Transcript Muckrakers Journalists Exposed the truth Early 1900’s

Muckrakers
 Journalists
 Exposed the truth
 Early 1900’s
 Upton Sinclair
 Ida Tarbell
 The Jungle
 Food, Inc.
 FDA
Upton Sinclair
 The Jungle
 Muckraker
 Meat packing industry
 Book led to legislation
 FDA
 FDR
 Food Inspection Act
 Pure Food and Drug Act
Ida Tarbell
 Exposed unfair business practices in the oil
industry
 Investigative journalist
 Rockefellers
 Standard Oil
 Teacher
 Muckraker
 Wrote “The History of Standard Oil”
Hull House
 Settlement house
 Chicago
 Ellen Gates Starr founded this
 Helped refugees
 First of its kind
 Apartments for immigrants / women
Initiative
 Proposed law that comes from the people
 Does not come from lawmakers
 Progressive Era
 Legislative measure
 Has to go through legislative process
 Can be added to legislation as a referendum
Referendum
 Where a proposed bill can be voted on by
the people
 Gave people more say in government
 Used in some cases to recall government
officials
Recall
 To remove a public official from office
 Vote of the people not the government
 Usually voted on in a referendum
 20 states had adopted referendum, recall,
and/or initiative procedures by 1920
 Part of political reforms of the Progressive
Era
Direct election of the Senators
 17th amendment
 People voted for senators
 No longer appointed by state legislatures
 1912
 People have more say in federal government
 Part of the Progressive Era
Jim Crow
 Segregation laws in the south
 New way of enslaving African-Americans
without “slavery”
 Black codes
 Got rid of all blacks’ rights
 Mostly aimed at keeping blacks from voting
 Led to the Freedmen’s Bureau
Plessy v. Ferguson
 1896 segregation in public places is legal
 Established “separate but equal” clause
 Second major racial Landmark Supreme
Court case
 Last 60 years until Brown v. Board of
Education
 Enforced judicial review
NAACP
 National Association for the Advancement
of Colored People
 Racial equality
 Founded in 1909
 Booker T. Washington
 Non-violent means to equality
Anti-immigration sentiment
 Lead to immigration restrictions
 Nativism
 Chinese-Exclusion Act
 Low wage jobs
 Quota system
 Nationalism
 Continues into today
Chinese Exclusion Act
 Prohibited all Chinese except students,
teachers, merchants, tourists, and
government officials from entering the US
 1882
 Limited the number of Chinese immigrants
 Discrimination in the Railroad industry
Spanish-American War
 America wanted to free Cuba from Spanish
control
 Triggered by the sinking of the USS Maine
 Treaty of Paris ended it in 1898
 Rough Riders
 America gained the Philippines
 Teddy Roosevelt
 “Big Stick” Policy
 Showed America as a major world power
American Expansionism
 Expand the size of the nation under
imperialism
 Manifest Destiny (economically)
 Hawaii, Philippines, etc.
