Transcript Ethical Issues in Animal Biotechnology Paul B. Thompson Advisory Committee on 21

Ethical Issues in Animal
Biotechnology
Paul B. Thompson
W.K. Kellogg Professor of
Agricultural, Food and Community
Ethics
Michigan State University
Advisory Committee on 21st Century
Agriculture
November 28, 2007
Globalization
& Precaution
“The Genetic
Divide”
Ownership
of Life
Consumer
Choice
Impact on Farms
and Farming
Ethical Issues
in Animal
Biotechnology
Environmental
Impact
Animals in
Research
Animal Welfare
“”Unnatural
Animals"
Globalization
& Precaution
“The Genetic
Divide”
Ownership
of Life
Consumer
Choice
Impact on Farms
and Farming
Ethical Issues
in Animal
Biotechnology
Environmental
Impact
Animals in
Research
Animal Welfare
“”Unnatural
Animals"
Two Problems
• The rBST Problem (briefly)
• The Blind Chicken Problem
• And a concluding note on consumer
choice
Two Problems
• The rBST Problem
rBST
More
Milk
Health
Issues
Animal
Welfare
Two Problems
• The rBST Problem
rBST
More
Milk
Lower
Welfare
Animal
Welfare
rBST was deemed “acceptable”
on animal health grounds.
Basic
Cow
Genetics
Rotational
Grazing
Basic problem: a genetic
technology linked to a welfare
problem that can also be caused
by other accepted practices.
My 15 Minutes of Fame
There's a strain of chickens that are blind, and this was not produced
through biotechnology. It was actually an accident that got developed
into a particular strain of chickens. Now blind chickens, it turns out,
don't mind being crowded together so much as normal chickens do.
And so one suggestion is that, `Well, we ought to shift over to all blind
chickens as a solution to our animal welfare problems that are
associated with crowding in the poultry industry.' Is this permissible
on animal welfare grounds?
Here, we have what I think is a real philosophical conundrum. If you
think that it's the welfare of the individual animal that really matters
here, how the animals are doing, then it would be more humane to
have these blind chickens. On the other hand, almost everybody that
you ask thinks this is an absolutely horrendous thing to do.
Paul Thompson quoted by David Kastenbaum, Morning
Edition, December 4, 2001. Transcript available online at www.npr.org
The Blind Chicken Problem
Strategies for relieving
stress or adverse
impact on livestock
that use genetics to
a) reduce sensory
capacity;
b) eliminate or
moderate behavioral
drives;
c) alter species-typical
behavior.
The Ethical Rationale for Blind Chicken Strategies:
Concept of Animal Welfare
Animal Natures
Mortality,
Morbidity,
Physiological
Stress
Animal Bodies
Movement,
Ability to
perform species
typical behavior
Pain,
Discomfort,
Psychological
Stress
Animal Minds
Blind Chicken Strategies
•
•
•
reduce sensory capacity;
eliminate behavioral drives;
alter species-typical behavior.
Mortality,
Morbidity,
Physiological
Stress
Animal Bodies
Pain,
Discomfort,
Psychological
Stress
Animal Minds
Possible Ethical Problems with Blind
Chickens: Welfare Specification
An individual animal that
has no drive to perform a
species typical behavior
would not be frustrated by
living inThesis
an environment
Welfare
the behavior
Needwhere
for movement
and could
not
be performed.
expressing
genetic
drives
are important to the extent
that an individual
actually experiences
these needs.
Animal Natures
If they do not help an
animal cope with its
environment, simply
having a need does
not contribute to
welfare
•reduce sensory capacity;
•eliminate behavioral drives;
•alter species-typical behavior.
Possible Ethical Problems with Blind
Chickens: Welfare Specification
Animal Natures
Alternative View
Possession of speciestypical genetic drives and
and behavioral abilities
is a fundamental
component of
animal natures.
Animals that lack such
drives and abilities are
capacity;“worse off” than conspecifics that have them.
•reduce sensory
•eliminate behavioral drives;
•alter species-typical behavior.
• Implication: The
conundrum. What
theory says is right is
something no one
accepts as right.
• Implication: One
seems willing to
endorse a situation
where animals suffer
over one where they
do not (or suffer less).
Welfare Thesis
Alternative View
Need for movement and
expressing genetic drives
are important to the extent
that an individual
actually experiences
these needs.
Possession of speciestypical genetic drives and
and behavioral abilities
is a fundamental
component of
animal natures.
The ethical issue here does not
consist in harm to the animal, but
reflects a putative deficiency in the
moral character of the agent.
A 3rd Point of View:
The “Virtues” Objection
You advocate blinding chickens!?!
It may appear that animal scientists and
the livestock industry are willing to do
anything to protect profits.
Animal Natures are seen by them
simply as a means to this end.
Globalization
& Precaution
Ownership
of Life
Consumer
Consumer
Choice
Choice
“The Genetic
Divide”
Does the presence of these possible
ethical questions provide a reason why
consumers should be able to “opt out” of
Impact on Farms
products
from
cloned
or
genetically
and
Farming
Ethical Issues
in Animal
engineered livestock?
Biotechnology
Environmental
Impact
Animals in
Research
Animal Welfare
“”Unnatural
Animals"
Thank-you for listening.
[email protected]
Food Biotechnology in Ethical
Perspective 2nd Edition
http://www.springer.com