Transcript Document 7211634

SENTENCE BOUNDARIES 101
CLAUSES

Any type of clause has:
a SUBJECT does the action. It must be
person, place, or thing.
he
she
Susan
the class
a VERB is the action
sit
read
stand
is
bus
the school
am
goes
CLAUSES

Any type of clause has:
_________________________
and
_________________________
There are 2 types of clauses:

Independent Clause

Dependent Clause

An independent clause is a group of words that
contains a subject and a verb, expressing a complete
thought. It could stand alone as a complete sentence.
s
v
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
An independent clause is the same thing as a
complete sentence.
Complete Sentence
=
Independent clause
A dependent clause is a group of words
that contains a subject and a verb, but it
does not express a complete thought.
This happens when a dependent word
has attached itself to the clause.
The teacher let class out early
because the students finished their homework.
Common Dependent Words
after
how
till ( or 'til)
although
if
unless
as
inasmuch
until
as if
in order that
when
as long as
lest
whenever
as much as
now that
where
as soon as
provided (that)
wherever
as though
since
while
because
so that
which
before
than
what
even if
that
whatever
even though
though
who/ whoever
Identify the
DEPENDENT CLAUSES
When we went to Metropolitan Community College, we loved English class.
Now that I know how to identify subjects and verbs, I write confidently.
I think pickles are gross because I hate the taste of vinegar.
The main subject and main verb of a sentence is always in
the INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
because…
it is the part that is complete and it can stand on its own.
Identify the
Main Subject and Main Verb
When we went to Metropolitan Community College, we loved English class.
Now that I know how to identify subjects and verbs, I write confidently.
I think pickles are gross because I hate the taste of vinegar.
DEPENDENT CLAUSE
They cannot stand alone as a
complete sentence. When it does, it
is called a sentence fragment.
Because the students finished their homework.
When we went to Metropolitan Community College.
PART 2
THERE ARE FOUR KINDS OF SENTENCES IN
THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
Simple
IC
Our school offers many programs.
Compound
IC + IC
Our school offers many programs, and we are
expanding our offerings every year.
+
Complex
IC + DC (one or more)
The student did poorly on the exam because she
didn’t study.
Because she didn’t study, the student did poorly on
the exam.
+
Compound-Complex
+
+
IC + IC + DC (one or more)
Our school offers many programs, and we are
expanding our offerings every year despite
competition from other institutions.
Compound Sentences:
Main Subject
Main Verb
+
Main Subject
Main Verb

Use a comma AND a Coordinating Conjunction to
combine them together

A Coordinating Conjunction is one of the FANBOYS
Compound sentences use
coordinating conjunctions
FANBOYS
For
 And
 Nor
 But
 Or

 Yet

So
Use one of these to make
a compound sentence
+
MAKE THESE TWO I.C. INTO A
COMPOUND SENTENCE
I didn’t finish my homework.
+
I am skipping class today.
How many main subjects and verbs
are there?
I didn’t finish my homework, so I am skipping class today.
How many main subjects and verbs
are there?
I didn’t finish my homework, so I am skipping class today.
If you do not use a FANBOYS, then you have a
run on sentence, and you must separate them.
I didn’t finish my homework I am skipping class today.
RUN-ON SENTENCE
Complex sentences use
dependent words
after
how
till ( or 'til)
although
if
unless
as
inasmuch
until
as if
in order that
when
as long as
lest
whenever
as much as
now that
where
as soon as
provided (that)
wherever
as though
since
while
because
so that
which
before
than
what
even if
that
whatever
even though
though
who/ whoever
Use one of these
To make a
Complex sentence
+
Complex sentences can
be structured 2 ways
If the dependent clause comes after the independent clause,
no comma is used.
●
IC + DC
We will discuss the matter further when we meet next week.
+
●
If the dependent clause comes before the independent
clause, a comma is necessary.
DC + IC
When we meet next week, we will discuss the matter further.
+
Is this a compound sentence or complex?
The student did poorly on the exam because she didn’t study.
Is this a compound sentence or complex?
The student did poorly on the exam, yet she passed the class.
Compound-Complex Sentences
IC
+
IC
+
DC (one or more)
Our school offers many programs, and we are expanding
2
1
our offerings every year despite that other schools compete
with us.
3
Example Summary:
“Eating Chilli Peppers,” is an essay by Jeremy
MacClancy, author of a book on the culture of food.
MacClancy describes why so many people eat chilli peppers
and finds the food has more than one significance. Chillis
are perhaps most well known for their wild flavor and
burning sensation. In the same way, chillis are a source of
entertainment. Thrill-seekers, for example, love the rush
and excitement that chillis bring to their lives. However,
MacClancy finds that chillies have more practical reasons
as well. Historically, they have been used as a medical
stimulant for curing ailments. Also, in some cultures,
chillies are eaten to show courage or passion. Whatever the
reason people eat them, MacClancy concludes that eating
chilli peppers is not for the faint of heart; be ready for a
shock!
Reminders
Make sure to use attributive tags (Shenk
argues…) HE ARGUES…what is HIS purpose??
 Everything in the summary has to connect to his
purpose/thesis. They shouldn’t be random
isolated sentences.
 Use quotes around article titles and underline
magazine, newspaper and book titles
 1st line should be fluid. Not… the author is….the
article title is…
 Refer to author by last name after you mention
him/her for the first time.