 Alaska
 Increase military strength
 Puerto Rico
Philippine-American War
 Led by Aguinaldo
 Revolt against the US
 Revolting against annexation by the US
 Revolt was stopped by US
 US did not annex the Philippines
Roosevelt Corollary
 Extension of the Monroe Doctrine
 We would protect the western hemisphere
against European interference
 1904
 Spread democracy
 World police
 Our right to protect economic interest by
military intervention if necessary
Panama Canal
 aided in trade between coasts
 Connected the Atlantic and the Pacific
 Opened in 1914
 Gave it back to Panama eventually
 Built by US
 Helped Panamanians gain freedom from
Colombia
 Took 10 years
 51 miles long
U.S. Neutrality
 Attempt to stay out of international wars
 Lend-Lease Act
 Isolationism
 Not successful
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
 Use of subs against non-military vessels
 Lusitania
 WWI
 German U-boats
 TOTAL WAR
 Caused US to enter the war (one reason)
Great Migration
 Movement of African-Americans from
South to North
 During WWI
 Following the jobs
 Growth of cities in the north
 Harlem Renaissance
 Early 20th century
Espionage Act
 Law against speaking out against the war
effort
 Passed along side the Alien and Sedition
Acts
 1917
 Jailed and fined for speaking out
 Determined unconstitutional because it
went against 1st amendment
Eugene V. Debs
 American Railroad Union
 Wanted skilled workers
 Leader of the democratic socialist party
 Ran for president from jail
 Arrested for protesting the war
th
18
Amendment
 Prohibition
 1919
 Led to speakeasies
 Led to bootlegging
 Gangs, organized crime (MOB)
 Later repealed by 21st amendment
 Al Capone
th
19
amendment
 Women’s right to vote
 1920
 Result of women involvement in WWI
 Seneca Falls Convention
 Elizabeth Cady Stanton
 Susan B. Anthony
Fourteen Points
 Woodrow Wilson’s plan to make peace after
WWI
 Congress did NOT agree to join the League
of Nations
 Opposed by nations that wanted to punish
Germany for WWI
League of Nations
 Established in 1920 to promote international
cooperation and peace
 Mostly European
 First attempt at Global Peace keeping body
 Henry Cabot Law
 US did not join
Communism
 Economic and political system based on a
one party government (totalitarianism)
 China
 Russian Revolution 1917 and the creation of
the USSR
 Everyone is equal
 Red Scare
Socialism
 Government control of business and
property and equal distribution of wealth
 Communism Lite
 Economic system opposite of capitalism
Red Scare
 Fear of the spread of communism after
WWI
 After the Bolshevik Revolution
 Resulted in immigration legislation
 Communist political party was formed in US
 Share Our Wealth program - Huey Long
Immigration Restrictions
 Immigrants were required to pass literacy
tests
 Quota system 1921
 Fear of communism
 Ellis and Angel Island
 Gentlemen’s Agreement
 Southern and Eastern European Immigrants
Radio
 1920’s brought families together
 Entertainment
 News
 Advertising
 Roaring Twenties
 Presidential Elections
 Fireside talks
 “War of the Worlds”
Movies
 1920’s = silent movies and black/white
 Entertainment
 Charlie Chaplin
 Buster Keaton
 Wizard of Oz
 New era of movie stars
 Influenced fashion
 Clara Bow
Jazz
 Harlem Renaissance
 Louis Armstrong
 Flappers
 Louisiana
 Improv
 1920s
 New Orleans
 Charleston
Harlem Renaissance
 Revival of African-American culture and art
 Langston Hughes
 Didn’t last long
 Ended by Great Depression
 Louis Armstrong
Langston Hughes
 African American author during the Harlem
Renaissance
 Poet
 Russian friend (communist)
 Wrote about the troubles of being AfricanAmerican
Louis Armstrong
 Famous musician during the Harlem
Renaissance
 Trumpet
 New Orleans
 Chicago jazz musician
Tin Pan Alley
 Composers and lyricists
 Sub-genre of Jazz movement
 Irving Berlin
 Manhattan and other parts of New York City
 Place of music
Irving Berlin
 Playwright and composer
 Wrote “White Christmas” and “God Bless
America”
 Part of “Tin Pan Alley” Movement
 Publisher
 150 songs
Mass Production
 Henry Ford
 1920s
 Sped up production
 Made cars affordable
 Cheaper labor
 Contributed to
urbanization
 Assembly line
