Forestry & Society

What is the Problem?

HORT/RGSC 302 J.G. Mexal Spring 2002

Forestry & Society

What is the Problem?

• We are the problem--our insatiable demand for wood!

Historical Forest Use

• 1826 1 st railroad near Boston • 1884 = 150,000 mi – 396,000,000 ties – 198,000,000 trees – Harvested 3.96 million ac – Needed 113 ac/mi or road – Replaced every 7 years • Today: 171,098 miles of RR

Forestry & Society

What is the Problem?

• Trees are the solution.

• But a landowner is better off financially to clearcut the land, sell the timber, sell the land, and put the money in the bank!

Forestry & Society

How Many Big Chief

®

Tablets?/

AP 10/12/99 No. (billion) 6 4 2 0 1000 1250 1500 Year (A.D.) 1750 2000

Forestry & Society

How Many Big Chief® Tablets?/

AP 10/12/99 Population Change 1900 2000 2050 L.A.

0.09

N.A.

0.10

L.A.

0.55

Europe 0.42

N.A.

0.29

L.A.

0.77

Europe 0.66

N.A.

0.44

Europe 0.49

Asia 1.15

Africa 1.19

Asia 3.55

Africa 1.76

Asia 4.91

Africa 0.16

TOTAL = 2 billion 6 billion 9 billion

Forestry & Society

What is the Problem?

• • • The demand for wood is directly related to population growth and affluence.

World

: – 3.4 billion m 3 /yr (1 mi x 1 mi x 1 mi) – ~0.6 m 3 /person/yr or ~500 lb/person/yr – China used 13 lb/person/yr

USA

: – 1 tree/person/yr (DBH = 10”; Ht = 100’; ~0.75 cords) • 700 lb paper/person/yr • 200 BF/yr • 87 ft 2 plywood + 59 ft plywood 2 structure wood/yr – 2,000 sq ft house = 12,975 BF lumber + 2,000 sq ft

Forestry & Society

Forest Area 2005/

FAO

• Forests (3.45kkk ha) cover 30% of earth’s land surface • 1990-2000 deforestation = 8.9kk ha/yr • 2000-2005 deforestation = 7.3kk ha/yr (0.18%) – Area = MA, NJ, CT, DE, RI combined – Conversion to agriculture • 33% of world’s forests = primary • 3.8% (140kk ha) = exotic species plantations • 11% = protected for conservation • 84% = publicly owned www.fao.ort/forestry/site/fra/

Forestry & Society

World Forests & Land Use/

Pop. Act. Int’l 1999 Billions 8 2 1 0 7 6 5 4 3 6000BC Forest land Cropland Population 0 AD1000 1500 1800 1900 1950 1990 2000 2010

Forestry & Society

People and Forests/

Pop.Act.Int’l 1999 1960 World Population

= 3.0 billion

Forest-to-People

ratio = 1.2 ha/cap.

Total wood consumption

= 2.2 billion m 3 = 0.7 m 3 /capita

Industrial

= 1.1 billion m 3 = 0.34 m 3 /capita

Fuelwood

= 1.1 billion m 3 = 0.33 m 3 /capita

1995 World Population

= 5.7 billion

Forest-to-People

ratio = 0.6 ha/cap.

Total wood consumption

= 3.3 billion m 3 = 0.6 m 3 /capita

Industrial

= 1.5 billion m 3 = 0.26 m 3 /capita

Fuelwood

= 1.8 billion m 3 = 0.32 m 3 /capita

Wood Consumption/

J.For. 100(4):6:’02 Million cubic meters Million tons pulp 160 120 80 40 0

Top Roundwood Producers--2006/

Source: UN FAO 0 USA India China Brazil Canada 240 298 329 206 100 200 300

Roundwood (million m 3 /yr)

400 473 500

Forestry & Society

World Forests/

Pop. Act. Int’l 1999 565 146 950 World Forests (1995) Total forest area = 3.45 billion ha Developing Countries = 1.96 billion ha Developed Countries = 1.49 billion ha 816 457 520 Million ha L.A.

0.77

Europe 0.66

Africa 1.76

N.A.

0.44

Asia 4.91

2050 Population

Forestry & Society

Forest Area 2005/ FAO

(kk ha)

India, 68, 2% Indonesia, 88, 2% Congo, 134, 3% Peru, 69, 2% Australia, 164, 4% Others, 1333, 34% China, 197, 5% USA, 303, 8% Canada, 310, 8% Brazil, 478, 12% Russia, 809, 20% Russia Brazil Canada USA China Australia Congo Indonesia Peru India Others

Forestry & Society

European Forestry

Country Population (millions) Area (kk ha) Forest (%) Timber (kk m 3 ) France Spain Italy W. Germ.

