World War II

Early Challenges to World Peace Japan’s War in China

Conquest of Chinese Manchuria 1931-1932 Full-scale invasion in 1937 The Rape of Nanjing Ariel bombing of urban center 400,000 Chinese used for bayonet practice, massacred 7,000 women raped 1/3 of all homes destroyed 2

Early Challenges to World Peace Sept. 1931: Japan Invades Manchuria; Withdraws from League of Nations

World Reaction?: W. nations did not want to get involved b/c they had their own problems to deal with Result: Continue aggression

Early Challenges to World Peace Chinese Resistance

Japanese aggression spurs “United Front” policy between Chinese Communists and Nationalists Guerilla warfare ties down half of the Japanese army Yet continued clashes between Communists and Nationalists Communists gain popular support, upper hand by end of the war 5

Early Challenges to World Peace Oct. 1935: Italy invades Ethiopia

Benito Mussolini invades Ethiopia with overpowering force 2,000 Italian troops killed, 275,000 Ethiopians killed Also takes Libya, Albania World Reaction?: League of Nations ordered sanctions against Italy Refused to sell them weapons, continued to sell them oil Refused to get involved for fear of another conflict

Early Challenges to World Peace Germany

Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) withdraws from League of Nations Remilitarizes Germany Anschluss (“Union”) with Austria, 1938 Pressure on Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) 8

Early Challenges to World Peace

July 1936: Spanish Civil War Begins March 1936: German troops occupy Rhineland Oct. 1936 Hitler & Mussolini sign Rome-Berlin Axis Japan signs Tripartite Pact with Germany, Italy (1940), Non-Aggression Pact with USSR (1941)

Early Challenges to World Peace Munich Conference (1938)

Italy, France, Great Britain, Germany meet Allies follow policy of appeasement Hitler promises to halt expansionist efforts British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain (1869-1940) promises “peace for our time” Hitler signs secret Russian-German Treaty of Non-Aggression (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, August 1939) 10

Early Challenges to World Peace Sept. 1938: Munich Conference

Hitler promised British Prime Minister Chamberlain he would leave Europe alone if given Sudetenland (appeasement)

Early Challenges to World Peace Sept. 1938: Munich Conference

Oct. 1938 – Germany occupies Sudetenland 6 Months Later – Takes all of Czechoslovakia – clear at this point appeasement won’t work

Early Challenges to World Peace Aug. 1939: Hitler & Stalin sign Nazi-Soviet Pact

Advantages for Hitler: Removal of threat of attack from the east Division of Poland Advantages for Stalin: Division of Poland Takeover of Finland & Baltic countries Safety from German attack

Early Challenges to World Peace Sept. 1, 1939: Germany invades Poland

Hitler’s Strategy: Blitzkrieg – “lightning war” Use fast-moving mechanized weapons Planes, Tanks, Artillery, Infantry – all at ONCE!!!

Air forces soften up target, armored divisions rush in German U-boats (submarines) patrol Atlantic, threaten British shipping Poland fell in ONE month!

Early Challenges to World Peace Sept. 3, 1939: Britain & France Declare War on Germany

WORLD WAR II OFFICIALLY BEGINS!!!

Who's Who & Who's on Whose Side??

AXIS POWERS

Germany - Hitler Italy - Mussolini Japan - Tojo, Hirohito Spain - Franco

ALLIED POWERS

France - de Gaulle Britain - Churchill USSR - Stalin USA - FD Roosevelt

Axis Military Leaders Germany: Gen. Erwin Rommel "The Desert Fox" Japan: Admiral Yamamoto - Head of Japanese Naval Fleet Allied Military Leaders USA: Gen. Dwight Eisenhower Supreme Allied Commander in Europe Gen. Douglas MacArthur Allied Commander in Pacific Gen. George S. Patton British: Gen. B. Montgomery

The European Campaign April 1940: Hitler invades Denmark & Norway; Heads for France