 Led to overproduction
 Faster, more economic,
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efficient way of production
Model T
Interchangeable parts
Eli Whitney
Cotton gin
Stock Market crash
 Black Tuesday
 10/29/1929
 Contributing factor of the Great Depression
 Caused by buying on margin
 Caused closing of banks
 Risky bank loans
Great Depression
 Extended economic
recession
 Hoovervilles
 New Deal
 FDR
 1929-1940
 25% unemployment
 Highest suicide rate
 Global effect
 After WWI
 Inflation
 Over-production
 Under consumption
 Use of credit
 Wages not increasing
Dust Bowl
 Farming over-production
 Drought
 West
 1930s
 AAA –
 Led to farmers moving to California
 Not using crop rotation
 Over grazing
 Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico
Hooverville
 Thought Hoover was the cause of the Great
Depression
 Shantytowns
 Unemployed, homeless people
 All over the US
 Named after president Hoover
Tennessee Valley Authority
 Part of the New Deal
 Dams and bridges along the Tennessee River
Valley
 Created jobs
 Provided electricity
 1933
 Provided economic development in the
Tennessee Valley
Second New Deal
 Roosevelt
 1934-1935
 Great depression
 Court Packing Bill
 Social Security
 TVA
 CCC
 AAA
 FDIC
Wagner Act
 Collective bargaining
 Re-established the NIRA
 promoted labor unions
 Limited ways employers could react to labor unions
 Established in 1935
 Protected workers’ rights
 Better hours - higher wages
 Can’t fire people for being in a union
Industrial Revolution
 Growth of cities
 Machines were used more
 Major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and
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


transport
Hand tools were used less
Change in social and economic organization
People got factory jobs
Mass production
Assembly line
Henry Ford
Social Security Act
 New Deal
 Retired, elderly, disabled
 Most costly part of the New Deal
 Increased taxes
 Guaranteed retirement for some
 Still exists today
 Helped families with disabled children
 1935
 FDR
Eleanor Roosevelt
 Social reformer
 Accepted blacks into the White House
 Advocate for civil rights
 FDR’s wife
 Roosevelt’s eyes and ears
 Women’s rights
 Children’s advocate
Huey Long
 Socialist
 “Share Our Wealth”
 U.S. senator
 Supported social programs
 Thought the New Deal was not enough
 Turned against Roosevelt
 Communist
 Very popular
 Assassinated
Neutrality Acts
 Came from nationalism / isolationism
 Foreign policy of the late 1930s and early 1940s
 Prevented the US from being drawn into war
 1935
 No sale of weapons to countries that were at war
 Loosened by the Lend-Lease Act
Court Packing Bill
 Roosevelt’s attempt to pack the Supreme Court so the
New Deal could not be challenged
 Addition of 6 new members
 Did not pass!!!
 1937
 Wanted younger more liberal people on the court
A. Philip Randolph
 Key Civil Rights leader before and during WWII
 Won Roosevelt’s support for equality in the workforce
(war industries)
 Founded brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
 Negotiated with Roosevelt about civil rights and
workers’ rights
 Stopped march on DC because of Roosevelt’s executive
order about hiring practices
Pearl Harbor
 December 7, 1941
 Triggered American involvement in WWII
 Bombing by Japan
 Sneak attack
 Hawaii
 Main targets were saved because they were out to sea
 Ninja skills
Internment
 Camps for Japanese Americans
 Fear of spies
 Germans, Italians
 Holding people without cause
 Mostly in the west
 Violates civil rights
 During WWII here in the US
Mobilization
 Assemble troops for war
 Private sector switches to wartime manufacturing
 Getting troops and supplies ready for war
 Happened very quickly after Pearl Harbor
 DRAFT
 Pulled a lot of people out of school
 Women to work
 More people volunteered than were drafted
Wartime Conservation
 Rationing
 Recycling drives
 Rubber
 Scrap metal
 Save supplies for troops
 Coupons
 War bonds
 Increased Patriotism
Rationing
 Gas
 Food items (coupon books)
 Sugar
 Coffee
 Meat
 Pantyhose
 Rubber
Lend-Lease Act
 Way around the Neutrality Acts
 Allowed US to aid countries that were essential to the
safety of the USA!
