Transcript Sustainable Materials PowerPoint PGCE D&T

Sustainable
Materials
PowerPoint
PGCE D&T
02 02 07
David Henwood
Sustainability
Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.
(World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987)
Consumption
By 2050 at current consumption rate we will need:
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8.5 planets to absorb our carbon dioxide emissions
6 planets worth of steel
3.5 planets to sustain cement supply
3.5 planets to meet current timber demand
‘Spaceship Earth’
Design for the challenge of
sustainability in the 21st Century
Consumption
Ecological debt day/Overshoot day
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (U ncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Global annual production of plastics
1973
2003
1
million tonnes
150 million tonnes
93% of production materials are never used
in the final product
80% of products are discarded after a single
use
(http://www.envirowise.gov.uk/envirowisev3.nsf/key/cleanerdesign)
What do we throw away?
(wasteonline.org.uk)
What do we throw away?
Annually, in the UK:
•We produce more than 434 million tonnes of waste
•Each person throws away about 500kg of rubbish
•The average family consumes around 330 glass bottles/jars
•The average household throws away 675 cans
•The average household throws away 208kg of waste paper
•Each person consumes 1 tonne of wood
(wasteonline.org.uk)
What do we throw away?
What do we throw away?
Glass
The average glass bottle contains over 25% recycled glass
80 million fluorescent lighting tubes go to landfill each year
Plastic
Every year, an estimated 17 billion plastic bags are given away by supermarkets
This is equivalent to over 290 bags for every person in the UK.
Oil
1 litre of oil can pollute 1 million litres of fresh drinking water
(Scottish Oil Care Campaign).
What do we throw away?
Wood
The UK consumes about 3% of global wood consumption
with only about 1% of the worlds population.
Batteries
20,000 batteries are landfilled every year in the UK.
It can take up to 50 times more energy to produce a battery
than it actually delivers.
Textiles
25% of textiles are currently recovered.
Of these 43% become secondhand clothing,
12% wiping clothes, 22% filling materials, 7% fiber reclamation,
9% are shoes which are reused
7% is rejected as waste
Britain only recycles 2-4% of its clothing
Recycling - problem solved?
European Recycling Rates
2001
2002
Netherlands
59%
Belgi um*
93%
Austria
58%
Germany
79%
Germany
53%
Netherlands*
78%
Belgi um
39%
Austria
78%
Sweden
39%
Switzerland
75%
Luxembourg
36%
Luxemburg*
71%
Denmark
32%
Sweden
70%
Spai n
28%
Norway*
60%
Finland
25%
France
57%
France
25%
Italy
55%
Italy
24%
Spai n
51%
Ireland
13%
Ireland
51%
United Kingdom
13%
Denmark
46%
Greece
9%
UK
42%
Portugal
4%
Finland*
39%
Portugal
28%
(foe.co.uk)
*Rates for Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg, Finland and Norway show metals packaging
recycling rates (including aluminium).
Recycling - problem solved?
Recycling 1kg of aluminium saves:
up to 6kg of bauxite
4kg of chemical products
14 kWh of electricity.
Recycling aluminium requires only 5% of the energy
produces only 5% of the CO2 emissions
compared with primary production
In 1989 2% of all aluminium cans in the UK were recycled
In 1998 36% of all aluminium cans were recycled
Recycling 1 tonne of steel
saves:
1.5 tonnes of iron ore
0.5 tonnes of coal
40% of the water required in production
75% of the energy
1.28 tonnes of solid waste
Reduction of air emissions by 86%
Reduction of water pollution by 76%
Recycling 1 tonne of paper
saves:
at least 30000 litres of water
3000 - 4000 KWh electricity ( a 3 bed house for 1 year)
95% of air pollution.
Materials search sites
www.materialconnexion.com/goldsmiths
www.100percentmaterials.co.uk
www.modulor.info/www.iom3.org/
Sustainable Materials
search sites
www.constructionresources.com
www.kingston.ac.uk/~kx19789/rematerialise/
html_and_flash/searchwelcome.htm
www.greenspec.co.uk
Provides choice, not a way of making
comparisons of sustainability
What is ‘material’?
Material life cycle
So…
materials have a story
materials have a journey
materials have a lifecycle
What can we learn by uncovering this lifecycle?
Material life cycle
1.
Acquiring raw material
2.
