Transcript Document 7289744

Chapter 1 & 2
What got us here?
Review of American Revolution
• As states were developing their own
constitutions, the delegates as the
Continental Convention had to begin the
process of developing a federal constitution.
• Questions delegates had to consider:
– How would representation be determined?
• By population or state (equal)?
– Who has power?
• Is the federal gov’t to be supreme or the state
governments?
– Who gets control of western lands?
• States were independent units
– Equal as a unit, but unequal in land size, wealth, and
population
• Do the delegates represent the people or the states?
• Should each state elect the same # of
representatives regardless of population?
• Should states with large populations have more
representatives than small states?
The decision: Each state would have one
vote regardless of population!
Does this decision last?
Ultimately, NO! They have to change
it to please the large states!
• Without supreme
power—a gov’t could
not function.
• The solution: The
Articles of
Confederation (Nov.
1777)
– Which called for the
sharing of powers.
• State and federal gov’t shared powers
• State was supreme in some matters,
federal gov’t in others.
• Confederation—alliance
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Declare war
Top 3 were most
Make peace
important
Sign treaties
Borrow money
Set standards for coins
Establish postal service
Deal with Native Americans
• No separate EXECUTIVE branch to
enforce the acts of Congress.
• No national COURT SYSTEM to decide
the meaning of the laws.
• WE ONLY HAD A LEGISLATIVE
BRANCH UNDER THE ARTICLES!!!!!
• Some states had claim to western lands
because of their original charters.
• While others were now making demands for
partial claim to lands west of the Appalachian
Mtns.
– B/c of fear that states who already had claims
might grow and overpower smaller states.
– 1781—all states gave up claims to western lands in
order for the Articles to go into effect.
Western Lands
• What do they do with them?
• Land Ordinance of 1785: called for
surveying of land in Ohio River Valley
Northwest Ordinance
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Northwest Ordinance of 1787: land would be
divided into no less than 3 nor more than five
territories. Townships would be 6x6 miles.
Set up requirements for new state admission:
1. Congress would appoint a territorial governor and judges
2. Territory must have 5,000 voting residents
•
Allowing settlers to write a temporary constitution and elect
their own gov’t.
3. Upon reach 60,000 settlers the area could write a state
constitution to submit to Congress for approval of
statehood.
Northwest Ordinance
• Rights—freedom of religion, property
rights, and the right to trial by jury
• NO slavery in the territory
• Lacked national unity
• States pursued their own interest
• Confederation did not acknowledge the
power of the people, b/c everything was
considered equal by state.
– GA (25K ppl)==MA (270K ppl)
• Couldn’t change w/o state approval
• DEBT!
– Revolutionary War had cost the nation
$160 million.
– Lacking the power to tax, Congress
requested the states’ approval to impose a
tariff.
• States rejected, they argued that the
Confederation Congress had no control over
trade.
• Debts to the British could be collected in
American courts
– Problem: Congress could not force states to follow
this
• Congress pledge to return property that had
been seized from Loyalist during the war
– Problem: Congress could not compel the states to
do this
• Because Congress could not regulate trade or
collect taxes, there was little they could do
to force the British out
• Foreign relations:
– Spain controlled the Mississippi River &
closed it to American navigation.
– Western farmers could not get crops to
market.
Review of weaknesses under the
Articles of Confederation
1. Congress could not tax
2. Congress could not regulate trade
3. Each state received one vote, regardless of
population
4. 9/13 states needed to pass new laws
5. Articles could only be amended with
approval of all states
6. No executive
7. No judicial
8. No national unity
• Started when the government of
Massachusetts decided to raise taxes
instead of issuing paper money to pay off its
debts.
• Farmers were most affected, and often lost
their farms
• Farmers decided to rebel—they closed down
several county courthouses to prevent farm
foreclosures, and then marched to the state
Supreme Court
• Daniel Shays—a former captain in the
Continental Army emerged as one of the
rebellion’s leaders.
• Shays and about 1200 farmers headed to
the state arsenal intending to seize weapons
before marching on Boston, troops were
ordered, before they could arrive, Shays
and farmers had attacked the local militia
• Four farmers died, next day troops arrive
and the rebellion is ended
Call for change
• Rebellion and inflation were viewed as
signs of a republic at risk
• Fear was that poor people would gain
control with a democratic government,
therefore, merchants, artisans, and
creditors began to argue for a stronger
central government
• People who supported a strong central
government were called “nationalist”
– Nationalist include: G. Washington, John
Adams, Ben Franklin, Alexander Hamilton,
James Madison & Robert Morris
• James Madison: member of the VA
Assembly and head of its commerce
committee, believed a stronger national
government was greatly needed
• Madison called for a meeting to discuss
taxation and trade
• Discussed the weaknesses of the
Articles
• Alexander Hamilton called for a future
meeting of delegates in Philadelphia in
May 1787
– Every state except for RI sent a delegate
to Constitutional Convention
• 55 delegates, majority were lawyers,
some planters and merchants
– Had previous experience in colonial, state
of national government
– 39 had been members of the Confederation
Congress
– 8 signed the Dec. of Independence
• Chose G. Washington as presiding
officer
• Meetings were closed to the public as a
means of insuring “honest and open
discussions”
• Notable delegates also included:
Franklin, Washington, Alexander
Hamilton, Roger Sherman, and James
Madison
• VA delegates came to the Convention with
their own plan, which proposed “A nation
government ought to be established
consisting of a supreme Legislative,
Executive, and Judicial” body.