 Loophole in Neutrality Acts
 Lend arms to Great Britain in return for some small
islands and being able to set up military bases
 1941
Battle of Midway
 Turning point of WWII in the Pacific
 Japanese plans were decoded and they lost
 Americans intercepted Japanese fighter planes
 Sunk 4 Japanese Aircraft Carriers
 Japanese never recovered after this
 June 1942
D-Day
 6-6-44
 Normandy beaches
 Lots of troops
 Largest beach landing in history
 Bloodiest, longest battle of WWII
 largest use of paratroopers in combat 20,000
 Largest US involvement in the War in Europe
 Dwight D. Eisenhower
 Operation Overlord
 Sneak Attack
Battle of Berlin
 Russia against Germany
 Germans retreated to the west to surrender to GB and
France
 1945
 Hitler did not leave Berlin
 Committed suicide and killed his dog and wife killed
herself
 Berlin was divided between France, Russia, GB, and
USA
Atom Bomb
 Hiroshima and Nagasaki
 Manhattan Project
 Los Alamos
 Decision made by Truman
 Fat Man
 Little Boy
 Ended WWII in the Pacific
 Einstein
 Enola Gay
 Started the Cold War
Los Alamos
 Test site of the Atomic Bomb
 New Mexico
 Manhattan Project location
 Radiation fallout
 Very secret
Manhattan Project
 Code name for atomic bomb testing and development
 Albert Einstein
 Los Alamos, New Mexico
 Indirect cause of the Cold War and increased tensions
with USSR
 Building of the Atomic Bomb
 Very secret
Marshall Plan
 1947-1951
 Economic aid to European countries under threat from
the Soviets
 Led to the Berlin Airlift
 Plan to reconstruct European economies after WWII
 Made Russia angry
 Fighting the spread of communism
Containment
 Prevent the spread of communism
 Offspring of the Truman Doctrine
 Foreign policy after WWII and throughout the Cold
War
 Cause of US involvement in Korea and Vietnam
 Prevent the domino effect / theory
Truman Doctrine
 Offered military as well as economic aid
 Aimed at protecting the world against the Domino
Theory of the spread of communism
 Issued by President Truman
 1947
Korean War
 38th parallel – divides North and South Korea
 1950-1953
 US and other UN countries fought with South Korea
against North Korea and China
 No real change because of outcome
 US and South winning until China came to the aid of
North Korea
 Fighting the spread of communism
Chinese Civil War
 Between the communists and nationalists
 Mao Ze Dong
 Ho Chi Minh
 Communism is established in China
 1944-1947
McCarthyism
 Red Scare
 “Witch hunt” for communists
 The Crucible
 Begun by Senator Joseph McCarthy
 Accusations were mostly unfounded
 Early 1950’s
 Black listed many celebrities
 Eventually faded out
Cuban Revolution
 Fidel Castro
 Brought communism VERY close to home
 Allied with the Soviet Union
 Bay of Pigs
 Led to the Cuban missile crisis
 Most of the revolutionaries weren’t Cuban
Bay of Pigs
 One of JFK’s biggest mistakes
 Lacked full support of the U.S. government
 Did NOT work
 1961
 CIA did not have enough information about resistance
 Ended friendly relations between the US and Cuba
 Led by Cuban refugees
Cuban Missile Crisis
 Missiles in Cuba aimed at the United States
 Capable of reaching as far as Seattle
 1962
 Closest we have ever come to nuclear war
 13 Days
 Peak of the Cold War
 Soviet Union presence in Cuba for offensive purposes
Vietnam War
 US eventually pulled out
 Tet Offensive
 Agent orange
 Charlie
 Student Protests
 Across the Universe
 First US involvement in war that was not considered a US
victory
 Vietcong
 huge anti-war movement
Tet Offensive
 January 1968
