Transcript Ship Characteristics and Operations

Ship Characteristics and Operations
Presented at Columbia University
Center for Energy Policy and Marine Transportation
School for International Affairs and Public Administration
27 February 2006
Presented by Peter K. Wallace
[email protected]
www.knickerbocker-maritime.com
1
Introduction
• Physical characteristics of ships, specifically tankships.
• Description of operations.
• Will NOT cover the trade patterns or the
commercial/financial aspects of shipping.
2
Shipping has some Impressive Statistics
• Functions in a global environment very smoothly.
• 90-95% Operational of total life for typical, well managed
ships. The 5-10% of downtime is for planned
maintenance.
• Ships handle abusive conditions very well.
– Imagine a building the size of the Empire State Building moving at
20 miles per hour and enduring regular motions of 35° amplitude
combined with impact loads
3
Types of Ships
• Size
• Type--Cargo Designation
• Type--Age/Arrangement
4
Types of Ships
• Energy is transported on various types of specialized ships
• Tankers
– Crude
– Clean and Dirty Product
– There are other tanker types such as food grade and chemical
• LNG—Liquefied Natural Gas
• LPG—Liquefied Petroleum Gas
• Others include Bulkers (thermal coal) and Nuclear
5
Various Ships
Aframax
ULCC
LNG
VLCC
6
Characteristics of Ships--Tankers
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
General Arrangement
Compartmentalization
Structures
Cargo/Ballast Handling System
Tank Cleaning
Propulsion
Navigation
Safety Systems
7
Characteristics of Ships
General Arrangement
• General Arrangement—This is a picture of the ship which
provides a good indication of the major systems, structures
and general idea of the vessel. The details are subjects of
other extensive manuals and drawings.
8
General Arrangement
Double Hull VLCC
9
General Arrangement
Pre-MARPOL VLCC
10
Characteristics of Ships--Tankers
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
General Arrangement
Compartmentalization
Structures
Cargo/Ballast Handling System
Tank Cleaning
Propulsion
Navigation
Safety Systems
11
Ship Systems
Compartmentalization
• Pre-MARPOL--Mixed Ballast and Cargo, pre-1978
• MARPOL--Single Hulls with Segregated Ballast, 19781995
• Double Hull--Protective Hull, 1995 to present
• DH vessels have had problems with sloshing and stability
• Pre-Marpol Vessels have had pollution and corrosion
problems
• Marpol vessels have had capacity problems and structural
problems
12
Compartmentalization
13
Compartmentalization
3.5 M
CENTER
C.O.T.
W.B.T. (S)
SIDE
C.O.T.
(P)
SLL
DWL
25.60 M
19.0 M
16.76 M
BL
SIDE
C.O.T.
(S)
3.0 M
SLL
DWL
W.B.T. (P)
70.0 M
14
Capacity Plan
Pre-MARPOL VLCC
15
Capacity Plan
Aframax Double Hull
16
Characteristics of Ships--Tankers
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
General Arrangement
Compartmentalization
Structures
Cargo/Ballast Handling System
Tank Cleaning
Propulsion
Navigation
Safety Systems
17
18
Ship Systems
Structures
Midship Section
19
Characteristics of Ships--Tankers
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
General Arrangement
Compartmentalization
Structures
Cargo/Ballast Handling System
Tank Cleaning
Propulsion
Navigation
Safety Systems
20
Ship Systems
Cargo/Ballast Handling System PreMARPOL VLCC
21
Characteristics of Ships--Tankers
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
General Arrangement
Compartmentalization
Structures
Cargo/Ballast Handling System
Tank Cleaning
Propulsion
Navigation
Safety Systems
22
Ship Systems
Tank Cleaning
23
Tank Cleaning Gun
• Fixed tank cleaning machines
• Rotating unit that sprays jets
• Crude Oil Wash (COW) and Water Washing
QuickTime™ and a
TIF F (LZ W) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
24
Ship Systems
Tank Cleaning
25
Characteristics of Ships--Tankers
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
General Arrangement
Compartmentalization
Structures
Cargo/Ballast Handling System
Tank Cleaning
Propulsion
Navigation
Safety Systems
26
27
Ship Systems
Propulsion, Single Screw Steam Turbine
28
Ship Systems
Propulsion, Single Screw Steam Turbine
29
Ship Systems
Propulsion, Single Screw Steam Turbine
30
Ship Systems
Propulsion, Twin Screw Diesels
31
Characteristics of Ships--Tankers
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
General Arrangement
Compartmentalization
Structures
Cargo/Ballast Handling System
Tank Cleaning
Propulsion
Navigation
Safety Systems
32
Ship Systems
Navigation
•
•
•
•
•
•
300 years ago: Dead reckoning and luck
100 years ago: Sextants, chronometers and charts
30 years ago: CASS, Loran C and Omega
15 years ago: GPS
5 years ago: Electronic charts
Present Developments: Transponders, advanced CASS
33
Characteristics of Ships--Tankers
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
General Arrangement
Compartmentalization
Structures
Cargo/Ballast Handling System
Tank Cleaning
Propulsion
Navigation
Safety Systems
34
Safety Systems
Basic Outline
•
•
•
•
Structures and Compartmentalization
Fire Fighting
Inert Gas
Miscellaneous
35
Compartmentalization
36
Safety Systems
Fire Fighting
• Fires are among the most serious of shipboard problems.
