Transcript What CERN stands for ? Where is CERN ?

What CERN stands for ?
Where is CERN ?
What kind of physics is pursued ?
How is this done ?
Are there any applications ?
Zuzana Maria Bo Emily Yianis
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What is CERN ?
Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire
50 years of research in physics
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CERN
European Organization for Nuclear Research
Seeking answers to questions about the Universe
what is it made of?
How did it come to be the way it is?
Advancing the frontiers of technology and
engineering
Training the young scientists and engineers who
will be the experts of tomorrow
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CERN
European Organization for Nuclear Research
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Founded in 1954 by 12 countries
Today: 20 member states
More than 7000 users from all over the world
~1000 MCHF / Year budget
1954: Convention establishing the Organization - original signatures
2004: The 20 member states
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Cern site
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pp
Leptons
Quarks
These
particles
exist
onlyon
bound
These
particles
exist
theirtogether
own
1st family
Electron neutrino (e)
Electron (e-)
Up (u)
Down (d)
Charge=-1
Charge=0
Charge=+2/3
Charge=-1/3
Responsible for electricity and chemical2
Rarely interacts with other matter.
Mass~5MeV/c2
Mass~10MeV/c
reactions
Very small mass
Mass=0.51MeV/c2
Charm (c)
Strange (s)
Muon (m
Muon neutrino (m)
A heavier relative
of-)the up
A heavier relative of the down quark.
quark.
A relative of ue
A heavier relative to the electron.
Identified 1963
DiscoveredDiscovers
1973.
1937.
Discovered 1967.
Mass~0.2GeV/c2
2
2
Mass~1.3GeV/c
Mass=0.106GeV/c
Very small mass.
2st family
3st family
Top (t)
Bottom (b)
Tau (t-)
Tau neutrino (t)
The heaviest quark.
A heavier relative of the down and strange quark.
A heavier relative to the electron and
Not yet discovered.
Discoveredmuon.
1994.
Discovered 1977.
Very small mass.
2
Mass=175GeV/c
Mass~4.3GeV/c2
Discovered 1975.
Mass=1.78GeV/c2
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The constituents of matter
1964 Gell-Mann
The Mendeleyev of particle physics
Quarks
Proton
Today’s periodic system of the fundamental building blocks
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Why accelerators? To investigate Particle Physics
Particle physics looks at matter in its smallest dimensions
Accelerators
Microscopes
Binoculars
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Telescopes
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Interactions and models
Electricity
Magnetism
Electromagnetism
ElectroWeak
Grand
Unification
Weak Force
Standard model
Strong
Force
Quantum
Gravity
Universal Gravitation
Terrestrial
Gravity
Celestial Gravity
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Methods of Particle Physics
Concentrate energy on
particles (accelerator)
Collide particles (recreate
conditions after Big Bang)
E=mc2
Identify created particles in
Detector (search for new clues)
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CERN's mission: to build particle accelerators
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) set 80 – 150 m
underground in a circular tunnel 27 km long will be the most
powerful instrument ever built to investigate particles properties.
• Four gigantic
underground caverns to
host the huge detectors
• The highest energy of any
accelerator in the world
• The most intense proton
beams colliding head-on
800 million times per sec
• It will operate at a
temperature colder than
outer space
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Preparing the LHC
The LHC will start operation in 2007. It will certainly
change our view of the Universe.
27 km
circumference
80-150m underground
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Large Hadron Collider
LHCb
Atlas
CMS
Alice
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We don't know everything!
Why three generations?
Supersymmetry ?
Higgs boson ?
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The LHC
will help
solving all
these
unsolved
mysteries
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Spinoffs of CERN technology
Examples of application of technologies
developed at CERN for particle physics research
World-Wide Web, information technologies
Developments in technologies such as
superconductivity, cryogenics, vacuum…
Medical applications
industrial imaging,
radiation processing electronics
measuring instruments etc…..
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CERN, Internet and the WWW
In 1989 Tim BernersLee proposed a
distributed information
system for CERN
World Wide Web was invented in CERN to help particle physicists
around the word to communicate
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Evolution of CERN computing needs
CPU capacity 1998-2010
Central Processing Unit capacity 1998-2010
(black line)
Estimated CPU Capacity at CERN
5,000
4,500
4,000
K SI95
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
Other
experiments
1,500
1,000
LHC experiments
500
0
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
year
Jan 2000:
3.5K SI95
2007
2008
2009
2010
Moore’s law
Moore’s law predicts trends of
development of CPU capacity (red line)
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CERN computing
The experiments at LHC will generate enormous
amounts of data and will require a computing
environment thousands of times more powerful than
anything running on today’s Internet.
One of the experiments will generate 1000 million
events per second, a data rate equivalent to twenty
simultaneous telephone conversations by every person at
the earth
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The GRID: a possible solution to
CERN computing needs
The LHC
computing
GRID
is a
project
funded
by the
European
Union.
The objective is to build
the next generation computing
infrastructure
providing intensive
computation and analysis
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Medical applications of particle physics
Positron-Emission Tomography
•detect anomalous changes in
tissues and organs long before
serious symptoms are noticed
•radio-pharmaceutical emitting
positrons, is administered to the
patient. When positrons are
emitted, they quickly annihilate
with the electron in patient body,
and produce two gamma rays
which are detected, pin-pointing
where the annihilation took place.
•PET tells doctors exactly where
the radio-pharmaceutical ends up
in the body, allowing them to find
out whether everything is working
as it should.
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Positron-Emission Tomography
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To be discovered
probably
the late one ?
Yiannis
GR
Bo
SW
strange
Zuzana
SK
top
Maria
CZ
charm
Emily
BUL
bottom
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