PART 3
Semicolons

Some of the most common stitches in embroidery
are: cross stitch; where you stitch an x as one
stitch to make a design out of a lot of xs, back
stitch; the outline of most standard embroidery
patterns, and satin stitch; where you fill in a
whole area by starting at the top of desired area
and make a stitch all the way to the bottom.
CORRECT OR INCORRECT?

PG. 789
When too many people are driving in a hurry;
tempers can flare.
PART 4
Colons
COLONS ARE USED WHEN….
 Introducing
a list or series
During 13 years in the White House, Franklin D.
Roosevelt had three vice presidents: Garner,
Wallace, and Truman.
COLONS ARE USED WHEN….
 Introducing
a list or series
During 13 years in the White House, Franklin D.
Roosevelt had three vice presidents: Garner,
Wallace, and Truman.
Colons
 To
introduce an explanation, an
example, or a summary
Princeton, New Jersey, is a hub of intellectual
activity: it is home to Princeton University, the
institute for Advanced Study, and numerous
research centers.
Colons
 To
introduce an explanation, an
example, or a summary
Princeton, New Jersey, is a hub of intellectual
activity: it is home to Princeton University, the
institute for Advanced Study, and numerous
research centers.
Colons
 To
introduce a lengthy or heavily
punctuated quotation
(more than two lines or contains two or more
commas)
The instructions were confusing: “After adjusting
toggles A, B, and C, connect bracket A to post A,
bracket B to post B, and bracket C to post C,
securing with clamps A, B, and C, as illustrated
in figure 1.”
Colons
 To
introduce a lengthy or heavily
punctuated quotation
(more than two lines or contains two or more
commas)
The instructions were confusing: “After adjusting
toggles A, B, and C, connect bracket A to post A,
bracket B to post B, and bracket C to post C,
securing with clamps A, B, and C, as illustrated
in figure 1.”
Colons

Use colons in ratios
The bill was defeated by a margin of 2:1.

Use colons between titles and subtitles
American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson
Colons


So, colons should ALWAYS follow an
independent clause.
Do not use a colon if you are already introducing
your list with for example, including, is, and such
as.
Style
Sentence Variety

Varying your sentence length is one of the most
important things you should remember



Creates interest
Doesn’t lull readers to sleep
Doesn’t feel too childish or choppy
Coordination
2) Compounding
1)
Coordination

Combine shorter sentences together using…
Comma + FANBOYS
 Semicolon

Example:
Asteroids are smaller than planets. Meteorites are
smaller than asteroids.
Compounding


Putting subjects, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs
together in the same sentence if they relate to
each other logically
Example:
Since it was the end of the quarter, the students
hoped the teacher wouldn’t make them stay the
whole class period. They hoped she wouldn’t give
them more homework.
Compounding


Putting subjects, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs
together in the same sentence if they relate to
each other logically
Example:
Since it was the end of the quarter, the students
hoped the teacher wouldn’t make them stay the
whole class period or give them more homework.
Developing your
Paragraphs
Make your writing specific
General
leader
More specific
president
Specific
Abraham Lincoln
automobile
sports utility
vehicle
Ford Explorer
television
show
reality series
Survivor
laws
parental support
laws
Child support
Make your writing concrete
Abstract
Concrete
Joy
Laughter
Hatred
Sneering, cursing
Anger
Shouting
Sadness
Embarrassment
Fear
Responsible
Make your writing concrete
Use the 5 senses
Provide a realistic account of how things look, sound, smell,
taste and feel
Create a Concrete Image
Provide a mental picture that expresses an abstract
concept in concrete terms
Use Examples
Show what you mean
Explain what you mean

Don’t just STATE your point; MAKE your point
Conclusion ideas

Discuss broader implications

Offer a recommendation or make a call to action

Look ahead


Conclude with a fact, a quotation, an anecdote
(story), or an example that emphasizes your
thesis.
Remind readers of the relevance of the issue
Avoid




Directly restating your thesis word for word
Standard phrases like “in conclusion” and
“to sum up”
Bringing up new points
Don’t apologize for yourself, your work or your
ideas