UK Greece Portugal 54.7

38.2

56.8

64.1

56.4

9.8

9.9

Ireland Denmark 3.5

5.1

Netherlands 14.4

Belgium

EEC

9.9

322.8

54.3

49.5

30.1

24.3

24.1

12.9

8.6

6.9

4.2

3.4

3.3

222.0

28 25 27 30 10 45 35 6 11 10 23

25

39.0

13.7

9.4

30.7

5.1

2.7

9.3

1.3

2.7

1.1

3.1

118.0

Forestry & Society

The Situation

• World: – 90 million additional people/yr (pop.= Mexico) – Convert 0.8%/yr from forest to crop land • 42 million acres/yr = 1/2 of New Mexico • ‘shifting’ or ‘subsistence’ agriculture • USA: – Forest land = stable since 1920s • plant over 1.0 billion seedlings/yr • plant about 6 seedlings for every tree cut.

Forestry & Society

U.S. Land Use and Population /

Pop.Act.Int’l 1999 Millions (ha) 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Population Forestland Cropland Year

US Forestry Facts/

Natl Hdwd Lum Assoc

• Forests are

Renewable

: – Plant 1.7 billion trees on 2.6 million acres/yr • Forests are

Abundant:

– 70% of forestland in 1600 still in forest – Ingrowth exceeds harvest by 47% – 37% of forest land protected from harvest • Forests are

Sustainable

: – Forests are managed for multiple benefits (air, water, recreation, wildlife, timber) without depleting the ability of future generations to manage the forests for their needs.

Forestry and Society Softwood Lumber and Panel board Production/ PNW-RB-230, 1999 Billion board feet 40

Total Lumber

30 US Panel board 20 Western Region Lumber 10 Southern Region Lumber 0 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Year

Forestry and Society Timber Volume Sold by USDA in Western US PNW-RB-230, 1999 Volume (million board feet) 10000 8000 6000 Northern SW PSW PNW-W Rocky Mtn Intermtn PNW-E Alaska 4000 2000 0 1987 1989 1991 1993 Year 1995 1997

Southern Pulpwood Production /

SRS-69, 34p. 2000 Volume (std cords) Volume (kkk cu ft) State n.d

.

Forestry & Society

The Billion Board Foot Club-US

Rank in 2004 Company

1 5 Weyerhaeuser Int’l Paper 9 Georgia Pacific 10 12 15 18 Sierra-Pacific Hampton Affil.

Simpson Timber Stinson Lumber

Annual MMBF

7,187 2,985 1,749

Annual M 3 (000)

11,534 4,790 2,807

Mills

41 27 23 1,731 1,387 2,778 2,226 12 6 1,175 1,886 5 1,145 1,837 11

Forestry Source 10(11):20:2005

Forestry & Society

The Billion Board Foot Club-Canada

8 11 19 20 3 6

Rank in 2004 Company

2 Cantor West Fraser Abitibi-Consol.

Toiko Tembec Buchanan Lumber Interfor

Annual MMBF

5,200 4,021 2,148

Annual M 3 (000)

8,345 6,453 3,447

Mills

21 21 20 2,074 1,524 3,328 2,446 11 21 1,100 1,765 7 1,089 1,748 10

Forestry Source 10(11):20:2005

Forestry & Society

The Billion Board Foot Club-Others

Rank in 2004

5 7 13 14 16 17

Company

Stora Enso-Finland FinnForest-Finland Klausner Grp-Ger.

UPM_Kymmene-Fin.

Arauco-Chile Setra Grp-Sweden

Annual MMBF

3,322 2,104 1,203 1,201 1,165 1,147

Annual M 3 (000)

6,664 4,220 2,200 2,409 2,750 2,300

Mills

25 30 3 10 14 12

Forestry Source 10(11):20:2005

Forestry Facts

• One cord of hardwood (~1 ton) – 1,000-2,000 lbs of paper – 4,384,000 postage stamps – 460,000 personal checks – 94,200 pages of hard-cover book (the next Harry Potter book) – 2,700 copies of average daily newspaper – 1,200 copies of

National Geographic

Forestry & Society

What is the Problem?--Forest Uses!

• Historic Use: – Food – Fuel – Fiber taxol medicinals • Current Use: – Fiber – Recreation – Water – Habitat (esp. TES) – Food – Fuel – Extractives – Botanicals hunting camping skiing hiking scenic beauty cattle mushrooms piñon minerals metals

Table of Wood Elements/

J. For.100(4):6:’02

Forestry & Society

Forest Facts: Tree Usage

Trunk:

lumber rayon pencils tools

Stumps:

veneer pitch

Saps, gums, resin:

maple syrup ink pulp tencel plastics charcoal tar gum paints

Forestry & Society

Forest Facts: Tree Usage

Leaves:

pine oil cedar oil

Roots:

oil -- tea

Bark:

mulch -- dyes medicine -- tannins fuel horticulture -- flavorings

Forestry & Society

Forest Facts: Forest Usage

Water Wildlife

Lifestock

Recreation

camping hunting skiing hiking off-roading fishing

Environmental Protection

carbon sequestration soil erosion

Forestry & Society

Forest Products in Developing Countries /

Pop.Act.Int’l 1999 Billion cubic meters 0.2

0.6

1.0

1.4

1.8

Paper Pulp Panels Lumber Fuelwood Percent Volume 0 20 40 60 80 Percent of World Production 100

Forestry & Society

Forest Facts: Tree Usage- charcoal

World:

– –

50% = fuel (cooking) 50% = lumber, paper Guatemala USA: 49% = wood produ cts 28% = pulpwood 23% = fuel, chemic als

H/R 302

A “paperless” society?

2001:

318 million tons

2101:

~440 million tons 2001 = 53 kg/person 1998 = 49 kg/person 1968 = 32 kg/person USA in the year 2000 Total paper production = 45.6 KK tons #1 Wisconsin = 5.4 KK tons #2 Maine = 4.0 KK tons

H/R 302

A “paperless” society?

Paper Consumption (kg/cap/yr) 250 200 Industrialized Developing 150 100 50 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2010 WorldWatch Mar/Apr ‘98

Home Sizes

Http://www.nahb.com/facts/forecast/sf.html

3 Little Pigs:

which house would you build?/ Steel

• Requires 26% more energy that

wood

• Emits 34% more greenhouse gasses • Releases 24% more pollutants • Discharges 400% more water • Produces 8% more solid waste • Uses 11% more resources

Concrete

• Requires 57% more energy that

wood

• Emits 81% more greenhouse gasses • Releases 47% more pollutants • Discharges 350% more water • Produces 23% more solid waste • Uses 81% more resources

3 Little Pigs:

which house would you build?/ J.For. 100(8):34:2002 Σ= 232 GJ Σ= 396 GJ Σ= 553 GJ

Forestry & Society

Wood is Valuable

• 2003 prices (after housing boom) – Red Oak = $700/MBF (wholesale) – Pine – Plywood = $894/MBF (retail) [ 55%] = $510/Mft 2 (from $268) [ 90%] – OSB = $428/Mft 2 (from $170) [ 152%]

Forestry and Society

Trees are the Solution!

Most lands have been cutover -- and regenerated • Europe: 400 years of forestry • The Americas: the coastlines were cutover during the 1700s and 1800s Some lands have not recovered: • Middle east • Easter Island • Iceland • Chaco Canyon

Forestry & Society

What is the Problem? Questions:

• How has forest use changed from historic times? What were the uses then and now?

• What products can be derived from trees? From what parts of trees?

• Compare tree usage in the US to world usage. Compare how much wood is used and what general products are made.

• What is deforestation? What is the global impact of deforestation? What are the immediate, short-term impacts of deforestation?

• Discuss the direct and indirect causes of deforestation.

Forestry & Society

What is the Problem? Questions:

• If the world population in 1960 was 3.0 billion and the ‘forest-to-people’ ratio was 1.2 ha/person; and the world population in 1995 was 5.7 billion and the ‘forest-to people’ ratio was 0.6 ha/person; how much forest land (in hectares [ha]) has been lost worldwide? Where did it go?

• How would you compare the forest situation in the US to world forests? Over the last 70 years? Over the last 150 years?

• What are the problems facing world forests? Where are the problems greatest? Least? Why?

John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. 1997

Forestry & Society

Wood is Valuable

2004 wholesale prices (Weyco annual report)

Commodity

2 X 4

$/unit

$/MBF

Doug fir

459

So. Pine

387 Plywood $/MSF 448 403 RoT 1 m 3 ≈ 450 kg (ρ =.45) 1 m 3 ≈ 427 ft 2 Thus, 1 kg ≈ 1 ft 2 Or 1 MBF = 1 ton OSB Pulp Paper $/MSF $/t $/t 374 640 358 Newsprint $/t 57