• 2 house legislature, representatives reflect
states population
• Would benefit large states, because #
representatives was reflective of state
population
• Delegates accepted the idea for 3
branches of government
• Smaller states opposed the changes
that would decrease their power, due to
lack of representatives
• Smaller states, therefore, proposed
their own plan—the New Jersey Plan
• Did not abandon the Articles of
Confederation
• Modified them to make a stronger
central government
• Single house in which each state was
equally represented
• Federal government would also be given
the right to raise taxes and regulate
trade
• Delegates voted to proceed with
Virginia Plan
• Decided to go beyond simply modifying
the Articles, and moved to develop a
new constitution
How would they develop a new
Constitution?
• Big states wanted to remain powerful
• Little states wanted protection from
larger more powerful states
• Northern states and Southern states
were divided as to how to go about
treating slavery
• A compromise had to be developed
• Smaller states were angered by the decision
to move along with the VA plan
• Delegates threatened to walk out of the
Constitutional Convention in Philly
• Pointed out that the Convention could not last
forever
• Decision to compromise over the issues of
representation became known as the
Connecticut Compromise, also known as the
Great Compromise
• Ben Franklin proposed that state
representatives in the House would
depend on the states population
• In the Senate there would be equal
representation
• Voters would elect the House, but state
legislatures would elect senators
• Disagreement over counting slaves.
Southern states wanted them counted,
Northern states did not
• 3/5 Compromise reached, in which
slaves would count as 3/5 of a person
(every 5 slaves therefore counted as 3
persons)
Fearful Farmers
• Farmers feared that more restrictions
were to come
• Fears importation of slaves would be
banned
• Southern states argued that Congress
did not have the power under the new
constitution to restrict trade
• Draft version of the Constitution was sent to
Confederation Congress for approval
• Nine of the thirteen states had to ratify in
order for it to take effect
• Created the principle of popular sovereignty—
ruled by the people
• Constitution also created the concept of
federalism—government was divided between
the federal and state governments
New Government
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Separation of powers
Legislature, executive, judicial
Checks and balances
Presidential veto
Impeachment
Amendments
• What were some of the problems with the
Articles of Confederation? What was the
solution to the problems?
• Who benefited from the VA plan, the NJ
plan?
• What were the important aspects of the
Connecticut Compromise, aka Great Comp.?
• Federalists—supported Constitution
– Wanted strong central gov’t; promoted
taxation and trade, opposed tariffs and
duties
• Anti-federalist—opposed it
– Wanted states to have equal control, tended
to be lower to middle class people who could
easily subside
– Included: John Hancock, Patrick Henry, and
various state governors
Federalist Papers
Patrick Henry—
Anti-federalist
• Arguments in favor of the ratification
of the Constitution
• Written by James Madison, Alex.
Hamilton, and John Jay
• Helped to explain the Constitution and
the laws that derive from it
• Certain states were ready to accept the
Constitution, while others called for the
creation of a Bill of Rights.
• 9 out of 13 states had to ratify the
Constitution for it to take effect
• By 1788 all states except NC and RI had
ratified, they were only waiting for a
Bill of Rights.
Government
• Washington sought to create various
cabinet offices. Cabinet—a group of
advisers to the president.
• Judiciary Act of 1789—established 13
district courts, 3 courts of appeals, and
the Supreme Court.
• First 10 amendments to the
Constitution.
• Demanded by the Anti-federalists
before they agreed to ratification.
• Tariff—required importers to pay a
percentage of the value of their cargo
before the cargo could proceed into the
US.
• Harmed southern farmers!!!
Hamilton and Finances
• Bonds—notes promising repayment of
borrowed money with interest.
• Hamilton felt the government needed to be
able to borrow money in order to function.
• Some argued that bonds harmed farmers,
because they would not be paid back at value.
• Speculators—people willing to take a risk in
hopes of a future financial gain.
Bank of the United States
• Source of constant conflict!!!
• Madison argued against a Bank saying it
was not a enumerated power—power
mentioned in the Constitution.
• Hamilton argued it was possible,
because it was a implied power—powers
not mentioned, but implied as
“necessary and proper.”