Hitler’s Plan: Pave a way to France & distract Allies by invading Holland, Belgium, & Luxembourg, then send massive force through the Ardennes Forest

The European Campaign The Fall of France

1940: Germany occupies Denmark, Norway, Belgium, France Pave a way to France & distract Allies by invading Holland, Belgium, & Luxembourg, then send massive force through the Ardennes Forest Hitler forces French to sign armistice agreement in same railroad car used for the armistice imposed on Germany in 1918 18

The European Campaign June 1940: France Surrenders

What Happened at Dunkirk?: Britain rescued Allied soldiers stranded at Dunkirk & ferried them to safety across the English Channel

The European Campaign July 1940: Battle of Britain

What Happened?: German Luftwaffe (Air Force) bombed British cities for 3 months “The Blitz” 40,000 British civilians killed in urban bombing raids Especially London Goal: Hitler wanted to destroy British morale before invading Outcome: RAF fighters & British resistance forced Germany to call off the attack – Hitler could be stopped!

The European Campaign

Sept. 1940 Italy moves to seize Egypt & Suez Canal Feb. 1941 Hitler sends Gen. Rommel to help Italian troops seize Egypt & Suez Canal

The European Campaign June 1941: Operation Barbarossa

Lebensraum (“living space”) June 22, 1941 Hitler double-crosses Stalin and invades USSR Stalin caught off-guard, rapid advance But severe winter, long supply lines weakened German efforts Soviets regroup and attack Spring 1942 Turning point: Battle of Stalingrad (ends February 1943) 22

High tide of Axis expansion in Europe and North Africa

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The European Campaign July 1942: Battle of El Alamein

What Happened?: Gen. Montgomery vs. Gen. Rommel Forced Rommel and his forces to retreat westward from Egypt Operation Torch: Gen. Eisenhower arrived with American troops in N. Africa

The European Campaign July 1942: Battle of El Alamein

Result: Trapped Rommel’s forces b/w American & British & finally defeated Rommel’s Afrika Korps

The European Campaign July 1942-Feb.1943: Battle of Stalingrad

Outcome: Hitler attacked, Soviets eventually put German forces on defensive with Soviets pushing them westward

The European Campaign July 1942-Feb.1943: Battle of Stalingrad

Comparison to Napoleon: In both invasions, Russia’s terrible winter & its strategy of destroying everything in the enemy’s path created severe hardships for the invaders

The European Campaign Sept. 1943: Invasion of Italy

Outcome: Resulted in Allied conquest of Sicily & forced eventual surrender of Italy

The European Campaign

Nov.-Dec. 1943 Tehran Conference

Tehran Conference When?

November 28-December 1, 1943

Tehran Conference Members Present?

Franklin Roosevelt (USA) Winston Churchill (Britain) Joseph Stalin (USSR)

Tehran Conference Purpose of Meeting?

Coordinate military strategy against Germany & Japan Decide on important issues of post WWII era

Tehran Conference What was decided?

Coordination of D-Day invasion Poland’s post-war borders First discussions about splitting up Germany into zones of occupation First discussions of the future United Nations between Stalin & FDR *Many issues left for final decisions at later conferences

The European Campaign June 6, 1944: D-Day Invasion

Outcome: 800,000 Allies landed at Normandy Beach Opened a 2 nd front in Europe Led to liberation of France, Belgium, Luxembourg, & much of Netherlands from Nazi occupation

The European Campaign Dec. 1944: Battle of the Bulge

Outcome: German’s final attack in Ardennes Forest Patton marched his army 100 miles in 2 days & attacked w/ 3 division to save the line Resulted in heavy losses for Hitler

The European Campaign

Feb. 1945: Yalta Conference

Yalta Conference When?

February 4-11, 1945

Yalta Conference Members Present?

Franklin Roosevelt (USA) Winston Churchill (Britain) Joseph Stalin (USSR)

Yalta Conference Purpose of Meeting?

Make final decisions about the end of the war

Yalta Conference What was decided?

