Transcript Chap 1: Community Health - Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow Anita Sego Spring, 2005

Chap 1: Community Health Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
Anita Sego
Spring, 2005
Chap 1: Community Health
Chapter Objectives
• Accurately define the terms health,
community health, population health,
and public health.
• Explain the difference between
personal and community health
activities
• List and discuss the factors that
influence a community’s health
Chap 1: Community Health
Chapter Objectives
• Briefly relate the history of
community/public health, including the
recent history of community and public
health in the twentieth-century United
States
• Provide a brief overview of the current
health status of Americans.
• Describe the status of efforts to improve
world health and list some plans for the
future.
Chap 1: Community Health
Chapter Objectives
• Describe the purpose of the Health
People 2010 goals and objectives as
they apply to the planning process of
the health of Americans.
Chap 1: Community Health
INTRODUCTION
• Definitions, Concepts, & Principles
• Community Health vs. Personal Health
• Brief History of Community Health
• American Health Concerns in the 90’s
Chap 1: Community Health
DEFINITIONS
• HEALTH
• A state of complete of complete
physical, mental, and social well being
and not merely the absence of disease
and infirmity.” World Health
Organization - 1947
• A dynamic state or condition which is
multidimensional in nature and results
from the adaptation to his/her
environment.
Chap 1: Community Health
DEFINITIONS
• COMMUNITY
Group of people who have common
characteristics
• COMMUNITY HEALTH
– the health status of a defined group of
people and the actions and conditions, both
private and public, to promote, protect, and
preserve their health.
Chap 1: Community Health
• Population Health
– the health status of people who are not
organized and have no identity as a group
or locality and the actions and conditions to
promote, protect and preserve their health
• PUBLIC HEALTH
– health status of a defined group of people
and governmental actions and conditions to
promote, protect, and preserve the people’s
health
Chap 1: Community Health
COMMUNITY HEALTH Vs PERSONAL
HEALTH
– PERSONAL
– Individual actions and decision making that
affect the health of an individual or their
immediate family
– COMMUNITY
– Activities aimed at protecting or improving
the health of a population or community
Chap 1: Community Health
FACTORS AFFECTING COMMUNITY
PHYSICAL FACTORS
Industrial development
Community size
HEALTH
SOCIAL/CULTURAL
FACTORS
Beliefs, Traditions, and Prejudices
Economy, Politics, Religion
Environment
Socioeconomic Status
Geography
Social Norms
HEALTH
COMMUNITY
ORGANIZATION
OF THE
COMMUNITY INDIVIDUAL
Ways in which communities
organize their resources;
Tax vs Non-tax supported
services
BEHAVIORS
Takes the concerted effort of
many - if not most - to make
a community voluntary
program work
Chap 1: Community Health
Prehistory
7000+ BC
Hammurabi
1750 BC
Greeks
400 BC
Egyptians
1500 -1050 BC
Romans
450 BC - 410 AD
Enlightenment
1700s
Renaissance
1500 - 1700
Middle Ages
410 - 1500AD
20th Century
21st Century
19th Century
Chap 1: Community Health
Brief History and Public
Health
• EARLIEST CIVILIZATIONS
• ANCIENT SOCIETIES - before 500 B.C.
– Northern India: evidence of bathrooms and sewers
– Sumarian clay tablet: evidence of prescription drugs
– Code of Hammurabi: laws pertaining to physicians
and health practices
• CLASSICAL CULTURES - 500 B.C. - 500 A.D.
–
–
–
–
Greeks: Games of strength and skill for men
Greeks: Active in community sanitation
Romans: Built aqueducts and sewer systems
Romans: Built hospitals and infirmaries for slaves
Chap 1: Community Health
Brief History and Public
Health
• MIDDLE AGES - 500 to 1500 A.D.
– Spiritual era of public health
– Great epidemics of plague
• RENAISSANCE AND EXPLORATION 1500 to 1700 A.D.
– Rebirth of thinking about nature of the world
and of humankind
– Belief that diseases were caused by
environmental, not spiritual factors
Chap 1: Community Health
Brief History and Public
Health
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
• Cities overcrowded
– Water supplies inadequate
– Streets heaped with trash and garbage
• Occupational health
– Workplaces unsafe and unhealthy
– Workforce poor
– Children forced to work long hours
Chap 1: Community Health
Brief History and Public
Health
NINETEENTH CENTURY
• EARLY APPROACH
– Few advancements in public health
– Federal government approach “Laissez
faire”
– Health quackery thrived
•
EPIDEMICS CONTINUED
– London cholera epidemic struck in 1849
– Miasmas theory of contagious disease
– Dr. John Snow and the Broad Street pump
Chap 1: Community Health
Brief History and Public
Health
• LEMUEL SHATTUCK’S HEALTH
REPORT, 1850
• FIVE PERIODS OF ERA
– Miasma, 1850 to 1875
– Bacteriological, 1875 to 1900
– Health Resources Development, 1900 to
1960
– Social Engineering, 1960 to 1975
– Health Promotion, 1975 to present
Chap 1: Community Health
HEALTH RESOURCES
• BEGINNING OF TWENTIETH
CENTURY
– Life expectancy less than 50 years
– Communicable diseases leading causes of
death
– Children health concerns
Chap 1: Community Health
HEALTH RESOURCES (1900-1960)
• REFORM PHASE - 1900 to 1920
• GREAT DEPRESSION & WORLD WAR
II 1929 - 1935
– Social Security Act of 1935
– National Institutes of Health established 1930’s
• THE POSTWAR YEARS 1945 - 1960
– Communicable Disease Center established
- 1946
– World Health Organization founded - 1948
Chap 1: Community Health
HEALTH RESOURCES (1900-1960)
• SOCIAL ENGINEERING 1960 - 1973
– Congress passed Medicare and Medicaid
bills - 1965
– OSHA Act Signed 1970
• Health Promotion Period (1975 - 1990)
– Lifestyle related diseases
– High medical care costs
Chap 1: Community Health
HEALTH PROMOTION
•
LIFESTYLE CHANGES
– World Health Organization’s “Health for All”,
1977
– Promoting Health/Preventing Disease:
Objectives for the Nation, 1979
• 226 Objectives based on preventive
services, health protection, and health
promotion
– Healthy People 2000
• Over 300 objectives
– Healthy People 2010
Chap 1: Community Health
Community Health in
the 21st Century
• World Planning
– reduce the burden of excess mortality and
morbidity
– developing effective health systems
– expanding the knowledge base
Chap 1: Community Health
CHAPTER 1
COMMUNITY HEALTH YESTERDAY, TODAY, AND
TOMORROW