It is rivaled only by an incident which compromises the
hull to the point of break up and sinking.
• Fire Fighting is divided into multiple systems with
redundancy.
– Water--on deck, general
– Foam--on deck, general
– Halon or CO2--enclosed spaces
37
Safety Systems
Inert Gas
38
Safety Systems
Inert Gas
39
Safety Systems
Miscellaneous
• There are many miscellaneous safety and life saving
systems and appliances.
–
–
–
–
Emergency Towing Systems
Safe Access to Bow
Rescue Boats, Life Boats and Life Rafts
Fire Wires
40
Safety Systems
Miscellaneous
41
Comment on Design
• Both were snubbed by the
general community:
– Icebreaking tankers are
currently in vogue.
– Return of nuclear in the next
decade?
42
Ports and Port Characteristics
• A wide variety of ports and port facilities
–
–
–
–
Locations—Accessible and less than accessible
Offshore—SPM or F(P)SOs
Onshore—Rivers, bays, harbors
Lightering—Offshore
43
Ports--Offshore Bouy
44
45
Ports--F(P)SO/FSU
46
Ports--Shore Terminal
47
Ports--Lightering
48
Ports--Lightering
49
Ship Operations--An Overview
50
Shipping has some Impressive Statistics
• Functions in a global environment very smoothly.
• 90-95% Operational of total life for typical, well managed
ships. The 5-10% of downtime is for planned
maintenance.
• Ships handle abusive conditions very well.
– Imagine a building the size of the Empire State Building moving at
20 miles per hour and enduring regular motions of 35° amplitude
combined with impact loads
51
Tanker Fleet Breakdown
by Number of Vessels
Handysize
33%
Panamax
13%
Approximate Total:
Source: Poten & Partners
VL/ULCC
18%
Suezmax
11%
Aframax
25%
2,500 ships in international trade
52
Commercial Chain
Cargo Owner
Charterer
Commercial Manager
Technical Manager
Focus on the Technical Management
Specialty Manager
53
Major Parties
SHIPOWNER
• Owner
CHARTERER
• Commercial Manager
• Technical Manager
• Charterer
CARGO OWNER
• Insurance (Hull and P&I)
• Flag States
• Port States
PORT
• IMO &
AUTHORITIES
TERMINALS
• Class Societies
• Financial Institutions
FLAG STATES
• Media
CLASS
SOCIETIES
SHIPYARDS
INSURERS
PILOTS
54
Tanker industry: Responsibility Chain
SHIPOWNER
CLASS
SOCIETIES
CHARTERER
SHIPYARDS
CARGO OWNER
PORT
AUTHORITIES &
TERMINALS
INSURERS
FLAG STATES
PILOTS
55
Governing Bodies
• International Maritime Organization (IMO): UN organization.
• Classification Societies (IACS, Class): ABS, LR, DNV and others
• Port State: Regulations pertaining to port and country ship is calling.
• Flag State: Regulations pertaining to domicile of the vessel--that is
the country the ship is flagged under.
• NGOs: OCIMF, Intertanko, Intercargo, BIMCO and others.
These organizations form the rules, practices and enforce the same.
56
Major Operating Codes
•
ISM/ISO: Operating Documentation and Compliance
•
STCW: Crew Qualifications
•
MARPOL: Pollution Prevention
•
SOLAS: Safety and Life Saving
•
ISPS: Ship and Port Security
There are many others as well.
57
Other Indicators of Quality
• Class Societies and owner/operators have been under
increasing attack in the past 15 years. Thus,
charterers/oilcos use Vetting, CAP and open
Questionnaires as commercial requirements. Tankers and
LNG/LPG are leading the rest of the shipping industry in
these areas.
– Vetting
– CAP
– Transparency
58
Characteristics of Shipping-Spill/Emergency Response
• Spill/Emergency Response is a result of OPA ’90 and other
incidents.
• Basic Elements include:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Engineering
Salvage
Media Response
Cleanup
Commercial and Liability Response
Some areas require escort tugs in sensitive areas
59
Characteristics of Shipping--Media
• Companies becoming more media savvy than ever before.
• Media is being courted for commercial, operating, legal
and public relations reasons.
Shipping is no longer the closed club that is beyond the site of
the public.
