Transcript Marine Biology Field Guide

Marine Biology
Field Guide
Table of Contents
All Life
Prokaryotes
Domain
Eubacteria
Kingdom
Monera
Eukaryotes
Domain
Archaea
Domain
Eukaryota
Kingdom
Fungi
Kingdom
Protista
Kingdom
Plantae
Kingdom
Animalia
Kingdom Animalia
• Multicellular / Eukaryotic
• Sexual reproduction
• Life cycle:
- adult always diploid
- embryo undergoes stages of development
• Heterotrophic - most ingest, then digest
• Most motile by muscle fiber
• Grouped into about 30 phyla
Some major phyla of animalia
1) Chordata (chordates)
2) Echinodermata (echinoderms)
3) Arthropoda (arthropods)
4) Mollusca (mollusks)
5) Brachiopoda ( lamp shells)
6) Phoronida (phoronids)
7) Bryozoa (bryozoans)
8) Annelida (segmented worms)
9) Nematoda (roundworms)
10) Nemetera (ribbon worms)
11) Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
12) Ctenophora (comb jellies)
13) Cnidaria or Coelenterata (cnidarians or coelenterates)
14) Porifera (sponges)
Animalia (vertebrates)
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Class
Reptilia
Class
Aves
Class
Amphibia
Class
Osteichthyes
Class
Chondrichthyes
Class
Agnatha
Class Chondrichthyes
• Approximately 350 species
• Skeleton is made of cartilage.
• Have rows of teeth.
• Mouth is located on the ventral side.
• Body is covered with placoid scales.
• Body is fusiform in shape.
• Have 5 to 7 gill slits on each side of the body.
• Most need to swim to breathe.
Generalized Shark Anatomy
Mustelus canis
smooth dogfish
smooth dogfish
Mustelus canis
smooth dogfish
Description:
The smooth dogfish has a slender body with an obvious spiracle
behind the eye. The caudal fin has a rounded lower lobe and a
larger top lobe. The teeth are very small, blunt, numerous and
similar in both the upper and lower jaw. This shark is olive gray or
brown on top and yellow or grayish white below. The smooth
dogfish is able to change its color slowly through contraction of
melanophores.
Mustelus canis
smooth dogfish
Habitat:
This shark commonly lives in bays and inshore waters. It prefers
waters less than 18 meters (60 feet) deep. The smooth dogfish is a
migratory species that moves north and south with the seasons.
Range:
This species of shark occurs in the western Atlantic Ocean. It ranges
from the Bay of Fundy to Uruguay. It is a common shark in the
waters off Cape Cod to Delaware Bay,
and overwinters from Chesapeake Bay to South Carolina. It is rare
in Canadian waters and the Bay of Fundy represents the northern
most part of its range.
Comments:
This shark is a scavenger and opportunistic feeder, but regularly
feeds upon crabs, lobster and shrimp.
Squalus acanthias
spiny dogfish
Description:
This shark is gray or brownish on top and pale gray or white on
its ventral side with irregular white spots on the top or sides of
the body. The average length is 30 to 40 inches. The second
dorsal fin is smaller than the first and both fins have spines at
their origin. The caudal fin is asymmetrical with the upper lobe
being larger. The smooth edged short and oblique teeth are
similar in both the upper and lower jaw.
Habitat:
The spiny dogfish is found in cold and warm temperate oceans at
temperatures between 6 and 15 °C. However on the Scotian Shelf
this shark has been caught in water temperature between 3 and 11
°C. The spiny dogfish is tolerant of a wide range of salinities and
can be found in estuaries. It can be located in the water column
from the surface to depths of 730 meters (2,400 feet).
Squalus acanthias
spiny dogfish
Squalus acanthias
spiny dogfish
Squalus acanthias
spiny dogfish
Squalus acanthias
spiny dogfish
Range:
This species of shark occurs in the western Atlantic Ocean. Like M.
canis, it ranges from the Bay of Fundy to Uruguay and is common in
the waters off Cape Cod to Delaware Bay, overwintering from
Chesapeake Bay to South Carolina. It is rare in Canadian waters –
the Bay of Fundy representing the northern most part of its range.
