Transcript The Large-Area Psec Photo-detector Collaboration

The Large-Area Psec Photo-detector
Collaboration
Henry Frisch
Enrico Fermi Institute and Argonne
National Laboratory
4 National Labs, 5
Divisions at Argonne,
3 US small companies;
electronics expertise at
Universities of
Chicago and Hawaii
Goal of 3-year R&Dcommercializable
modules.
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The Development of Large-area Detectors
With Space and Time Resolution
OUTLINE
• Application Space: Four frontiers- time
resolution, area, QE, and cost (different
applications sit at different points in this 4D
space, but not separated by large amounts of
development effort- all 4 are fertile.)
• The LAPPD Collaboration: present status, and
introduction to the posters and breakout session
• Challenges and Surprises (e.g., funding has been
available at ANL for only 1 month- not yet
available at SSL, Hawaii, UC, Arradiance,
Minotech, Muons,Inc, Synkera,…)
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Motivation
and
Requirements
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Parallel Efforts on Specific Applications
PET
.
Explicit strategy for staying on task
(UC/BSD,
UCB, Lyon)
Collider
(UC,
ANL,SLAC,..
LAPD Detector
Development
ANL,Arradiance,Chicago,Fermilab,
Hawaii,Muons,Inc,SLAC,SSL/UCB,
Synkera, U. Wash.
DUSEL
K->pnn
(Matt, Mayly,
Bob, John, ..)
Drawing Not To Scale (!)
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(UC(?))
Security
(TBD)
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Application 1-Energy Frontier
At colliders we measure the 3-momenta of hadrons, but can’t follow
the flavor-flow of quarks, the primary objects that are colliding. 2orders-of-magnitude in time resolution would all us to measure ALL
the information=>greatly enhanced discovery potential.
Specs:
Signal: 50-10,000 photons
Space resolution: 1 mm
Time resolution 1 psec
Cost: <100K$/m2:
t-tbar -> W+bW-bbarFRA_Chicago, 2009
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Application 2- Lepton Flavor Physics
(Howard Nicholson)
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Example- DUSEL detector with 100% coverage and 3D photon
vertex reconstruction.
Need >10,000 square meters (!) (100 ps resolution)
Spec: signal single photon, 100 ps time, 1 cm space, low cost/m2
(5-10K$/m2)*
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* Hermetic DUSEL specs TBD
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Stimulated simulation effort on 4th(?)
generation water Cherenkovs
Slide from Matt Wetstein’s talk at NNN09 last week
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Stimulated simulation effort on 4th(?)
generation water Cherenkovs
Slide from Matt Wetstein’s talk at NNN09 last week
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Application 3- K->pnn
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Thin planes allow sampling Cherenkov calorimeters with psec
time and mm space resolution, probably at small loss of energy
resolution (needs simulation).
For rare K decay expts this likely allows precise pizero vertex
reconstruction from the times and positions of individual photonsstrong constraint from pizero mass on backgds.
Cherenkov-based fine-grained (longitudintal) calorimetry
discriminates against charged pion charge-exchange, overlaps
Transmission-line readout allows planar readout
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Application 4- Medical Imaging (PET)
Remindermention
new iniative
in France
for PET
and Hadron
Therapy
using these
ideas- US
should not
have to
follow…..
Depth of interaction measurement; 375 ps resolution (H. Kim, UC).
(note distinguished ANL/UC history in medical imaging, esp. PET)
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Spec: signal 10,000 photons,30 ps time, 1 mm
space, 30K$/m2, MD-proof
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Application 4- Medical Imaging (PET)
Sampling Calorimeters
work here too-
Heejong Kim (UC) has
tested putting an MCP
ahead of the crystal- has
a full MC
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Application 5- Nuclear Non-proliferation
1. MCP’s loaded with Boron or Gadolinium are used
as neutron detectors with good gamma separation
(Nova Scientific).
2. Large-area means could scan trucks, containers
3. Time resolution corresponds to space resolution
out of the detector plane IF one has a t_0– i.e can
do 3D tomography of objects
Specs: Unknown
An area for possible applications- need a
counterpart to form an application group (Nova
visits in 2 weeks).
