Transcript Document 7256002

Chapter Introduction
Section 1: Slavery and Western
Expansion
Section 2: The Crisis Deepens
Section 3: The Union Dissolves
Visual Summary
What Keeps Nations
United?
From the days of the Constitutional
Convention until the late 1840s,
people in the North and South had
made compromises to keep the
nation united. That began to
change in the 1850s as the nation
expanded westward rapidly and the
controversy over slavery in the new
territories intensified.
• Why do you think Northerners
and Southerners became less
willing to compromise in the
1850s?
• Was the Civil War inevitable?
Slavery and Western
Expansion
How did western expansion
cause the North and South
to confront the issue of
slavery?
The Crisis Deepens
How did the controversy
over slavery break up and
create new political
parties?
The Union Dissolves
What is the final outcome
of the national split over
the slavery issue?
Big Ideas
Struggles for Rights As sectional tensions rose,
some Americans openly defied laws they thought were
unjust.
Content Vocabulary
• popular sovereignty
• secession
• transcontinental railroad
Academic Vocabulary
• survival
• perception
People and Events to Identify
• Wilmot Proviso
• Underground Railroad
• Free-Soil Party
• Harriet Tubman
• “Forty-Niners”
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• Compromise of 1850
• Gadsden Purchase
• Fugitive Slave Act
• Kansas-Nebraska Act
Can you name an issue that seems to
divide the country today?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
The Search for Compromise
Continuing disagreements over the
westward expansion of slavery
increased sectional tensions between
the North and South.
The Search for Compromise (cont.)
• In August 1846 Representative David Wilmot
proposed an addition to a war appropriations
bill.
• His amendment, known as the Wilmot
Proviso, proposed that any territory the
United States gained from Mexico would not
permit slavery.
• Southerners were enraged and Senator
John C. Calhoun prepared a series of
resolutions to counter the Proviso, but it
never came to a vote.
The Search for Compromise (cont.)
• Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan proposed
the idea of popular sovereignty.
• With the 1848 election approaching, the
Whigs chose Zachary Taylor to run for
president.
• There were two types of Northern Whigs:
Conscience Whigs and Cotton Whigs.
The Search for Compromise (cont.)
• The decision to nominate Taylor convinced
many Conscience Whigs to quit the party.
• Antislavery Democrats and Conscience
Whigs joined members of the abolitionist
Liberty Party to form the Free-Soil Party.
• Taylor still won the election.
The Search for Compromise (cont.)
• In 1848 gold was discovered in California,
and thousands of people headed west,
hoping to become rich.
• By the end of 1849, more than 80,000
“Forty-Niners” had arrived to look for gold.
• California applied for statehood as a free
state.
• Southerners did not want to be in the
minority as slave states and a few Southern
leaders began to talk openly of secession.
The Search for Compromise (cont.)
• Senator Henry Clay tried to find a
compromise that would enable California to
join the Union.
− He offered eight resolutions to solve the
crisis.
− John C. Calhoun wrote a response, frankly
stating that Clay’s compromise would not
save the Union.
The Search for Compromise (cont.)
• At first, Congress did not pass Clay’s bill, but
Taylor died unexpectedly; Calhoun was dead
by the end of the summer.
− Vice President Millard Fillmore succeeded
Taylor and supported the bill.
− Stephen A. Douglas took charge of the
effort to resolve the crisis.
The Search for Compromise (cont.)
• All parts of the original proposal passed—the
Compromise of 1850 eased tensions over
slavery for the time being.
The Compromise of 1850
Whose nickname was “The Great
Compromiser”?
A. John C. Calhoun
B. Henry Clay
C. Millard Fillmore
D. Zachary Taylor
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
The Fugitive Slave Act
Many Northerners opposed the Fugitive
Slave Act and vowed to disobey it.
The Fugitive Slave Act (cont.)
• Under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, a
person claiming that an African American
had escaped from slavery had only to point
out that person as a runaway to take him or
her into custody.
• Newspaper accounts of the unjust seizure of
African Americans fueled Northerners’
indignation.
The Fugitive Slave Act (cont.)