Divide Germany into 4 zones controlled by Allied military forces Germany must pay the USSR Stalin agreed to join war against Japan 90 days after end of war in Europe Stalin promised free elections in Eastern Europe

The European Campaign April 1945: Leaders Fall

Italy: Mussolini captured & killed by Italians USA: April 12: President Roosevelt dies & Vice President Harry Truman becomes President Germany: April 30: Hitler & other top Nazis commit suicide

The European Campaign

May 8, 1945: V-E Day (Victory in Europe) Germany surrenders July-Aug. 1945 Potsdam Conference

Allied Victory in Europe

Red Army (USSR) gains offensive after Stalingrad (February 1943) British, US forces attack in North Africa, Italy D-Day: June 6, 1944, British and US forces land in France US, Britain bomb German cities Dresden, February 1945: 135,000 Germans killed in shelters 30 April 1945 Hitler commits suicide, 8 May Germany surrenders 44

US Involvement in WWII before Pearl Harbor

US initiates “cash and carry” policy to supply Allies with arms “lend-lease” program: US lends war goods to Allies, leases naval bases in return US freezes Japanese assets in US US places embargo on oil shipments to Japan Japanese Defense Minister Tojo Hideki (1884 1948) plans for war with US 45

Pacific Campaign Dec. 7, 1941: Japan Bombs Pearl Harbor

What Happened?

Japanese launched surprise attack sinking or damaging almost the entire U.S. Pacific fleet – used kamikazes (suicide pilots)

Pacific Campaign Dec. 7, 1941: Japan Bombs Pearl Harbor

Outcome of the Attack?

U.S. declares war on Japan

Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941)

FDR: “A date which will live in infamy” Destroyed US Navy in the Pacific Hitler, Mussolini declare war on the US on December 11 US joins Great Britain and the USSR 48

Wreckage from Pearl Harbor

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Japanese Victories

Japan dominates south-east Asia, Pacific islands Establishes “Greater East Asia Co Prosperity Sphere” 50

Pacific Campaign Dec. 1941-May 1942: Battle of the Philippines

What Happened?

Japan invaded Philippine Islands Filipinos & U.S. under Gen. Douglas MacArthur defended the islands General Douglas MacArthur

Pacific Campaign Dec. 1941-May 1942: Battle of the Philippines

Outcome/Significance of the Battle?

Japan wins Perseverance of U.S. & Filipino defense delayed Japanese attacks on other areas

Pacific Campaign Fall of Southeast Asian Colonies

What Happened?

Through a planned series of attacks, Japan seized control of rich European colonies Ex: French Indochina, British Hong Kong Significance of the Attack?

Helped Japan replenish depleted resources

Pacific Campaign April 1942: Doolittle’s Raid on Japan

What Happened?

As revenge for Pearl Harbor, U.S. sent 16 B-25 bombers to bomb Japanese cities, mainly Tokyo

Pacific Campaign April 1942: Doolittle’s Raid on Japan

Significance of the Attack?

Showed that Japan could be attacked Raised American morale

Pacific Campaign May 1942: Battle of the Coral Sea

What Happened?

Following interception of Japanese attack on Port Moresby, Japanese & American naval fleets fought to a draw (nobody won)

Pacific Campaign May 1942: Battle of the Coral Sea

Significance of the Battle?

Introduced a new kind of naval warfare using only airplanes Stopped Japan’s expansion southward

Pacific Campaign June 1942: Battle of Midway

What Happened?

American carrier planes defeated Japanese fleet poised to attack Midway Island, a key American airfield

Pacific Campaign June 1942: Battle of Midway

Significance of the Battle?

Reversed the tide of the war in the Pacific

Pacific Campaign Aug. 1942-Feb. 1943: Battle of Guadalcanal

What Happened?

U.S. Marines, with Australian support, seized Japanese airfield & fought on land & sea for control of island

Pacific Campaign Aug. 1942-Feb. 1943: Battle of Guadalcanal

Significance of the Battle?