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SUMMARY
Characteristics in common we need
 Small feature size << 300 microns
 Homogeneity – the ability to make
uniform large-areas (think solarpanels, floor tiles, 50”-HDTV sets)
 Intrinsic low cost: although
application specific, all need lowcost materials and robust batch
fabrication. Need to be simple.
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Using New
Technologies
to Exploit
Fundamentally
Simple Ideas
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Detector Development- 3 Prongs
MCP development- use modern fab processes to control
emissivities, resistivities, out-gassing
Use Atomic Layer Deposition for emissive material
(amplification) on cheap inert substrates (glass
capillary arrays, AAO). Scalable to large sizes;
economical; pure – i.e. chemically robust and stable.
Readout: Use transmission lines and modern chip
technologies for high speed cheap low-power highdensity readout.
Anode is a 50-ohm stripline. Scalable up to many feet in
length ; readout 2 ends; CMOS sampling onto
capacitors- fast, cheap, low-power.
Use computational advances -simulation as basis for
design
Modern computing tools allow simulation at level of
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basic processes- validate
with data.
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Micro-channel Plates PMTs
Satisfies small feature size and homogeneity
Photon and electron paths are short- few mm to
microns=>fast, uniform Planar geometry=>scalable to
large areas
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Simplifying MCP Construction
Conventional Pb-glass MCP
Incom Glass Substrate
NEW
OLD
Chemically produced and treated
Pb-glass does 3-functions:
1.
Provide pores
2.
Resistive layer supplies
electric field in the pore
3.
Pb-oxide layer provides
secondary electron emission
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Separate the three functions:
1. Hard glass substrate provides
pores;
2. Tuned Resistive Layer (ALD)
provides current for electric
field (possible NTC?);
3. Specific Emitting layer
provides SEE
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Glass Substrate Status
ANL, Chicago, Incom, Minotech, SSL
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Have received multiple samples of 10-micron,
20-micron, 40-micron glass substrates from
Incom in 3/4”-sq and 33 mm round formats
(latter the SSL/ANL development format)
Incom has ordered 8”x8” shell- they are sharing
development cost (largely paying for it, in fact)
Incom is refining 8”x8” process- changes to
draw, grinding, polishing. Very responsive to our
needs, very flexible.
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Self-Assembled Passive Substrates
AAO Group: Hau Wang (ANL), Dmitry Routkevitch (Synkera)+postdoc, Synkera
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Alternative to glass capillary substrate- parallel path.
Some advantages: batch production (could be very
cheap), inherent purity, low radioactivity
May naturally allow funnel geometry with reflection
photocathode (could be very very fast and cheap)
Longer
development path, at present glass is priority 19
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Functionalization- ALD
ALD Group: Jeff Elam, Anil Mane, Qing Peng, Thomas Proslier
(ANL:ESD/HEP), Neal Sullivan (Arradiance), Anton Tremsin
(Arradiance, SSL)
Jeff Elam, Thomas Proslier
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Functionalizing Incom samples
ALD Group: Jeff Elam, Anil Mane, Qing Peng, Thomas Proslier
(ANL:ESD/HEP), Neal Sullivan (Arradiance), Anton Tremsin
(Arradiance, SSL)
ALD film
SEM from Middle of
JE1401a
100 nm ALD film visible in
middle of MCP
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Cross-sectional EDAZ of
JE1401a
ALD ZnO and AL203 extend
into pores
Sputtered Au only on edge of
pores
Jeff Elam, Thomas Proslier (ESD)
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ALD-Functionalized substrates
Picture
is seam
between
blocks
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Jeff Elam, Thomas Prolier (ESD)
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MCP and Photocathode Testing
Testing Group: Bernhard Adams, Matthieu Cholet, and Matt Wetstein at the APS, Ossy
Siegmund’s group at SSL
N. B.!
LAPPD
Preliminary
(very)
First measurements of gain in an ALD SEE layer at the APS laser
test setup (Bernhard Adams, Matthieu Cholet, and Matt Wetstein)
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Characterization of Secondary
Emission, Photo-Emission of Materials
Characterization Group: Igor Veryovkin, Thomas Proslier, Alexander
Zinovev (MSD), postdoc (meets biweekly, joint with photocathode
group- perhaps ALD gp too in the future.)