• Although the Fugitive Slave Act included
heavy fines and prison terms for helping a
runaway, whites and free African Americans
continued their work with the Underground
Railroad.
• The most famous of the conductors was
Harriet Tubman.
Slavery and the Underground Railroad, 1830–1860
The Fugitive Slave Act (cont.)
• After receiving an account from her sister of
the new Fugitive Slave Act that had gone
into effect, Harriet Beecher Stowe began
writing sketches for a book called Uncle
Tom’s Cabin.
• Despite Southern outrage, the book
eventually sold millions of copies.
• It had such a dramatic impact on public
opinion that many historians consider it one
of the causes of the Civil War.
The words of which writer were used
by many activists to justify defying
the Fugitive Slave Act?
A. Walt Whitman
B. Emily Dickinson
C. Henry David Thoreau
D. Ralph Waldo Emerson
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
In the 1850s the debate over the spread
of slavery became increasingly heated
and sometimes turned violent.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act (cont.)
• The opening of Oregon and the admission of
California to the Union had convinced
Americans that a transcontinental railroad
should be built to connect the West Coast to
the rest of the country.
• Many Southerners preferred a southern
route from New Orleans for the railroad.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act (cont.)
• In 1853 Mexico accepted $10 million for the
Gadsden Purchase, which would allow the
railroad to pass through northern Mexico.
• Senator Stephen A. Douglas wanted the
eastern terminus to be in Chicago but knew
that Congress first had to organize the
unsettled lands west of Missouri and Iowa.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act (cont.)
• Southern senators made it clear to Douglas
that if he wanted Nebraska organized, he
needed to work to repeal the Missouri
Compromise and allow slavery in the new
territory.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act (cont.)
• Douglas proposed the following bill:
− He would undo the Missouri Compromise
and allow slavery in the region.
− He would also divide the region into two
territories—Nebraska (a free state) and
Kansas (a slave state).
The Kansas-Nebraska Act (cont.)
• Despite Northern opposition, the KansasNebraska Act was passed.
• “Bleeding Kansas,” as newspapers dubbed the
territory, became the scene of a territorial civil
war between pro-slavery and anti-slavery
settlers.
“Bleeding Kansas,” 1855–1856
The Kansas-Nebraska Act (cont.)
• Senator Charles Sumner, a fiery abolitionist,
delivered a speech accusing pro-slavery
senators of forcing Kansas into the ranks of
slave states.
− He singled out Senator Andrew P. Butler.
− Butler’s second cousin, Representative
Preston Brooks, beat Sumner savagely
with a cane, leaving him severely injured.
By March 1856, Kansas had two
governments because of the issue of
slavery.
A. True
B. False
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Big Ideas
Group Action Due to differing opinions within
established parties, Americans forged new political
alliances in the 1850s.
Content Vocabulary
• referendum
• insurrection
Academic Vocabulary
• correspondence
• formulate
People and Events to Identify
• Republican Party
• Dred Scott
• Lecompton constitution
• Freeport Doctrine
• John Brown
Can you think of any martyrs in
history?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
The Birth of the Republican Party
Continuing disagreements over the
expansion of slavery—most notably the
Kansas-Nebraska Act—led to the
formation of the Republican Party.
The Birth of the Republican Party (cont.)
• Anger over the Kansas-Nebraska Act
convinced former Whigs, members of the
Free-Soil Party, and a few antislavery
Democrats to work together during the
congressional elections of 1854.
• Their coalition came to be known as the
Republican Party.
• Eventually, the Republican Party absorbed
most Northern Know-Nothings.
The Birth of the Republican Party (cont.)
• Republicans elected John C. Frémont to run
in the 1856 presidential campaign; the
Democrats nominated James Buchanan; the
American Party chose Millard Fillmore.
• Buchanan won the election.
The Birth of the Republican Party (cont.)
• The case of Dred Scott v. Sandford went all
the way to the Supreme Court.
• Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled against
Scott because, he claimed, African
Americans were not citizens and therefore
could not sue in the courts.
• This ruling became a political issue that
further intensified sectional conflict.
Which political party agreed with
Taney’s ruling in the Dred Scott case?