Processing & manufacture
3.
Packaging & distribution
4.
CONSUMER USAGE
5.
End of life disposal
What makes a material ‘not eco’?
1.
Acquiring raw material
1.
Irreplaceable, hard to extract
2.
Processing & manufacture
2.
Polluting & generates waste
3.
Packaging & distribution
3.
4.
CONSUMER USAGE
4.
Source far from market,
needless marketing led
packaging
Short product life
5.
End of life disposal
5.
Landfill
What makes a material ‘eco’?
1.
Acquiring raw material
1.
Easy access, quickly renewable
2.
Processing & manufacture
2.
3.
Packaging & distribution
3.
Low energy manufacture & no
waste or pollution
Local, unpackaged
4.
CONSUMER USAGE
4.
5.
End of life disposal
5.
Long life cycle, non toxic,
needed in small quantities, not
fad
Bio degradable, reprocessable,
kept from waste stream
What would the most ‘un-eco’ material
possible be like?
• Limited supply
• Large scale permanent social, cultural & environmental damage &
instability
• Forced low wage labour to produce
• From very far away
• High embodied energy in extraction & processing
• Polluting manufacturing process
• Heavily over-packaged un-necessarily
• Produced in excess
• Toxic in use
• Combined with other materials so un-recyclable
• Produced to satisfy a stylish/fashionable fad (prematurely replaced)
• Decomposes very slowly
• Waste & pollution at every stage of life
What would the most ‘eco’ material
possible be like?
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Comes from just beyond your front door
Quick growing
Low embodied energy
No waste produced in converting from raw to useful
No need for additional packaging
Non polluting & non toxic
Useable effectively on its own
Available cheaply
Available in quantities to fulfill demand
Bio degradable
Eco material specification
• You must be guided by a lifecycle analysis approach to design
• Trade offs are inevitable as there are no easy answers
• It is impossible to accurately measure relative ‘eco-ness’ of
materials
• Learn an informed, intuitive approach to material assessment
• Decisions must be based on broad but extensive knowledge
• You must be willing to constantly update your materials
knowledge as new information & materials arrive
Aim for ‘BEST POSSIBLE’ not just ‘BETTER THAN’
Criteria will include…
Eco material specification
Question the supplier & gauge their commitment to ‘eco’ issues
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What environmental information do they provide about their goods?
Do they generally provide information gladly or reluctantly?
Ask for environmental & health / safety data
Are they working towards less harmful alternatives?
Can they trace their goods back to origin?
Are their goods certified in any way?
Do they have an Environmental policy?
Do they have a Health & Safety policy?
Do they have an Ethical or Social policy?
Red (green?) herrings
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Eco friendly
Longer lasting
Kinder to the environment
Natural / as nature / home made
Economical
Less polluting
Recyclable
Inspired by nature
etc etc…
All the above refer to ‘BETTER THAN’ not ’BEST’
Embodied energy values (relative index)
Zinc/Brass/Chrome/Nickel
Copper
Aluminium
Stainless steel
Natural Rubber
ABS
PET
PVC
Steel
HDPE
LDPE
Paper
Glass
Recycled Aluminium
Recycled Paper
Cardboard
Recycled Steel
Wood
50-200
85
18
17
15
9.3
7.1
4.2
4.2
2.9
3.8
3.3
2.1
1.8
1.5
1.4
1.3
0.74
(Production of materials in millipoints per kg)
Or make your own sustainable material…
Identify one of the following:
Examples:
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Jane Atfield
Julienne dolphin Wilding
Lois Walpole
Jeremy Dent
Waste from manufacture
A by-product of manufacture
Off-cuts or trimmings
Pre-consumer waste