1. Constructing dedicated setup for low-energy SEE and
PE measurements of ALD materials- parts on order.
(will see on tour in Bld 200).
Goal is systematic exploration of best SEE materials
2. Has parts-per-trillion capability for characterizing
photocathodes after exposure to Argon, MCP’s
before&after scrubbing, aging.
Goal is to avoid having to scrub, aging- it is essential to
measure and understand the surface chemistry.
3. Planning interfaces to SSL, APS vacuum systems,
common sample database
4. Has close ties/overlap with ALD and testing groups
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Photocathode Group
Photocathode Group: Klaus Attenkofer(APS), Sharon Jelinsky(SSL), Jason
McPhate(SSL), Mike Pellin (MSD), Ossy Siegmund (SSL), Thomas Proslier(MSD),
Zikri Yusof(HEP), postdoc (meets biweekly, joint with characterization group)
•Work is going on on multiple fronts- the photo-cathode is probably
the most complex area we are dealing with.
•Bialkali photocathodes are not hard to make, have good QE and a
spectral response well matched to water cherenkov counters and
most optical applications. We (will) have a strong effort on them at
SSL, which has the experience and a long track record. This will
ensure having a solution as good as typical commercial tubes.
•At the same time, there is a strong case to be made that there can be
substantial improvements in QE (see Townsend’s paper), spectral
matching, and possibly chemical robustness. In addition, MCP’s may
allow reflection rather than transmission cathodes, with big gains in
speed (sub-psec) and QE.
•There may be new ideas based on ALD, e.g., (see Mike Pellin’s,
Greg Engel’s talks at Photocathode workshop) that are feasible and
disruptive. We are reaching out to university groups to access highend facilities and young talent- UIUC, UIC, and WashU.
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(Yes, risky, but high payoff- if not us, who? see Chu, Koonin)
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SSL Photocathode Group
Sharon Jelinsky(SSL), Jason McPhate(SSL), Ossy Siegmund (SSL),
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Sealed tubes with
up to 5” format have
been processed
with multialkali
photocathodes
MCPs and delay
line readout
•From Ossy Siegmund’s talk at the First Photocathode
Workshop,
July 20-21, Univ. of Chicago/ANL
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MCP Simulation- use to make informed
decisions on materials, geometry, field,…
Simulation Group: Zikri Yusov, Valentin Ivanov (Muons,Inc), Sergey Antipov
(HEP), Zeke Insepov (MCSD) , Anton Tremsin (SSL/Arradiance ), Neal
Sullivan (Arradiance)
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MCP Simulation
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Zeke Insepov (MCSD) and Valentin Ivanov
(Muons,Inc)
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MCP Simulation
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Zeke Insepov (MCSD) and Valentin Ivanov
(Muons,Inc)
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Front-end Electronics/Readout
Waveform
sampling
ASIC
Electronics Group: Jean-Francois Genat, Gary Varner, Mircea
Bogdan, Michael Baumer, Michael Cooney, Zhongtian Dai, Herve
Grabas, Mary Heintz, James Kennedy, Sam Meehan, Kurtis
Nishimura, Eric Oberla, Larry Ruckman, Fukun Tang (meets
weekly)
First have to understand
signal and noise in the
frequency domain
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Front-end Electronics
Resolution depends on 3 parameters: Number of PhotoElectrons,
Analog Bandwidth, and Signal-to-Noise
See J-F Genat, G. Varner,
F. Tang, and HF
arXiv: 0810.5590v1 (Oct.
2008)- now published
in Nucl. Instr. Meth.
Wave-form sampling is best, and can be implemented in low-power widely
available CMOS processes (e.g. IBM 8RF). Low cost per channel.
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Front-end Electronics/Readout
Waveform sampling ASIC prototype
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Varner, Ritt, DeLanges, and Breton have pioneered waveform–
sampling onto an array of CMOS capacitors.
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First 0.13micron ASIC due back Oct. 20
The chip submitted to MOSIS -- IBM 8RF (0.13 micron CMOS)- 4channel prototype. Plan on 16 channels/chip- possibly 32 later (??).