A. Democrats
B. Republicans
C. The American Party
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
B
0%
C
The Emergence of Abraham Lincoln
Stephen Douglas took positions on
Kansas and the Dred Scott case that
reduced his popularity while Abraham
Lincoln gained a reputation within the
Republican Party.
The Emergence of Abraham Lincoln (cont.)
• President Buchanan urged Kansas to
schedule an election for delegates to a
constitutional convention, but antislavery
candidates boycotted it, claiming it was
rigged.
− The resulting constitution legalized slavery
in the territory.
− Each side held its own referendum.
The Emergence of Abraham Lincoln (cont.)
• The Senate voted to accept the Lecompton
constitution, but the House of
Representatives blocked it.
• Southern leaders in Congress agreed to
allow Kansas to hold another referendum,
during which they rejected the constitution.
• Kansas did not become a state until 1861.
The Emergence of Abraham Lincoln (cont.)
• In 1858 Illinois Republicans chose Abraham
Lincoln, a man morally opposed to slavery,
to run for the Senate against the Democratic
incumbent, Stephen A. Douglas.
• During a debate with Lincoln, Douglas tried
to avoid the dilemma of slavery by
formulating an answer that became known
as the Freeport Doctrine.
The Emergence of Abraham Lincoln (cont.)
• Douglas won the election, but Lincoln
established his reputation as someone who
could argue with force and eloquence.
Which stance did Stephen A. Douglas
take on slavery?
A. He was an abolitionist.
B. He believed it was morally
wrong.
C. He supported popular
sovereignty.
D. He believed slavery should
be legal in all states.
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C0%
D
C
0%
D
John Brown’s Raid
Abolitionist John Brown planned to
free and arm enslaved African
Americans to stage a rebellion against
slaveholders.
John Brown’s Raid (cont.)
• John Brown was a fervent abolitionist who
developed a plan to seize the federal arsenal
at Harpers Ferry, free and arm the enslaved
people in the area, and begin an
insurrection against the slaveholders.
• He was caught and hanged, becoming a
martyr to many Northerners.
What did John Brown prophetically
predict?
A. A peaceful end to slavery
B. A bloody battle over
slavery
C. No end to slavery
D. His own death
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Big Ideas
Struggles for Rights After Lincoln’s election to the
presidency, many Southerners placed state loyalty
above loyalty to the Union.
Content Vocabulary
• martial law
Academic Vocabulary
• commitment
• impose
People and Events to Identify
• John C. Breckinridge
• John Bell
• Fort Sumter
• Crittenden’s Compromise
• Confederacy
• Jefferson Davis
Have you ever felt so strongly about
an issue that you would be willing to
go to war to defend your ideals?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
The Election of 1860
The election of Abraham Lincoln led
the Southern states to secede from the
Union.
The Election of 1860 (cont.)
• In 1860 the debate over slavery in the
western territories finally tore the Democratic
Party apart.
• Some of the delegates chose Stephen A.
Douglas to run for president; the rest chose
John C. Breckinridge.
• A new party, the Constitutional Unionists,
chose John Bell as their candidate.
The Election of 1860
The Election of 1860 (cont.)
• The Republicans chose Abraham Lincoln,
who won the election.
• Shortly after Lincoln’s election, the South
Carolina state legislature called for a
convention.
• They unanimously voted for the Ordinance
of Secession.
The Election of 1860
The Election of 1860 (cont.)
• The states of the Lower South seceded one
after another, seizing all federal property in
their states.
• Only the island strongholds of Fort Sumter
and Fort Pickens, as well as a few other
islands off the coast of Florida, remained out
of Southern hands.
Steps to Civil War, 1846–1860
The Election of 1860 (cont.)
• Many members of Congress still wanted to
compromise to avoid civil war, but Lincoln
asked congressional Republicans to stand
firm, and Crittenden’s Compromise did not
pass.
• Virginia proposed a peace conference, but
none of the secessionist states attended.
The Election of 1860 (cont.)
• Instead, they met in Montgomery, Alabama
and declared themselves the Confederate
States of America.
• They elected Jefferson Davis as president
of the Confederacy.
Which issue in 1860 finally tore the
Democratic Party apart?