 10 month long offensive against the South Vietnamese
and the US
 Ended attrition
 Surprise attack by the Vietcong
 Won the war for North Vietnam
Baby Boom
 Population increase
 SEX
 Big impact on Social Security
 1945-1965
 Peak was in 1957 – 4 million babies were born
 Lack of education
 Soldiers getting back from the war
Levittown
 Long Island
 First suburb, led to more suburbs around the country
 Mass production of housing
 New York
 Led to need for Highway Act
 William Levitt
Interstate Highway Act
 Result of increase in suburbs
 Transport military equipment
 Connect all major US cities
 Eisenhower
 1956
Kennedy/Nixon presidential
Debate
 First televised presidential debate
 Influenced popular opinion
 Women voted for JFK
 Kennedy was more appealing to the people
 JFK was coached on appearance and body language
 JFK had more charisma
 Nixon had more foreign policy knowledge
 1960 election
TV News Coverage of the Civil
Rights Movement
 Caused sympathy for the movement
 Angered Americans witnessing violence
 Caused more awareness
 Led to legislation about Civil Rights and individual
liberties
Technology of the 1970’s
 Personal Computer
 Beginnings of cell phones
 APPLE
 Free-standing public telephone booth
 Entertainment
Sputnik I
 Russian satellite
 Space race
 Increased Cold War Tensions
 1957
 First artificial satellite
 Americans became fearful of spies
 Eisenhower
Jackie Robinson
 First African-American baseball player in the major
league
 Played for the Brooklyn Dodgers
 First African American inducted into the baseball hall
of fame
 Broke the color barrier for all professional sports
Harry Truman
 33rd president
 Acknowledged Israel as a sovereign nation
 Issued the Truman Doctrine
 FDR’s vice president
 1945-1953
 Chose to use the atom bomb
Brown v. Board of Education
 Separate but equal clause is not constitutional
 Integrated schools
 Led to the Civil Rights Act
 1954
 Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson
 Third major landmark Supreme Court Case dealing
with race
 Under the Warren Court
Martin Luther King, Jr.
 Civil rights leader
 Letter from Birmingham Jail
 Assassinated in Memphis 1968
 Preacher
 Non-violent
 I Have a Dream
 Very young African-American activist
Letter From Birmingham Jail
 MLK, Jr.
 Garnered support for non-violent protests
 Now is the time!
 Asking for support from white southern Christian
leaders
 Call to Action for people to be non-violent
I Have a Dream Speech
 Washington, D.C.
 250,000 people present
 MLK, Jr.
 Blacks and whites unite
 1963
 Lincoln Memorial
Civil Rights Act of 1964
 Inspired by African Americans
 Passed by Johnson after Kennedy was assassinated
 Ended discrimination in all public places and the work
force
Voting Rights Act of 1965
 Ended literacy tests and poll taxes
 Funded registration drives in high minority population
areas
Warren Court
 Most influential supreme court in history
 Brown v. BOE
 Miranda v. Arizona
 Roe v. Wade
Miranda v. Arizona
 Police had to notify suspects of their rights
 Silence, attorney, etc.
Assassination of President
Kennedy
 Dallas, TX
 November, 1963
 Showed Americans that the government would
continue
Great Society
 Wanted to give all Americans greater education,
shelter, medical care regardless of background
 Started Medicaid and Medicare
Medicare
 Medical care to the elderly
 Important legacy of the Great Society
Assassination of Martin Luther
King, Jr.
 Civil Rights Activist
 Peaceful protests
 April, 1968
 Caused riots in over 100 cities in America
 Civil Rights Act passed after
Assassination of Robert F.