Forced Japan to abandon island Began MacArthur’s island-hopping counterattack • Hop past Japanese Strongholds- seize islands that were not well defended but close to Japan

Pacific Campaign Oct. 1944: Battle of Leyte Gulf

Wiped out Japanese Navy

Turning the Tide in the Pacific

US code breaking operation discovers Japanese plans Magic Battle of Midway (4 June 1942) US takes the offensive, engages in island-hopping strategy Iwo Jima and Okinawa Japanese kamikaze suicide bombers Savage two-month battle for Okinawa 63

Pacific Campaign Feb.-March 1945: Battle of Iwo Jima

 U.S. Marines raise the Stars and Stripes after their victory at Iwo Jima

Pacific Campaign March-June 1945: Battle of Okinawa

Resulted in heavy losses for Japanese Moved Allies closer to an invasion of Japanese homeland

Pacific Campaign Aug. 1945: Bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki

Aug. 6: Truman decides to drop bomb on Hiroshima (attempt to save lives)

Pacific Campaign Aug. 1945: Bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki

Aug. 9: Second bomb dropped on Nagasaki Aug. 10: VJ-Day (Victory in Japan) – Japan surrenders!!

Nazi Genocide and the Jews

Jews primary target of Nazi genocidal efforts Other groups also slated for destruction: Roma (Gypsies), Homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses Nazis initially encouraged Jewish emigration Few countries willing to accept Jewish refugees Aborted plans to deport Jews to Madagascar, reservation in Poland 68

The Final Solution

Einsatzgruppen German army into USSR with Operation Barbarossa (mobile killing squads) follow Round up of Jews and others, machine-gun executions of 1.4 million Later in 1941 decided on “Final Solution:” deportation of all European Jews to Death Camps Plans solidified at Wannsee Conference, January 1942 69

The Holocaust

Jews deported from ghettos all over Europe in cattle cars, spring 1942 Destination: six specially designed Death Camps in Eastern Europe Technologically advanced, assembly-line style of murder through poison gas (Zyklon B) Corpses destroyed in crematoria Estimated number of Jews killed: 5.7 million 70

The Holocaust in Europe, 1933 1945

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Jewish Resistance

German policy of collective punishment, generations of life as a minority hamper Jewish resistance efforts Yet ghetto uprisings, armed conflict nevertheless Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, spring 1943 Jews in partisan guerilla units 72

The Holocaust Who…?

…were the victims of the Holocaust?

Non-Aryan peoples, primarily Jews, but also Gypsies, Slavs, etc.

The Holocaust Who…?

…were members of the “master race”?

Aryans The signs read: “Germans! Defend Yourselves! Do not buy from Jews!”

The Holocaust What…?

…were the Nuremberg Laws?

German laws depriving Jews of rights to citizenship & jobs

The Holocaust What…?

…happened on the night of November 9, 1938?

On Kristallnacht Nazis launched a violent attack on Jewish communities all over Germany , the

The Holocaust What…?

…was Hitler’s “Final Solution”?

Systematic killing of entire groups of people, particularly Jews, whom the Nazis saw as inferior

The Holocaust Where…?

…did German Jews try to migrate to find safety from Nazi terror?

France, Britain, USA, & other countries

The Holocaust Where…?

…were Jews forced to live in German controlled cities?

In ghettos – segregated Jewish areas

The Holocaust Where…?

…were the concentration camps?

Mainly in Germany & Poland

The Holocaust Why…?

…did Hitler believe that Jews & other “subhumans” had to be exterminated?

To protect the purity of the Aryan race

The Holocaust Why…?

…did the Germans build extermination camps?

To carry out mass murders in huge gas chambers

The Holocaust When…?

…did the final stage of the Final Solution begin?

Early 1942

The Holocaust How…?

…did non-Jewish people try to save Jews from the horrors of Nazism?

By hiding Jews in their homes or helping them escape to neutral countries  Anne Frank

The Holocaust How…?

…many Jews died in the Holocaust?