A. Slavery in the western territories
B. Secession
0%
D
C
B
D. John Brown’s raid
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
0%
D. D
A
C. Lincoln’s nomination by
the Republican Party
The Civil War Begins
The plan to resupply Fort Sumter
triggered the beginning of the Civil War.
The Civil War Begins (cont.)
• Confederate forces bombarded Fort Sumter
for 33 hours, wrecking the fort but killing no
one, until Anderson and his exhausted men
surrendered.
• The Civil War had begun.
• President Lincoln then called for 75,000
volunteers to serve in the military for 90 days.
The Civil War Begins (cont.)
• States in the upper South then began to
secede.
• With the upper South gone, Lincoln was
determined to keep the slaveholding border
states from seceding.
• Lincoln imposed martial law in Baltimore,
where mobs had already attacked federal
troops.
Seceding States, 1860–1861
The Civil War Begins (cont.)
• Kentucky stayed neutral until September
1861; Kentuckians who supported the
Confederacy seceded.
• Missouri stayed with the Union.
Seceding States, 1860–1861
Why did Lincoln work so hard to prevent
Maryland from seceding?
A. He needed those men to help him
fight the Confederacy.
B. Maryland had important arsenals
within its state lines.
0%
D
0%
C
B
A
A. A
C. Washington, D.C. would be
B. B
surrounded by Confederate territory.
C. 0%C
0%
D. Some of the rivers were
D. D
strategically important.
Causes of Sectional Tensions
• Disagreement continues over the legality, morality, and
politics of slavery.
• Congressman David Wilmot proposes the Wilmot
Proviso to ban slavery in territory acquired from Mexico.
• The concept of popular sovereignty—
that local settlers can decide whether
their state will be a free state or slave
state—is popularized.
Causes of Sectional Tensions
• The California Gold Rush leads to Californians applying
for statehood as a free state, creating the possibility of
more free states than slave states in the Senate.
• The Compromise of 1850 leads to the Fugitive Slave
Law.
• Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes
Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852.
• The Kansas-Nebraska Act repeals
the Missouri Compromise.
Causes of Sectional Tensions
• Dred Scott case results in the Supreme Court declaring
the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.
• John Brown launches a raid on Harpers Ferry, hoping to
incite a slave rebellion.
• Lincoln wins the presidency
in 1860.
Effects of Sectional Tensions
• The Free-Soil Party, seeking to stop the spread of
slavery into western territories, is formed.
• The Republican Party is formed by antislavery Whigs,
Democrats, Free-Soilers, and members of the
abolitionist Liberty Party.
• Some Northerners actively resist the Fugitive Slave
Law and help escaped slaves; the Underground
Railroad moves runaway slaves from the South to
freedom in Canada.
• Violence erupts between proslavery and antislavery
settlers in Kansas.
Effects of Sectional Tensions
• John Brown and Uncle Tom’s Cabin polarized the
North and South.
• Missouri Compromise is found unconstitutional by the
Supreme Court in Dred Scott v. Sandford.
• John Brown’s raid convinces many
Southerners that secession is necessary
to keep the South safe.
• Lincoln’s election is the final straw.
Several Southern states secede from
the Union and form the Confederacy.
Effects of Sectional Tensions
• Confederates attack Fort
Sumter in South Carolina
and take it.
• Lincoln calls for troops to
put down the rebellion;
the Civil War begins.
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ANSWER: Yes.—Moving
the 36 votes from Taylor’s
side to Cass’s side would
have reversed the
election’s outcome.
popular sovereignty
government subject to the will of the
people; before the Civil War, the idea
that people living in a territory had the
right to decide by voting if slavery
would be allowed there
secession
withdrawal from the Union
transcontinental railroad
a railway system extending across
the continent
survival
the continuation of life or existence
perception
the capacity, degree, and accuracy of
one’s consciousness, awareness, or
comprehension
referendum
the practice of letting voters accept or
reject measures proposed by the
legislature
insurrection
an act of rebellion against the
established government
correspondence
communication by letters
formulate
to prepare or devise according to a
systematized statement or formula
martial law
the law administered by military
forces that is invoked by a
government in an emergency
commitment
an agreement or pledge to do
something in the future
impose
to establish authority by force
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