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Get position AND time
Anode Design and Simulation(Fukun Tang)
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Transmission Line- readout both ends=> pos and time
Cover large areas with much reduced channel account.
US Patent
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Photonis Planicon on Transmission Line Board
Couple 1024 pads to strip-lines with silver-loaded epoxy (Greg
Sellberg, Fermilab).
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Comparison of measurements (Ed May and JeanFrancois Genat and simulation (Fukun Tang)
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Transmission Line- simulation shows 3.5GHz
bandwidth- 100 psec rise (well-matched to MCP)
Measurements in Bld362 laser teststand match
velocity and time/space resolution very well
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Scaling Performance to Large Area
Anode Simulation(Fukun Tang)
48-inch Transmission Line- simulation shows 1.1 GHz
bandwidth- still better than present electronics.
KEY POINT- READOUT FOR A 4-FOOT-WIDE
DETECTOR IS THE SAME AS FOR A LITTLE ONEHAS POTENTIAL…
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ANL Test-stand Measurements
Jean-Francois Genat, Ed May, Eugene Yurtsev
Sample both ends of transmission line
with Photonis MCP (not optimum)
2 picoseconds; 100 microns measured
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Test Fixture for integration of ASIC and
transmission-line anode being designed
``Both parts are completely routed and ready for
submission after pinout check etc.”
Test fixture for
OptionE glass
anode interface to
first proto-type
sampling ASIC – Illustration of how we operate- close
test bandwidth,
Hawaii/UC collaboration on ASIC,
reflections, crosssystem design. Larry Ruckman
talk.
(Hawaii)- From our electronics blog
(open to all- go to
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http://hep.uchicago.edu/psec)
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Mechanical
Assembly
Mechanical Group: Dean Walters (NE), Rich Northrop (UC),
Henry Frisch (UC), Michael Minot (Minotech Eng.), Greg
Sellberg (Fermilab) Ossy Siegmund (SSL), Anton Tremsin
(SSL/Arradiance), R. Wagner (HEP)+0.5postdoc, Sam Asare
(UC), Rahul Barwhani (UCB)
Group meets weekly
Ongoing work on:
 Sealing- tray options A,C,E; window seal
 Anode fabrication, testing
 Sealed-tube considerations- outgassing,
getters, surface-physicsAssembly Vacuum assembly/Alternatives
 Cost (a driver for everything)
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Cartoon of the `Frugal’ MCP
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Put all ingredients
together- flat glass case
(think TV’s),
capillary/ALD
amplification,
transmission line
anodes, waveform
sampling
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In principle, can dial size for occupancy,
resolution- e.g. neutrinos 4’by 2’
This is not
what we will
do first….
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Mechanical Assembly
8” proto-type stack
Design sketch
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8” proto-type mock-up
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Administration
Transparency/Dissemination
Administration Group: Karen Byrum (co-PI), Henry Frisch (co-PI),
Bob Wagner (Project Physicist), Dean Walters (Project Engineer)
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Weekly all-subgroup meeting (Tues at 10 am)
Web site has Blogs used for weekly meeting- open
to the world. Has played a significant role in
interfacing to small technical companies (both
reassuring and also interesting them). See
http://hep.uchicago.edu/psec/
Web site has Library of our talks, papers, internal
notes, documents, backup materials,etc,- again,
goal is to be transparent and accountable.
We have been running >= 2 workshops/year, 1 in
Chicago, 1 in France. Very influential on a wide
community-we benefit from contacts
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Internal Review Panels
(open to additional suggestions).
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Introduced on CDF- worked very very well.
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First Collaboration Meeting
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Thoughts on Role of FRA Funding
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Allowed crucial proto-typing of ASICs and
transmission lines, acquisition of commercial MCP’s
and electronics, visiting students
Not large- 75K$ first yr; 90K$ 2nd yr, so only 2530K$/institution/yr. Not enough alone…
Consequently should be spent at FNAL and ANL on
things that are hard for a national lab, and at UC on
things that are hard for a university group (i.e. use it
for items not easily supported by federal spending).