60
61
62
Characteristics of Shipping--Classification
• Purpose: Independent verification of vessel construction and
operation
• Organizations: Class Societies
• Basic Services: Plan Review, Surveys
• Enhanced Services: ISM/ISO, CAP/CAS
• Additional Services: Planned Maintenance, Spill Response,
Additional Analyses
63
Characteristics of Shipping--Financial
Markets
• Growing number of publicly traded companies.
• Mergers and acquisitions have been strong for the past few
decades.
• Forcing more accountability and transparency.
Shipping is entering age of being an open and accessible industry.
Shipping’s operating practices reflect this maturing into modern
market dynamics.
64
Characteristics of Shipping--Insurance
• Protection and Indemnity (P&I)—club arrangement (self
insurance)
• Hull and Machinery—more traditional, but somewhat self
insured
• Cargo—traditional insurance.
• COFR and other large lines: Disaster insurance. Large
coverage on small asset base.
65
Characteristics of Shipping--Flags
• Flags of Convenience (non-ITF)
• Open Registry (ITF—no other restrictions)
• National Flag—(tight citizenship/build/trade restrictions)
• Paris MOU List shows relative ranking of flag states (US no. 17
behind PRC, Bermuda and Liberia from 2004 list)
Flag State is important for corporate, crewing and trading reasons.
66
Owners, Operators and Managers
• Shipowners
• Operators
• Commercial Managers
• Technical Managers
• Specialty Managers--Crew Managers
All varieties of operating models are common. Many firms use a variety
of models on a case-by-case basis.
67
Outside Parties
Technical Operations
Owner
Commercial Manager
Charterer
Ship Manager
Strategic, Tactical and
Operational Communications
Port Agents
Suppliers/Service Providers
Executive
Financial Institutions
Maintenance and Repair
Shipyards
Operations
Class/Regulatory
NGO/Trade Organizations
Crewing
Insurance
Procurement
ISM/ISO/Reporting
Engineering
Accounting
Media Response
Ships
Sea Staff (shore side)
Operations
Maintenance and Repair
Class/Regulatory
Crewing
Procurement
ISM/ISO/Reporting
68
Short, Medium and Long Term Activities
•
Short Term--Daily Concerns
– Daily operations to keep the ship moving.
•
Medium Term--Occurring in a frame of 3-12 months
– Planning, development and closing of various projects, programs or efforts that
happen periodically or specific events.
– Predominantly foreseeable, but somewhat larger in scope or size than daily
operations can realistically handle.
•
Long Term--Anything beyond 12 months
– Business development, long term strategic and tactical efforts.
69
Typical Short Term Activities
•
•
•
•
Arranging crew changes
Arranging crew training
Approving purchase requisitions and placing purchase orders
Coordinating with charterer the details of port calls and voyage
characteristics
• Coordinating with service technicians, agents or others that are visiting
the vessel
• Coordinating with suppliers and agents for materials
Occurring within the time frame of the next port call or is otherwise
an immediate action item.
70
Typical Medium Term Activities
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Preparing for drydockings, Special Survey
Other Maintenance and Repair planning
Establishing or reconfirming purchasing frame contracts
Establishing or reconfirming service contracts
Arranging charter cover for vessels coming off long term charter
Planning for phase in of new regulations and charterer requirements
Execution of acquiring and disposing of vessels
Occurring in a frame of 3-12 months
71
Typical Long Term Activities
•
•
•
•
•
•
Market shifts
Crewing contracts
Influence legislation
Influence operating practice
Business Development
Researching and gauging market shifts
Typically strategic and certain tactical activities, including business development,
liaison activities, corporate planning and arranging long term contracts.
And almost anything else beyond a 12 month window.
72
Role of Technical Manager
• Technical Manager has concerns of all technical and
operational aspects of ship management.
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Maintenance and Repair
Crewing
Procurement
Operations
ISM/ISO/Environment and Reporting
Insurance
Engineering
Accounting
73
Technical Ship Management-Responsibility Lines
• Maintenance and Repair
–
–
–
–
Ensure all maintenance and repair requirements are carried out
Records
Planning for hull and machinery
Coordination with crew, suppliers, technicians, engineering, Class, Flag
State and others
• Crewing
–
–
–
–
Arrange crew changes and scheduling
Arrange crew training
Arrange crew documentation
Manage crew payroll with accounting and crewing agents
74
Technical Ship Management-Responsibility Lines
•
Procurement
–
–
–
–
–
•
Ensure requisitions are complete and accurate
Coordinates with M&R and others
Orders materials
Arranges material deliveries to meet the ship
Coordinates with ship and accounting for payments
Operations
– Coordinates with post fixture team (charterer/commercial) for ship routing,
including bunker calls.
– Coordinates with all departments that have business with ship during voyage and in
port.