Comments:
The spiny dogfish is an opportunistic feeder eating whatever prey
is abundant. In general their diet is composed of small fishes such
as capelin, cod, haddock, hake, herring, menhaden and ratfish.
They also eat invertebrates such as krill, crabs, polychaete worms,
jellyfish, ctenophores, amphipods, squid, and octopus.
Sphyrna lewini
scalloped hammerhead
Sphyrna lewini
scalloped hammerhead
Sphyrna lewini
scalloped hammerhead
Sphyrna lewini
scalloped hammerhead
Sphyrna lewini
scalloped hammerhead
Description:
Grows to a length of 13’. The head is greatly expanded laterally (sphyrnid cephalofoil) ,
with eyes on each end of the lateral expansion. Coloration is gray above and white below.
Habitat:
In oceans near surface, sometimes in estuaries.
Range:
This species of shark occurs from New Jersey south to S. Brazil, including Gulf of
Mexico and Caribbean.
Comments:
Several hypotheses are proposed to explain the evolution of the sphyrnid
cephalofoil, but few have been empirically tested. Some suggest the cephalofoil acts
like a canard to provide hydrodynamic lift and increased maneuvering capabilities.
Others believe that the cephalofoil functions in prey manipulation. Other hypotheses
involve the potential advantages of spacing sensory structures across the surface or at
the lateral ends of the cephalofoil. Another such hypothesis is that the laterally
expanded pores in the cephalofoil provide an electrosensory capability that
maximizes search area coverage, thereby increasing the opportunity to detect food
sources.
Carcharodon carcharias
white shark
Carcharodon carcharias
white shark
Say “ahhhh”
Carcharodon carcharias
white shark
great white
Carcharodon carcharias
white shark
Carcharodon carcharias
white shark
Carcharodon carcharias
white shark
White shark
Carcharodon carcharias
great white
Description: Grows to a length of 21’. The body is elongate and fusiform in shape. Coloration
is gray or brown above and dirty white below. Snout is blunt. Caudal fin is
nearly symmetrical.
Habitat: Coastal surface waters.
Range: Atlantic coast from Newfoundland to Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico; on the
Pacific coast from Alaska south to the Gulf of California.
Comments: Juvenile white sharks normally eat squid and other fishes such as stingrays and
other sharks. As the fish matures, its diet changes. Adults eat seals, sea lions,
dolphins and dead whales, although some will continue to eat fishes such as
snapper. These sharks have also been known to eat elephant seals, sea otters, turtles
and sea birds. The white shark is a powerful predator, which provokes fear in
many people.
The Case of the New Jersey Man-Eater
Whale Shark
Rhincodon typus
Whale Shark
Rhincodon typus
Whale Shark
Rhincodon typus
Whale Shark
Rhincodon typus
Whale Shark
Rhincodon typus
Whale Shark
Rhincodon typus
Whale
WhaleShark
Shark
Rhincodon
Rhincodontypus
typus
Whale Shark
Rhincodon typus
Description: Grows to a length of 60’. The body is very large and elongate. Three ridges
begin on each side of the head and extend to the caudal peduncle. Coloration is
dark grey or brown with yellow or white spots in a checkerboard pattern. Mouth
is broad and at the end of a short snout.
Habitat: The open sea
Range: Atlantic from New York to Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico; in the
Pacific from S. California to the Gulf of California.
Comments: R. typus are not whales, but sharks. The whale portion of their name
was included to express the magnitude of their size. It is hypothesized that whale
sharks have a maximum life span of around 100-150 years. Scientists still know
relatively little about them.
Clearnose Skate
Raja eglanteria
Clearnose Skate
Raja eglanteria
Clearnose Skate
Raja eglanteria
D. Hussey
Clearnose Skate
Raja eglanteria
Clearnose Skate
Raja eglanteria
Description: This skate, which reaches sizes up to 30 inches long and 19 inches wide.
Coloration is light to dark brown above with darker brown or black round spots
and irregular bars. White below. Spines are found down the center of its back.
Dorsal fins are separate. The tail is half of the total length and is covered in
spines.
Habitat: Shallow shores.
Range: From Massachusetts to Florida and N. Gulf of Mexico.