In our case, being able to order expensive
instrumentation and have foreign visitors made a huge
difference (2-ledger accounts are worth their weight in
gold).
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The End-
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BACKUP
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FY-09 Funds- Chicago
a) 40 GHz sampling electronics; b) Anode transmission lines c) Test Beam
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FRA-FY08 has supported writing a proposal for
funding for ASIC development- have all 4 teams
as collab/advisors- seed funding will support
finishing the proposal stage
Have 1st prototype transmission line board from
FY08 funding- will test (laser first)- have plans
for 2nd and 3rd (bigger area, capacitive coupling)
Anode/transmission line connection still in
proto-type stage (Sellberg, Tang, Ertly, HF)development costs (BEST in Rolling Hills).
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FY-09 Funds- Fermilab
a) Testbeam capability; b) Electronics c) LHC Higgs mm search
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Fast small MCP’s for LHC diffractive Higgs search
(Albrow scheme for 1 psec resolution (!))
Electronics readout for latter
Extend test-beam capability- new (Roden) MCP’s
FPGA development work- prototoypes
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FY-09 Funds- Argonne
a) Laser Teststand; b) Electronics: System clock, FPGA for sampling;
testbeam
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Laser teststand is a facility for use by ANL, Fermilab,
UC; and others- still some development/refinement to
be done
ANL played a critical role inndDAQ system for testbeam run (going on now- 2 wk as parasitic friends)some more engineering/software to be done
John Anderson has solved the system clock issues in
principle- would like to implement (also light source
interest)
John and Gary did FPGA for 200 GHz Bipolar
readout- need to adapt for sampling
Have an LDRD proposal in at ANL for ALD; but
doesn’t cover the tasks listed here- more in the future
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MCP Simulation
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Zeke Insepov (MCSD) and Valentin Ivanov
(Muons,Inc)
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First Year Milestones
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Mechanical Assembly
8” proto-typestresses
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Luckily we have access to the
world’s most sophisticated test
facilities at Argonne and UC
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Lead bricks
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Challenges and Surprises
(Places we need help)
(note: this is personal list from HJF with UC/EFI hat on- not a criticism of ANLon the contrary, I’m blown away by the breadth, depth, and quality at ANL)
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SSL, Hawaii, UC, Arradiance, Minotech, Muons,Inc, Synkera
have not gotten a single dime yet. Folks are working, but not
getting paid- purchase orders are waiting. (systemic problem- not
a complaint about personnel or any office). We had not counted on
it’s being Oct. or later to start. Ossy’s operation on photocathodes
and ceramic-based anodes is the biggest schedule risk.
• We had thought we would have access to a fully functioning glass
shop at ANL. Being worked on by management, but delay and
risk in schedule. Alternatives in local industries being developed,
but in-house is much more flexible and effective for R&D.
• Subcontracts cost a 15% overhead bite right off the top. Ossy’s
budget in particular got hit by an 84K$ cut. Perhaps in later years
one could go directly to SSL? (can this be made up in some way?)
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Moreover, we have Ossy and his group
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This talk has focused on Argonne- however we are
lucky to have Ossy Siegmund’s group at SSL working
in parallel (on a subcontract- still trying to get him the
funds!!) on using his proven technologies to make
bialkali photocathodes and ceramic-body MCP’s.
Ossy has a wealth of knowledge and experience, and
brings a healthy skepticism to our trying to be faster,
better and cheaper (`pick any 3’ is the old engineering
adage, pace Dan Goldberg).
In parallel we are trying to develop what Paul Horn
(IBM) calls a `disruptive technology’-higher risk, but
high payoff. Cheap glass envelope/anode , possibly
pure gas assembly, mass production with no burn-in.
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SSL Tube Processing Facilities
Sealed tube facilities and oven
UHV detector/cathode
processing station
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SSL Sealed tube detectors Pre-process assembly
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Planacon, with fiber optic window and
cross strip anode (signal vias straight
through substrate), in assembly with MCPs
installed
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SSL: Alkali Photocathodes
Emission spectrum of Cherenkov in
water compared with bialkali response.
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UCB SSL cathode compared
with commercial product.
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