– Coordinates customs, port state agents, vetting inspections and others.
– Arranges and coordinates ship agents.
– Main point of contact for all outside parties relating to daily operation of the ship.
75
Technical Ship Management-Responsibility Lines
•
ISM/ISO/Environment and Reporting
–
–
–
–
•
Relatively new department (<10 years)
Coordinates and manages all ISM and ISO documentation, training, audits and reporting.
Coordinates and manages all elements related to environmental and quality records that may or
may not be addressed within ISM/ISO.
Coordinates with the myriad of reports required for owners, charterers, vetting organizations
and others.
Insurance
–
–
Technical ship managers very often only handle Hull and miscellaneous insurance such as crew
or professional liability.
Technical ship managers coordinate with Owners and others on P&I claims, cargo insurance,
COFRs and other lines directly worked with Owner or Commercial Manager.
76
Technical Ship Management-Responsibility Lines
•
Engineering
–
–
–
–
–
•
Very often the “Special Projects” group.
Supports all groups, particularly M&R and Executives.
Typically leads new build programs.
Typically leads on major refurbishment or conversion efforts.
Very often involved in business processes and business development.
Accounting
–
–
–
–
Typically one of the larger departments.
Coordinates flow of monies through the appropriate ships and accounts.
Coordinates cash management.
Handles crew payroll, material and service invoices, and other fees.
77
78
Trends in Design and Operation
•
Move towards smaller tankers and more product over crude carriers. Partially
influenced by more upstream processing and smaller fields.
•
Short sea and inland shipping is expected to grow worldwide.
•
Rapid fleet build of LNG.
•
More automation--impending crew shortages, particularly of officers
•
More planned maintenance and monitoring systems.
•
Movement towards heavier scantlings, IACS Joint Projects underway.
Growing world trade is good for shipping.
79
Trends in Regulation
•
Environment--Genesis with Amoco Cadiz and Torrey Canyon
•
Safety and Quality--Highlighted with Titanic
•
Accountability--Highlighted with Exxon Valdez
•
Security is much smaller than overall trends above and has largely been
incorporated within operating practice. Still in implementation and refinement
stages.
80
Trends in Regulation--Environmental
Regulations
•
•
•
•
•
MARPOL 73/78 to Segregated Ballast Tanks
MARPOL/OPA ‘90 to Double Hull
Clean Air Emissions
Antifouling Coatings
Ballast Water Treatment/Exchange
Enforced by Port States, Flag States very aggressively
81
Trends in Regulation--Quality and Safety
• Increasing use of and expansion of:
– Vetting: Charterer inspection and approval of vessels.
– CAP: Condition Assessment Program is based on actual condition
of vessel and compares to as-built for structural and machinery
items.
– Transparency: Corporate commercial and operational
responsibility lines clearly defined and documented.
82
Trends in Regulation--Accountability
•
ISM and ISO. Sarbanes-Oxley for publicly traded firms.
•
COFRs and other large lines of policy coverage.
•
Aggressive enforcement by Port States and Flag States. Many previous
infractions are now criminal where before they were considered minor.
•
Classification Surveys are increasingly more stringent, particularly from third
special onwards.
83
Strengths of Shipping
• Multinational
• Mature
• Physical
• World market with real currency/trading
“When goods don’t cross borders, armies do.”
84
Weaknesses of Shipping
•
Perceived to be a “Black Art”
•
Low Returns (volatile and cyclical industry)
•
High Risk
•
Large Liability
“The problem is that shipping is like the larger world in which it operates—an
inherently disorderly affair, existing mostly beyond the reach of nations and
their laws, beyond the dikes and coastal horizons, and out across the open seas.
It is not exactly a criminal industry, but it is an amoral and stubbornly anarchic
one. And it admits as much about itself…”--William Langewiesche
85
Recommended Reading
• The Prize, Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw
• Commanding Heights, Daniel Yergin
• Maritime Economics, Martin Stopford
• The Invisible Billionaire, Jerry Shields
• The Shipbreakers (Atlantic Monthly, August 2000),
William Langewiesche
86
The End
Questions?
Peter K. Wallace
e-mail: [email protected]
presentation available on www.knickerbocker-maritime.com
87
Credits for Images
• Several of the images in the presentation do not have credits listed
below them. However, they were all obtained from generally available
sources, specifically:
– Company Websites: Stena and related companies, Teekay, FMC SOFEC,
ABB/Azipod, Auke Visser’s website for tankers, RadiationWorks,
Houghton-Mifflin, Victor Pyrate, IM Skaugen, Intertanko, Aker-Kvaerner
– Textbooks: Ship Design and Production, SNAME.
– Periodicals: Fairplay
This presentation may be used for non-commercial purposes, but on the condition that
the source(s) are clearly referenced.
88