Approximately 6,000,000

Nuremberg Trials

Nazis put on trial for crimes against humanity (events of Holocaust) Goal was to punish Nazi officials using a democratic system

Japanese Internment Camps in the United States

Japanese-Americans placed in camps Why? – feared they were enemies or spies after bombing at Pearl Harbor

Potsdam Conference When?

July 17-August 2, 1945

Potsdam Conference Members Present?

THE BIG THREE

Harry Truman (USA) Joseph Stalin (USSR) Winston Churchill & later Clement Attlee (Britain)

Potsdam Conference Purpose of Meeting?

Clarify agreements from Yalta

Potsdam Conference What was decided?

Potsdam Declaration Unconditional surrender of Japan Japanese disarmament, establishment of democratic government Postwar European borders (especially Poland)

Deaths During World War II (millions)

0.3

0.4

6 6 20 2 4 15 USSR China Germany Japan Poles Britain US Jews

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Formation of the United Nations The Beginning

Stalin & FDR secretly discussed ideas for U.N. at Tehran Conference 1944: Britain, China, USSR, & U.S. met in D.C. & drafted the 1 st charter

Formation of the United Nations First Meeting

April 1945 in San Francisco Delegates from 50 nations worked for 2 months to develop the official charter

Formation of the United Nations Details & Purpose

Purpose: peacekeeping organization designed to protect its members against aggression Permanent Members of Security Council: USA, Britain, USSR, France, China

Origins of the Cold War

US, USSR, Great Britain unnatural allies during World War II Tensions submerged until close of war Yalta and Potsdam Conferences (1945) Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt Decided on USSR declaration of war vs. Japan, setting up of International Military Tribunal Free elections for Eastern Europe Stalin arranges pro-communist governments in Eastern European countries 1946: “Iron Curtain” descends 97

The Truman Doctrine (1947)

World divided into free and enslaved states US to support all movements for democracy “containment” of Communism NATO and the Warsaw Pact established Militarization of Cold War 98

Marshall Plan for Europe Who…?

…proposed the plan?

U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall

Marshall Plan for Europe When…?

…did he propose the plan?

1947

Marshall Plan for Europe What…?

…did he propose the U.S. needed to do?

Give aid to needy European countries Provide food, machinery, & other materials to rebuild Western Europe & stop Soviet expansion Truman signs Marshall Plan 

The Marshall Plan

Named for George C. Marshall (1880 1989), US Secretary of State Proposed in 1947, $13 billion to reconstruct western Europe USSR establishes Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), 1949 The United Nations formed (1945) to resolve international disputes 102

MacArthur’s Plan for Japan Demilitarization

Disbanded Japanese armed forces Left Japanese with small police force

MacArthur’s Plan for Japan Democratization

Created a gov’t elected by the people Set up a constitutional monarchy b/c Japanese wanted to keep emperor

MacArthur’s Plan for Japan Other Reforms

Land ownership was expanded Independent labor unions had the right to form Increase participation of workers & farmers in new democracy

Varieties of Wartime Occupation

Independent States with enforced alliances Thailand, Denmark Puppet States Manchukuo, Vichy France Military Administration Indochina, Poland 106

Collaboration

For some, opportunity for social mobility under conquerors Sometimes considered a lesser evil than military administration 107

Resistance

Military forms of resistance Intelligence gathering Protecting refugees Symbolic gestures German, Japanese policies of collective punishment 108

Women and the War

WAVES (Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency Service) US, Great Britain bar women from serving in combat units Soviet, Chinese forces include women fighters Women very active in resistance movements 109

Women’s Roles

Women occupy jobs of men away at war Also take on “head of household” duties Temporary: men returning from war displace women Yet lasting impact on women’s movement 110

“Comfort Women”

Asian women forced into prostitution by Japanese forces 20/30 men per day, in war zones “Comfort Houses,” “Consolation Centers” Killed when infected with venereal disease Large-scale massacres at end of war to hide crimes Social ostracism for survivors 111