Comments: The Clearnose Skate earns its name from easily recognized translucent patches
on either side of its "nose". As its downward-pointing mouth suggests, that it
often swims close to the bottom searching for clams, mussels, shrimp, crabs and
small fish to catch and crush in its broad teeth. Like many skates, the clearnose
lays eggs inside a protective case often referred to as a mermaids purse--these
black cases are often found washed up along beaches.
Little Skate
Raja erinacea
Little Skate
Raja erinacea
Little Skate
Raja erinacea
Description: This skate, reaching a maximum length of only 21” is one of the smallest known.
Coloration is grey to dark brown above and pale below. Spines are found down
the center of its back between the spiracles and the tail. Dorsal fins are separate
and identical. The tail is half of the total length and has two or more rows of
spines.
Habitat: Shallow shores over sand or gravel.
Range: Gulf of St. Lawrence to North Carolina.
Comments: Little skates have earned their name from being one of the smallest skates found in
the coastal waters along the Atlantic coast from Nova Scotia to Virginia. Found on
sandy or muddy bottoms looking for crabs, shrimp, worms and small fishes to fill
its stomach. Like many skates, the little skate lays eggs inside a protective case
often referred to as a mermaids purse--these black cases are often found washed up
along beaches.
Class Agnatha
• Approximately 65 species
• Mouth is round and muscular.
• Have rows of teeth.
• Feed by sucking the blood of its prey.
• Lack paired fins.
• Lack scales.
• Body is cylindrical and elongate.
Sea Lamprey
Petromyzon marinus
Sea Lamprey
Petromyzon marinus
Sea Lamprey
Petromyzon marinus
Sea Lamprey
Petromyzon marinus
Description: Grow to a length of about 3 feet. Eel-like in appearance, but have a soft,
cartilaginous skeleton. They lack paired fins but have well developed dorsal and
ventral finfolds. Large specimens usually are olive brown above, or of varying
shades of yellow-brown, green, red, or blue, mottled with a darker shade of the
same color, or sometimes nearly black if the dark patches are confluent. The
lower surface is whitish, gray, or of a pale shade of the same hue as the ground
color of the back.
Habitat: It has been known from early times that the sea lamprey breeds in freshwater. Their
requirements are a gravelly bottom in rapid water for their spawning beds, with muddy
or sandy bottom in quiet water nearby waters, for the larvae.
Range: Atlantic coasts of Europe and of North America; from the west coast of Greenland to
Florida in the western side of the Atlantic; from northern Norway to the Mediterranean
in the eastern; running up fresh rivers to breed, and landlocked in certain American
lakes.
Comments: In the adult the mouth is a longitudinal slit when closed, but forms an elliptical
disk at the tip of the snout when open, and is armed with many horny, hooked
teeth arranged in numerous (11 to 12) rows, the innermost the largest.
Little is known of the habits of the lampreys while they live in the sea. Their
mode of life centers around a fiercely predaceous nature. They are found
fastened to fish, which they attack by "sucking on" with very effective mouths.
The lamprey usually fastens to the side of its victim, where it rasps away until it
tears through the skin or scales and is able to suck the blood. Its prey sucked dry,
it abandons it for another. Probably lampreys are parasites and bloodsuckers pure
and simple, for we cannot learn that anything but blood has been found in their
stomachs, except fish eggs, of which lampreys are occasionally full.
The End
Chordata – The vertebrates
•
Over 40,000 species
•
At some point during development have a notochord.
•
At some point during development have pharyngeal slits.
•
At some point during development have a post-anal tail.
•
They have a dorsal nerve cord that usually ends with a
brain.
•
Chordata have a well-developed coelem.
•
They have bilateral symmetry.
•
Chordata have a ventral heart, with blood vessels and a
closed circulatory system
•
They have complete digestive system.
•
They have an endoskeleton made out of either bone or
cartilage.
•
Seven main classes: Agnatha, Chondrichthyes,
Osteichthyes, Amphibians, Aves, Reptiles and Mammalia.
Smooth Skate
Raja senta
Smooth Skate
Raja senta
Smooth Skate
Raja senta
Smooth Skate
Raja senta
Description:
Habitat:
Range:
Comments: