Transcript A Presentation of the FP5 Project HIPERPB

Building Integration of CIGS Thin-Film Solar Modules
Building Integration of CIGS Thin-Film Solar Modules
A Presentation of the FP5 Project HIPERPB
by Johann Springer
Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg
(Centre for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research)
ZSW
Hessbruehlstr. 21C
D 70565 Stuttgart
Germany
tel. +49 711 7870 256
www.zsw-bw.de
[email protected]
Malmö 2001
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Building Integration of CIGS Thin-Film Solar Modules
The Project:
HIPERPB
High Performance Photovoltaics in Buildings
ERK6-CT1999-00009
01.04.2000 to 30.09.2003
Specific aspects of building integration of the emerging,
auspicious thin-film PV-technology with Cu(In,Ga)Se2
absorber (CIGS or CIS)
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The Consortium
Building Integration of CIGS Thin-Film Solar Modules
PROJECT CO-ORDINATOR :
Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung
Malmö 2001
D
PARTNERS:
 Chemetall GmbH
D
 Multi-Contact Deutschland GmbH
D
 Würth Solar GmbH&Co.KG
D
 Atlantis Solarsysteme AG
CH
 Glaswerke Arnold GmbH&Co.KG
D
 University of Naples „Federico II“
Department of Materials Engineering and Production
IT
 ISOVOLTA Österreichische Isolierstoffwerke AG
A
 Joint Research Centre
European Commission Environment Institute
IT
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Building Integration of CIGS Thin-Film Solar Modules
Statements and Motivation
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 Often PV is added to the buildings
 Often PV is not part of the building
 Often PV disturbs the appearance of the building
 PV on Buildings instead of PV in Buildings
 PV should be an integrated part of the building
 more than one function of the PV elements
 PV should beautify the building
better acceptance, higher value
“+1”
And: The differences between c-Si modules and CIGS-thinfilm modules need to be considered and offer advantages
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Building Integration of CIGS Thin-Film Solar Modules
Objectives of the project
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Roof
CIGS
Module
General
Building
Photovoltaics
Design
Safety
Hot spots
Acceptance
Standards
Shading
Costs
Fixing
Module design
Monument prot.
Wiring
Stability
Semi-transparency
Struct. glazing
System comp.
Façade
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Building Integration of CIGS Thin-Film Solar Modules
Project Structure
Module
design
Fabrication
of raw
modules
Façade modules
Roof modules
Stability
improvement
Fixing
technology
Electrical
interconnects
Hot spots
and
shading
Testing of modules
System
components
Standards
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Building Integration of CIGS Thin-Film Solar Modules
Roles of the partners
Malmö 2001
 ZSW: Test modules, encapsulation technology, stability tests, electrical
interconnection and mechanical fixing, shading and hot spot behaviour, project
co-ordination
 Chemetall GmbH: Cast resin encapsulation and edge sealing of CIS modules
 Multi-Contact Deutschland GmbH: Electrical interconnections
 Würth Solar GmbH&Co.KG: Manufacturing of CIGS modules
 Atlantis Solarsysteme AG: Roof integration with SunslatesTM
 Glaswerke Arnold GmbH&Co.KG: Glass technology, mechanical fixing, building
standards, WBS system
 University of Naples: Investiation of corrosion phenomena, materials
characterisation
 ISOVOLTA Österreichische Isolierstoffwerke AG: Encapsulation with polymer foil
laminates
 Joint Research Centre: Characterisation, shading behaviour, standards
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Building Integration of CIGS Thin-Film Solar Modules
State of the art: PV in Roofs
Si-modules for roof integration
Braas
Schweizer
Malmö 2001
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Building Integration of CIGS Thin-Film Solar Modules
Examples of PV in
Buildings
c-Si modules in a rooflight historic building in Bern, CH
(Atlantis Solarsysteme AG)
Atlantis SUNSLATES TM:
roof integration of c-Si modules (Bern, CH)
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Building Integration of CIGS Thin-Film Solar Modules
CIS-Solar Modules: Background
Thin-Film Solar modules with absorber CIGS -Cu(In,Ga)Se2
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Development in several institutions:
• Siemens Solar, USA, D
• ZSW and IPE, Stuttgart
• NREL, Denver
• Ångström Solar Center, Uppsala
• Matsushita, Showa-Shell, Japan
Pilot plants and beginning manufacturing:
• Siemens Solar, USA
• Würth Solar, Germany
• ISET, USA
• Global Solar Energy, USA
• EPV, USA
• Japan, ...............
Cell efficiency <19%
Modules:
<12%
Competitors:
CdTe, a-Si, c-Si
Actual market share:
< 1%
Advantages: low manufacturing costs
due to materials saving and large area processing
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Building Integration of CIGS Thin-Film Solar Modules
Structure of a CIGS Thin-Film Solar Module
Front
Glass
Encapsulation
Hot melt
PV layers
ZnO:Al
i-ZnO
CdS
CIGS
Mo
Glass
Zelle n
Zelle n+1
Substrate
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Building Integration of CIGS Thin-Film Solar Modules
Specific Aspects of
CIGS Thin-Film PV for Building
Integration
 Homogeneous Appearance
 Uniform black colour, “pinstripe suit design”
 Preferred size (e.g. 120 cm x 60cm), but also wide range of other
formats
 Larger sizes made as “patch-work modules”
 Glass-(EVA)-glass composite
 Semi-transparency possible
 Shading and hot-spot behaviour different from crystalline
modules
 Substrate structure allows choice of front glass
 Relatively high voltages favour parallel interconnection
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Building Integration of CIGS Thin-Film Solar Modules
Building regulations and PVIB
A very critical issue, some provoking questions
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Main problem:
A lot of national, regional and local building regulations
Nearly no European regulations existing
(one for structural sealant glazing systems;
but applicable for PV???)
PVIB,
a legal
grey area?
PV in Buildings = architectural glazing?
Rules for glass products valid for PV modules?
Question of product definitions:
•
PV module = laminated glass, safety glass ?
•
Impact of lamination material (EVA, PVB, ..):
Any type approval of solar modules for facades ?
If not, approval for the individual case required (ZiE)?
If not, who assumes liability if anything happens?
Urgent call for action!
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Building Integration of CIGS Thin-Film Solar Modules
Fixing Technology (mech.)
Wall-mounting of facade elements (glass, stone, brick, PV, ...)
 Transom-mullion (Pfosten-Riegel) construction
 Bolt-hook systems (Bolzen-Agraffe)
 Structural sealant glazing systems (SSGS)
New: WBS (Welded Bond System)
Glaswerke Arnold , D
Principle:
 A stainless-steel tape is laminated to the back of the glassglass module (or other laminated glass)
 Bolts, screws or other fixing elements are welded to the tape
 Can be combined with all standard wall systems
 Developed for glass, well suited for PV
Type approval
pending
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Building Integration of CIGS Thin-Film Solar Modules
Fixing Technology - Use of existing facade systems
Mounting of frameless façade plates / Ventilated
façade
A system with agrafes,
suited for WBS
A system with clips
BWM
BWM
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Building Integration of CIGS Thin-Film Solar Modules
Electrical Interconnection
Development of a junction box especially suited for CIGS-modules
 low-cost
 small-size
 parallel or series interconnection
 bypass diode(s) possible
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Building Integration of CIGS Thin-Film Solar Modules
Hot spots and shading
Objective:
To avoid damage of CIS-modules in buildings
in the case of partial shading.
Approach:
Performance tests of CIS-modules subject
to shading
Analysis of IV-curves
Prototype fabrication and verification tests
Preliminary result:
CIS-modules seem to have good shading
tolerance
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Malmö 2001
Voltage [V]
0,00
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
-0,50
Current [A]
Building Integration of CIGS Thin-Film Solar Modules
IV curves of CIS module (60x120 cm²) subject to
partial shading
-1,00
-1,50
shaded (different
sets of 3 cells)
unshaded
-2,00
-2,50
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Building Integration of CIGS Thin-Film Solar Modules
RESULTS - Roof
Atlantis SUNSLATETM
with CIS-modules
“Traditional”
SUNSLATE with c-Si
cells
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Building Integration of CIGS Thin-Film Solar Modules
CIGS generator at ZSW’s solar test field
Not a roof, but gives a visual
impression of a roof
with integrated
CIGS
modules
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Building Integration of CIGS Thin-Film Solar Modules
Option for PV integration:
the “Rheinzink-Treppendach” Quickstep
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Building Integration of CIGS Thin-Film Solar Modules
Result: CIS Solar Tower in Heilbronn (Würth Solar)
40 kW
CIGS modules
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Building Integration of CIGS Thin-Film Solar Modules
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Further Perspectives of CIGS in Buildings
Large area modules
Semitransparent modules in warm façades and glass roofs
Integration of thermal insulation, cooling, heating, noise
barrier (e.g. in railings of window façades)
Solar massive roof with CIS modules
Combination with load bearing parts (concrete panels, ..)
Combination with solar thermal
Flexible modules
3-D modules
“Tayloring” of electrical parameters and geometrical
shapes
Combination with solar cooling
Shading with semitransparent CIGS modules
Concentration
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Building Integration of CIGS Thin-Film Solar Modules
CONCLUSION
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CIGS thin-film solar modules are an emerging technology
CIGS modules are very suitable for building integration
Conversion efficiency is about 10%
Standard sizes (120 cm x 60 cm) and special smaller
sizes available
Larger sizes with “patchwork modules” possible
Use of standard facade elements combined with new
mounting technology
Replacement of c-Si in Sunslate roof shingles
Combination of electrical interconnection and mechanical
fixing in development
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