Transcript Document 7240693

Beyond the Mississippi
1800-1860
The Plains Indians
The Influence of Europeans
The Spanish--Introduced the Horse
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Initially many native groups were unchanged
by the horse and continued to farm.
Slowly, more and more became nomadic and
followed the buffalo herds.
Indians began to raid other tribes and warfare
replaced peaceful coexistence.
The number of settled villages Declined
Hispanic North America
Overview
Initially, most considered the Louisiana
Purchase “Indian Country,” but Americans
continued to want more and more land.
The Spanish holdings in North America
were looked at increasingly.
Spain’s Empire in North America
Consisted of Mexico, New Mexico, Texas
and California.
Spanish had colonized the territories by
building a network of mission-forts
(presidios).
Mexican Independence
1821 Mexico won independence from
Spain
The new government secularized the
missions
New Mexico, California and Texas began
to trade more with the US. This created
strong economic ties.
Texas and Independence
1822 The first group of American
settlers led by Stephen Austin entered
the Texas Territory with the permission
of the Mexican government.
Initially Mexicans encouraged the
American colonization of TX.
1830--Worried they’d lose TX, Mexico
prohibited any more Americans from
entering TX and banned slave
importation.
Stephen Austin
1835--More than 30,000 Americans
were living in TX and began to demand
more political power.
1835--General Antonio Lopez de Santa
Anna became dictator of Mexico and
stripped the territories of their self
government rights.
1835--Soon after Texans and Mexicans
clashed and the Texas War for
Independence began.
General
Antonio
Lopez de
Santa
Anna
Texas War for Independence
Santa Anna sought to squash the rebellion
quickly.
The Alamo
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Spanish mission in San Antonio
Texans had taken it and 200 were holed up
there.
Santa Anna attacked with 4,000 men and laid
siege to the for for 13 days.
The flag that was flown at the Alamo
The Alamo
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No prisoners were taken and 180 Texans and
Americans died including Col. William Travis,
Jim Bowie, and Davy Crockett.
The Goliad Presidio
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300 Texans surrendered under the
guaranteed of being treated as POW’s.
Santa Anna violated the agreement and had
them shot.
March 2, 1836, Texas declared the
founding of the Republic of Texas. The
outlook, however, was dim.
San Jacinto River
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April 21, 1836--800 Texans under Sam
Houston surprised Santa Anna.
Crying “Remember the Alamo,” they routed
the Mexicans in minutes.
Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign
a treaty granting Texas independence.
Fall 1836, Sam Houston was elected as
the first President of Texas.
Sam
Houston
Trails to the West
Overview
After the Lewis and Clark Expedition,
many Americans became interested in the
Oregon Country
Missionaries and Traders
Churches began to send missionaries to
the region to convert the natives.
Mountain Men—began to roam the
Rockies and trap fur. Many lived like
Indians.
Oregon Trail
1843—Settlers starting heading to the Oregon
Country along Indian trails explored by the
mountain men.
Left from Independence, Missouri
Traveled 2,000 miles across the Great Plains
and the Rocky Mountains for 4-6 weeks.
Motivated by:
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Land
Trade
The Challenge
Achieving Manifest Destiny
Overview
1840s—Americans began dreaming of an
empire that stretched from the Atlantic to
the Pacific—Manifest Destiny
Annexation of Texas
1836—Texans voted to be annexed by the
US.
Southerners welcomed it. Northerners
opposed it.
Santa Anna warned the annexation would
be considered a declaration of war.
March 1845 Congress approved the
Annexation
Dec. 1845 Texas became the 28th state.
Mexican War
Prelude to War
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March 1845—Mexico broke diplomatic relations with
the US.
US claimed the Rio Grande was the border. Mexico
claimed the Nueces River was the border.
President Polk hoped to gain the territory b/w TX and
the Pacific.
Polk Sent 3K under Zachary Taylor into the disputed
border area.
Mexico saw the advance as an invasion, and
engaged the Americans.
May 13, 1846—Congress declared war
Bear Flag Revolt
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While Congress declared war, a force under
John C. Fremont moved into CA.
B/4 the news of the war came, American
settlers in CA attacked the Mexican forces
and declared the Republic of CA (Flag w/ a
grizzly bear and a star)
The rebels and US forces defeated the
Mexicans and took control of New Mex. and
CA.
Fighting in Mexico
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Gen. Taylor defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of
Buena Vista in Feb 1847.
Sept. 14 1847—Gen. Winfield Scott took Mexico City.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Feb 2, 1848
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Mexico gave up TX and the Rio Grande became the
border.
Mexico gave New Mex and CA (2/5 of its terr.) to the
US.
The US paid Mexico $15 million
US agreed to pay claims made by Americans against
Mexico.
General Winfield Scott
Mormons Settle Utah
Settled Utah under the leadership of
Brigham Young
Founded Salt Lake City
California Gold Rush
Jan 1848—gold was discovered on John
Sutter’s land.
Americans rushed west by the thousands
and became known as “forty-niners.”
Boom towns appeared overnight and
became ghost towns just as quickly.
A boom town; Silver Cliff-1883