Wasted packaging
Post-consumer waste
Recycled material
Broken objects
Discarded items
Smile Plastics
Remarkable
Web resources
www.Smile-plastics.co.uk
www.Fsctimber.co.uk
www.Ecoimpact.co.uk
www.Ecospaints.com
www.Auroorganic.co.uk
www.Englishoakdirect.co.uk
www.Timbmet.com
www.fairtrade.org.uk
www.Londonremade.com
www.Greenchoices.org
www.Envocare.co.uk
www.Freeform.org.uk
www.Greenbuildingstore.co.uk
www.Ttura.com
www.Constructionresources.com
www.Ethicaljunction.org
www.Capitalwastefacts.com
www.Cat.org.uk
www.Corkmasters.com
www.Bre.co.uk
www.Urbanmines.org.uk
www.Authenticbusiness.co.uk
www.Aecb.net
www.Newbuilder.co.uk
www.Beaconpress.co.uk
www.Greenconsumerguide.com
www.Zuss.com
www.Ecoconstruct.com
www.Globalhemp.com
www.Recyclingbydesign.org.uk
Web resources
www.rematerialise.org
www.corusgroup.com
www.ecoconstruct.c
om www.oikos.com
www.greenbuildingstore.co.uk
www.greenbuilder.com
www.greendesign.net
www.buildfind.com
www.british-trees.com
www.fscoax.org
www.glassonline.com
www.bpf.co.uk
www.steel-sci.org
www.certifiedwood.org
www.psd-dk.com
www.actin.co.uk
www.athenasmi.ca
www.bc.bangor.ac.uk
www.bre.org.uk
www.carbohydrateeconomy.org
www.uml.edu/dept/we/centers.htm
www.ecodesign.bc.ca/product.htm
www.harrisdirectory.com
www.materialconnexion.com
www.newuses.org
www.britglass.co.uk
www.britmetfed.org.uk
www.iop.co.uk
www.corrugated.org.uk
www.pdmdf.com
Web resources
www.eternally-yours.nl
www.product-life.org
www.pre.nl
www.ecosite.co.uk
people.interactionivrea.it/natasha/cookie/week2.html
www.interaction-ivrea.it/index.asp
www.ec.gc.ca/ecocycle
www.ecomed.de/journals/lca/lc
a.hm www.cpm.chalmers.se
www.nrim.go.jp:8080/ecomat/lc
a/links.htm
www.lifecycle.org/academia.htm
www.spold.org
www.rmi.org
www.recyclingconsortium.org.uk
www.salvo.co.uk
www.rewindrecycling.org
www.alga.com.au/waste4.htm
www.biffaward.org
www.onyxenvtrust.org
www.sitaonline.co.uk
www.greenbins.co.nz/why.ht
ml www.wasteresearch.co.uk
www.bioregional.com
www.compost.org.uk
www.eco-composting.co.uk
www.buy-recycled.co.uk/index1.html
www.letsrecycle.com
www.urbanmines.org.uk
www.remade.org.uk
www.londonremade.com
Web resources
www.eco.uk.com/network/index.html
www.wrap.org.uk
www.wastewatch.org.uk
www.alucan.org.uk
www.webdirectory.com/rec
ycling www.bir.org
www.dkr.de
www.icer.org.uk
www.ethicalconsumer.org
www.greenconsumerguide.com
www.adbusters.org
www.naturalcollection.com
www.ecomarket.net
www.ecocities.net
www.mybackyard.com
www.dark-skies.org
www.gn.apc.org
www.essential.org/links
www.cityfarmer.org
www.greenmap.com
www.buy-recycled.co.uk
www.solarenergy.com
www.ecomall.com
www.greenstat.ebusiness.co.uk
www.jademountain.com
www.wholeearthmag.com
www.realgoods.com
www.sustainabilitysource.com
www.calstart.org
www.ihpva.org
Suggested Reading
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Design for the Real World
Victor Papanek
Ecological Design
S.Van Der Ryn / S.Cowan
Design+Environmen
H.Lewis / J.Gertsakis
Stuff - the secret lives J.Ryan / A.Thein Durning
The Green Imperative
Victor Papanek
Cradle to Cradle
McDonough / Braungart
Biomimicry
J.Benyus
Total Beauty of Sust Prods
E.Datschefski
Citizen Designer
S.Heller / V.Vienne
Design for Society
N.Whiteley
Natural Capitalism
P.Hawker / A & L Lovins
Design Outlaws
Zelov & Cousineau
Rubbish
R.Girling
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The Eco-Design Handbook
Industrial Hemp
Don’t throw it all away
Grow your own house
The good wood guide
Droog Design
The Whole House book
The Green Guide
Recycling
Eco
Green Architecture
Cities for a small Planet
Dirty Planet
Alastair Fuad-Luke
Hemptech
FoE
Simon Velez
FoE
Ramakers & Bakker
Borer & Harris
G Markham
Crafts Council
E.Wilhide
J.Wines
R.Rogers
C.Clayton