Bank of the United States
• Bank was created for 20 years, after
Washington signed the creation into law.
• Whiskey Rebellion was the result of a
tax on whiskey, which prompted farmers
to terrorize tax collectors…and destroy
stills of those who paid the taxes.
Hamilton and Jefferson
• Review chart on page 214
Group Assignment
• Complete the quote assignment
• Gather into groups, review the
assignment.
• Read the quotes, keep the chart on p.
214 in mind.
• RECORD WHO YOU THINK MADE
THE QUOTE.
Washington & Foreign Politics
• French Revolution in 1789
• American sympathizers, until radicals seized
government
• Radicals declared war on Britain leaving
American leaders in the middle
• Federalist opposed it, Republicans supported
the fight for liberty
• Proclamation of Neutrality: the US would be
“friendly and impartial” toward Britain and
France
• American ships were being intercepted at
French ports by the British
• British were also inciting Native American
attacks on western settlers
• Washington sent John Jay to Britain in an
attempt to find a solution
• Trade would be harmed if war erupted again
• British agreed to sign a treaty
– Britain had the right to seize goods bound for French
ports
– Americans would not get compensated
– Britain agreed to international arbitration by a
neutral country
– Most-favored nation status: American merchants
would not be discriminated against when they traded
with Britain.
– Republicans were angered by treaty and accused
Federalists of being pro-British.
– Treaty prevented WAR w/ GB.
• Jay’s Treaty also helped the US win
concessions from Spain
• Spanish and French were fearful that
the British and Americans were going to
attempt to seize Spain’s holdings in
North America
• Washington sent Thomas Pinckney to
negotiate with Spain.
• 1795—Spanish signed the Treaty of San
Lorenzo—also known as Pinckney’s
Treaty
– Granted US the right to navigate the
Mississippi and deposit goods at in New
Orleans
– Was greatly approved—especially by
farmers who could get their goods to the
market faster
Westward Expansion
• Mississippi River area—fastest growing
– Abundant land, fertile soil, wide rivers, wide
variety of fish and game
• Increased western settlement led to
numerous conflicts with Native Americans
– Example: “Little Turtle” and other Indian leaders
sought to form an alliance to protect against
invasions against settlers
Westward Movement
Westward Movement
Crossing the Plains
Future Maps of the West
Native American defenses
• Fall 1790—Little warriors defeated American
troops led by Gen. Josiah Harmar
• Nov. 1791—ambushed American forces led by
Gen. Arthur St. Clair, killing nearly half his
men.
• Anthony Wayne was sent to put down Native
American resistance. Native Americans
attacked at Battle of Fallen Timbers. Natives
suffered heavy losses.
• 12 Native American nations signed the
Treaty of Greenville.
– Agreed to give up part of what is today
southern Ohio and Indiana in exchange for
a yearly payment of $10,000 from the
federal government
– Settlement into the region, by settlers,
had greatly increased
Washington Leaves
• Decided to retire
• Farewall Address—warned Americans against
sectionalism—to avoid dividing the country
into North against South or East against
West.
• Election of 1796—first openly contested
election. Federalist nominated John Adams,
Republicans nominated Thomas Jefferson
• John Adams won 71 to 68 in electoral votes
John Adams
Quasi-War with France
• French were anger by Jay’s Treaty and began
seizing goods from American merchant ships
• Adams did not want war. He sent Pinckney,
Elbridge Gerry, and John Marshall to
negotiate with France
• French efforts to get bribes before
beginning negotiations was known as the XYZ
Affair
• Americans and the French were up and
arms, and began an undeclared war at
sea that came to be known as the Quasi
War.
• September 1800—the two countries
signed the Convention of 1800.
• US gave up all claims against France
• Affected domestic politics in the US
Alien and Sedition Acts
• Federalist pushed four laws through
Congress—became known as Alien and
Sedition Acts
• First three laws were aimed at aliens—
people living in the country who were
not citizens
• Fourth law was aimed at preventing
sedition—or incitement to rebellion
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
• Resolutions criticized Alien and Sedition Acts
• Resolutions argued that since the states had
created the Constitution, they could declare
federal laws unconstitutional
• VA Resolutions introduced the theory of
interpositions
• Kentucky Resolutions advanced the theory of
nullification
• States used these ideas in later decades to
defend their regional interest
Election of 1800
• John Adams were up for reelection,
Republicans had nominated Jefferson for
president and Aaron Burr for VP.
• Problem was that Jefferson and Burr had
received the same number of votes, finally
Jefferson got the extra vote, because of
promises to keep Federalist leaders in
powerful positions
Election of 1800
• Turning point in history
• Federalists controlled the army, the
presidency, and Congress
• Demonstrated that power in the US
could be peacefully transferred despite
strong disagreements between the
parties.
