 1900
Chinese nationalists resent the foreign control of
their country and try to push out Europeans and
Americans
 Siege foreign embassy
 Americans and Europeans fight the Boxers
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The Boxer rebellion came to an end when a
multinational armed force rescued foreign
diplomats in Peking.
China and United States Relations
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Were the “Boxers” justified in their attack
on European powers?
Roosevelt Become President 1901
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Was VP for McKinley- assassinated 1901
Roosevelt and the “Big Stick”
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Roosevelt ardent imperialist
Believed in using American power
“Speak softly but carry a big stick.”
Held racist views of civilization
Civilized= WASP, industrialized
Uncivilized=Non-white, Latin, Slavic, nonindustrial
Common view of imperial powers
“It is the right and duty of civilized nations to
intervene in the affairs of uncivilized nations for
the common good.” Good Web Site
Roosevelt
Peace maker Russo-Japanese War
 Helped negotiate peace- Treaty of
Portsmouth 1905
 Wins Nobel Peace Prize
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Roosevelt Corollary to
Monroe Doctrine
James Monroe President in the 1820’s
 Stated to European Powers
 No European intervention in Latin America
will be allowed by the United States
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Idea to prevent newly independent Latin
American countries from being colonized
by European powers (Britain, France)
Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt asserts American Imperialism in Latin
America
 “In Western Hemisphere adherence of the
United States to the Monroe Doctrine
 May force the US to exercise police power.”
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Means- the US will intervene in Latin America
 Example: Dominican Republic, Haiti, Nicaragua…
 Common reasons will include Financial
Difficulties (Loans from European Powers)
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Roosevelt Corollary
Great White Fleet
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Roosevelt sent the US Fleet of Battleships
to express American Power
Panama Canal
US Needed a Canal- to reduce travel time
 Hay-Panceforte Treaty- 1901 US gained
the exclusive rights to a canal in Central
America
 Location was Panama
 Part of Columbia
 French company had started, US baught
the rights for $40 million
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Panama Canal
Columbia resisted US intentions to build the
Canal
 Roosevelt backs a rebellion of Panamanian
wealthy against Columbia
 Nov. 1903 Panama declares independence
 With 12 American Warships to help
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US and Panama agree on terms for a Canal
Canal built 1903-1914 43,000 workers were
used
Map of Panama Canal
Taft and Wilson follow Roosevelt’s
lead regarding Imperialism
Intervention
 Support of American interests abroad
 Some differences
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Taft and Dollar Diplomacy
President Taft takes over for Roosevelt
 Believe in using American money and
loans from American Banks to influence
Latin American countries
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Idea is to use money to develop Latin
American Countries
 Use $ to control Latin American Countries
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Woodrow Wilson 1912-1919
Democrat (Progressive)
 PHD-Professor then President of PrincetonPolitical Science
 Governor of New Jersey
 Want foreign policy to shape
morality in the World.
 Very religious
 Committed to Peace in the world.
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Moral or Missionary Diplomacy
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Wilson, “It would be the irony of fate if my
administration had to deal chiefly with foreign
affairs.”
Hoped to change relations with Latin Americadidn’t like the “Big Stick” diplomacyWanted to restore Latin American Confidence in
the US
American Economic Expansion with American
Democracy, and Christianity, to civilize the world.
Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan
(Christian, Pacifist- reflected the
Moral/Missionary vision)
“Missionary” Diplomacy
Wilson saw American influence in the world as a
moral crusade Wanted to help create a “New World Order”
guided by fair play and cooperation
 Wanted to spread democracy and hope to less
fortunate lands
 Pledged, “The United States would never
again seek one additional foot of territory
by conquest.”
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Wilson and Morality
“Americans are meant to carry liberty and
justice and the principles of humanity
wherever… convert them to principles of
America.”
 “America must use it’s enormous moral
and material power to create a new order.”
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Missionary Diplomacy
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Wilson later, introduced the Jones Act to
Congress asking for self governance for
the Philippines (their own government)
Wilson continues intervention in Latin
America
Purchase of Virgin Islands from Denmark
 Dominican Republic intervention
 Haiti Nicaragua
 Example of Mexico
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Poor Mexico
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“Poor Mexico So far from God, so close to
the United States”
 Porfirio
Diaz Dictator of Mexico
When Wilson takes office US business has
$1 billion invested in Mexico
 Oil, mines, RR, Ranches
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combined)- US has a huge interest in Mex.
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Mexican Revolution 1910
Porfirio Diaz 1884-1911
 Dictator of Mexico
 Pro-American
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Different Revolutionary Leaders
1911 Diaz deposed by Francisco Madera
 1913 Madera deposed by Victoriano
Huerta (Madera was murdered)
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Wilson was angry with Huerta and refused
to recognize his government Wilson supported Venustiano Carranza
who fought against Huerta
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Wilson orders Occupation of Veracruz
An incident - American sailors are arrested
in Veracruz
 Wilson uses as an excuse to attack
 Fight and occupy Veracruz
 Carranza was able to then force Huerta to
Flee and takes over government
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Meanwhile- Pancho Villa
Francisco “Pancho” Villa was a supporter of
Carranza- then the two split
 Wilson was supporting Villa for a short time but
changes to only Carranza.
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Villa kills Americans and also even attacks New
Mexico 1916
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Wilson responds by sending General Pershing
and 10,000 American troops to find Villa
Mexican Intervention
“Black Jack” Pershing
“Black Jack”
 Because he commanded
black troops in Spanish
American War
 Chased Pancho Villa for 1
year
 Later will lead American
Expeditionary Force in
World War I
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The White Man’s Burden
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Take up the White Man's
burden-Send forth the best ye
breed-Go bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives'
need;
To wait in heavy harness,
On fluttered folk and wild-Your new-caught, sullen
peoples,
Half-devil and half-child.
Take up the White Man's
burden-The savage wars of peace-Fill full the mouth of Famine
And bid the sickness cease;
And when your goal is nearest
The end for others sought,
Watch sloth and heathen Folly
Bring all your hopes to nought.
Rudyard KiplingPro Imperialism
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This famous poem,
written by Britain's
imperial poet, was a
response to the
American take over of
the Philippines after
the Spanish-American
War.
Racism and Expansion
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Josiah Strong- book Our Country
Racist justification of imperialism
Asserted Anglo-Saxon’s had a genius for
colonization
“God with infinite wisdom and skill is training the
Anglo-Saxon race for the final competition of
races.”
Implication:-weaker, “black, brown and yellow
people were inferior to the Anglo-saxon…”
Protectorate
Treaty- strong state agrees to protect
vulnerable territories against 3rd party
(other nation) assault
 In exchange for assistance
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Blaine Secretary of State
Republican under Garfield and Harrison
 Advocated expansion in Latin America and
Pacific
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American Military Reforms
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After Spanish American War
 US
modernizes military
 Increases #’s of standing Army- 100,000
 Training
 Officer schools
 National Guard reorganization