Kennedy
 June 1968
 Disheartened the American people
 After he won the California primary
1968 Democratic National
Convention
 In Chicago
 Riots
 Police beat down hippies
 Anti-war protesters
SCLC
 Southern Christian Leadership Conference
 Non-violent protests
 Lead by Martin Luther King Jr. and other ministers
SNCC
 Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee
 Founded by AA college students with funding by SCLC
Sit-ins
 Non-violent protests
Freedom Rides
 AA went on rides throughout the south to protest
segregation on buses
Anti-Vietnam War Movement
 Many groups began on college campuses
 Wanted to end the DRAFT
Women’s Movement
 NOW
 Equality in the workplace
National Organization of
Women
 NOW
 Founded in 1966
 Equality in the workforce
United Farm Workers
Movement
 Founded by Caesar Chavez
 Unionized farms
 Protested non-unionized grape farmers in California
 1960s and 70s
Cesar Chavez
 United Farm Workers Movement
 American of Mexican decent
 Boycotted grapes
Environmental Movement
 Silent Spring
 Rachel Carson
 Earth Day
 Environmental Protection Agency
Silent Spring
 Book by Rachel Carson
 1962
 Exposed effects of pesticides on the environment
 Water Quality Act of 1965
Rachel Carson
 Exposed dangers of pesticides
 Wrote Silent Spring
Earth Day
 Celebrated in 1970
 10,000 schools organized events
Environmental Protection
Agency
 Established in the 70s
 Set limits on pollution
 Signed by Johnson
Conservative Movement
 Barry Goldwater was the presidential nominee 1964
 Speaker of the House
 Republican
 New movement of limited government
Barry Goldwater
 Lead the conservative movement
 Believed the government should not intervene in
economic affairs
Richard M. Nixon
 Wanted to replace Johnson’s Great Society
 Watergate scandal
 He resigns before he can be impeached and removed
from office
Roe v. Wade
 Legalized abortion
 1973
 Women’s rights issue
 Right to privacy
Regents of the University of
California v. Bakke
 1978
 Race could be used in considering AA for college
acceptance
Nixon’s visit to China
 1971
 Trade agreements were important for both countries
 First presidential visit to China
Watergate Scandal
 Centered around Nixon’s administration
 Cover up of the republican break in to the democratic
national head quarters
Gerald Ford
 2 year presidency
 Pardoned Nixon and never recovered
Jimmy Carter
 Peanut farmer from Georgia
 Tried to bring peace to the Middle East
 Nobel Peace Prize
Camp David Accords
 Negotiated peace agreement between Egyptian
president and Israeli prime minister
 1978
Iranian Revolution
 1978
 Replaced Shah/king who was friendly to America with
a Muslim religious leader who was not friendly towards
America
Iranian Hostage Crisis
 Lasted 444 days
 Captives released after Reagan’s election
 52-66 Americans were held captive at the embassy in
Iran
Ronald Reagan
 President from 1980-88
 Reaganomics – trickle down economics
 Ended the Iranian hostage crisis
 Encouraged USSR to tear down the Berlin Wall
 Decrease the size of the federal government
Reagnomics
 Trickle down economics
 Budget cuts
 Tax cuts
 Increased defense spending
 Power through strength
Iran-Contra Scandal
 US funding of weapon supplies to Iranian rebels
 Reagan’s biggest foreign policy failure
Collapse of the Soviet Union
 Reagan’s biggest foreign policy success
 End of the Cold War
Bill Clinton
 President from 1992-2000
 NAFTA was created under his direction
 Favorable trade policy between the America’s
 Personal scandal
North American Free Trade
Agreement NAFTA
 Brought Mexico and Canada into a free trade
agreement with USA
 Decreased trade barriers
 Increased economic opportunities
Impeachment of Bill Clinton
 Charged with perjury and obstruction of justice
 Found not guilty by the senate
 SEX
Electoral College
 Important in the Bush/Gore election
 1st election decided by Supreme Court
 Bush did not win popular vote
George W. Bush
 President during 9/11 attacks
 2000-2008
Operation Enduring Freedom
 Our efforts in Afghanistan
 Reaction to the 9/11 terrorist attacks
War on Terrorism
 Build an international coalition to fight the Al-Quaeda
network
Operation Iraqi Freedom
 March 2003, British troops invaded Iraq with
American support
 Shock and Awe tactics used
 Televised invasion