Challenges facing
Washington
Spain’s control
of the Mississippi
French
Revolution
British interference
with shipping
Challenges
facing Adams
Quasi-War
French interference
with shipping
XYZ Affair
Launching a New Nation
Jefferson’s reign
Timeline
• 1801—Jefferson takes office
• 1803 Marbury v. Madison case decided;
Louisiana Purchase expands nation
• 1804 Lewis and Clark head west
• 1807 Embargo Act
• 1808 James Madison elected president
• 1812—War with Britain
• 1814 Treaty of Ghent ended the war
Jefferson Takes Office
• Finally won the election when Hamilton persuaded
enough representatives to cast blank votes, giving
Jefferson a two vote majority
• Hamilton did not favor Jefferson, but he agreed with
his ideas more so than he did with Burr’s
• “Revolution of 1800”—Jefferson’s term for his
victory in the Election of 1800
• Wanted to appeal more to the common man
Jefferson’s Beliefs
• Shrink and simplify gov’t
• Reduced the size of military
• Lowered expenses for government social
functions
• Jefferson eliminated all internal taxes
& reduced the influence of the Bank of
the US
Jefferson’s Beliefs
• Felt that free trade
would benefit the US
because the raw
materials and food that
Americans were
producing were in short
supply in Europe
Southern Dominance in Politics
• Jefferson was the first to take office
in the new capital of Washington, D.C.
• Location reflected the influence of the
South
• Federalists were unwilling to change
their tactics, therefore giving the
Republicans the backing of individuals in
the South and western territories
Supreme Court decisions
• Federalists were still influencing the judicial
branch greatly
• Adams had pushed through the Judiciary Act
of 1801 which increased the # of federal
judges by 16. Adams filled these positions,
leaving the judges to be called midnight
judges.
• Adams appointed John Marshall, who helped
strengthen the power of the Supreme Court.
Marbury v. Madison
• Appointment of midnight judges led to the case
• Marbury was to be appointed to the Court, however
Madison, a Republican never delivered the papers. He
filed suit, however, John Marshall declared the
Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional.
• Marbury never received his commission. This was a
small victory for the Republicans
• Case led to the creation of JUDICIAL REVIEW—
ability of the Supreme Court to declare laws
unconstitutional
Louisiana Purchase
• American were fearful that the French were
going to develop a great presence in the
region
• Jefferson sent James Monroe to join Robert
Livingston in Paris. During negotiations with
the French, Americans became aware of the
fact that Napoleon’s hopes for advancement
had diminished. In 1803, Napoleon offered up
the entire Louisiana Territory to the United
States.
Louisiana Purchase
• No time to consult, Monroe and Livingston accepted
the offer at $15 million dollars.
• Senate approved the purchase treaty.
• Territory included land in the western tributaries of
the Mississippi River basin
• More than doubled the size of the US
• Jefferson’s hopes of decentralizing the government
and simplifying the presidency had be lost
Louisiana Purchase
Lewis and Clark Expedition
• Explore the new territory
• Appointed Meriwether Lewis to head
the expedition, Lewis chose Clark as the
second in command
• Kept detailed records of journey
• Aided by Sacajawea—Indian women who
served as a guide and interpreter
• Expedition took 2 years and 4 months
Lewis and Clark
Lewis and Clark w/ Sacajewa
War of 1812 Erupts
Key Concepts
• Blockade: seal up ports and prevent ships from
entering or leaving
• Impressment: the British practice of seizing
Americans at sea and “impressing,” or drafting them
into the British navy
• Embargo: a ban on exporting products to other
countries
– Believed the Embargo Act of 1807 would hurt Britain and the
other European powers and force them to honor American
neutrality
Grievances Against Native Americans
• War Hawks—a group young congressmen who
encouraged war—led by Clay and Calhoun
• Outraged by the presence of Native
Americans in the Indiana Territory
• William Harrison got Indians to sign away 3
million acres of tribal land to the US
government. A confederacy of Native
American warriors, led by Tecumseh, began
fighting against the encroachment of settlers
War of 1812
• Madison had achieve easy victory over
Charles Pinckney
– He believed that Britain was trying to
strangle American trade and cripple the
American economy. Congress therefore
approved the war declaration in June.
• American forced were ill prepared
because of cut backs made by
Jefferson
War in Canada and America
• Tecumseh was killed at the Battle of
the Thames, and the confederacy
collapsed.
• British were still able to cripple the
Americans by seizing ships
• British burned the Capitol, White
House, and other major buildings
Battle of New Orleans
• Andrew Jackson was to protect New Orleans
from the British attack to come.
• As a result of the attack the British lost 100s
• Peace Treaty—Treaty of Ghent—declared an
armistice—an end to fighting
• The first 25 year of government under the
Constitution had successfully came to an end
Battle of New Orleans song