Bell Work

1.

9/25 or 9/26

Complete bell work in your Journal. Write the questions.

Who is considered the “father” of the Hebrews?

2.

3.

4.

Where were the Hebrews located (promise land)?

What made the Hebrews different from others around them? Who were the 3 Kings of Israel?

5.

6.

7.

Describe who and how the Hebrews came into contact with the people/groups around them.

What are 2 other names given to the Hebrews?

The laws of ___________ are formed from the early Hebrew Story (religion)?

Clear Your Desk and take out something to grade your quiz with… • Listen to the correct answers • Mark the answers incorrect and write the correct letter for that question • Look at the questions missed and ask questions, if needed • Take 10 minutes to begin your quiz corrections • Quiz Corrections will be due Monday, 9/30 • 12-15 question Benchmark to measure your knowledge thus far in the class (Chapter 1-3, and Chapter 7-1) • Unit 2 Exam will be on your block day next week – Chapter 3 (Mesopotamia) – Chapter 7; Section 1 (Early Hebrews) – Chapter 4 (Egypt)

Think-Pair-Share In what context have we mentioned Africa before?

Africa -

Chapter 4, Section 1: Geography and Ancient Egypt

Page 86-89

Title of Notes: Geography and Ancient Egypt

The Big Idea

The water, fertile soils, and protected setting of the Nile Valley allowed a great civilization to arise in Egypt around 3200 BC.

Main Ideas

• Egypt was called the gift of the Nile because the Nile River gave life to the desert.

• Civilization developed along the Nile after people began farming in this region. • Strong kings unified all of Egypt.

Main Idea 1:

Egypt was called the gift of the Nile because the Nile River gave life to the desert

.

• The Nile River brought life to Egypt and allowed it to thrive.

• Biannual flooding of the Nile made farming possible – People waited on the floods and called them life giving miracles

Features of the Nile

• The Nile is the longest river in the world, with a distance of over 4,000 miles.

• Ancient Egypt included two regions, a southern and a northern region, that were given their names by their relation to the Nile (south to north) – Northern Region (Lower Egypt) – Southern Region (Upper Egypt) • At several points, the rough terrain caused

cataracts

, or rapids, to form.

– Made sailing difficult • The Nile divided into several branches, forming a

delta

, a triangular area of land made from soil deposited by a river.

– 2/3 of Egypt’s farmland was located in the Nile Delta

The Floods of the Nile

• Little rain fell in the Egyptian desert, but the Nile flooded every year in the summer and fall.

• The Nile’s flooding coated the land around it with a rich silt that made the soil ideal for farming.

•

Without the floods, people could never have farmed in Egypt *****

– Black Land- Fertile – Red Land-Dry/Lifeless

Map Activity

• Use an entire sheet of paper in your journal. • Construct a map of the Ancient Egypt (87).

• Identify and label the following on the map and • Make a legend using colors. 1. Red Sea 2. Mediterranean Sea 3. Nile River 4. Direction of the current 5. Upper Egypt 6. Lower Egypt 7. Western Desert and Eastern Desert (red land) 8. Nile Delta (black land) 9. Nubia 10. Kush 11. Cataracts 12. Sinai Peninsula 13. The Canaan

Bell Work 9/30 Answer the questions in complete sentences.

1. What is Egypt called (nickname)?

2. Who united Upper and Lower Egypt?

3. What was interesting about Egypt’s two regions?

4. Why would invading Egypt have been difficult?

5. Explain Egypt’s religion.

Main Idea 2: Civilization developed along the Nile after people began farming in this region.

• The Nile provided both water and fertile soil for farming.

• Diet – Many types of fish, wheat, barley, fruits, and vegetables – Raising cattle and other livestock • Like the Mesopotamians, they had a varied diet.

• Egypt’s location offered another advantage because it had natural barriers that made it hard to invade (protection).

– Cataracts along the Nile – Deserts – Bodies of water

Main Idea 3: Strong kings unified all of Egypt.

• According to tradition,

Menes

kingdoms rose to power in Upper Egypt and unified the two – wearing 2 crowns representing both kingdoms – He took control of Lower Egypt by marrying the Lower Egypt Princess (marriage alliance) • King Menes – Egypt’s first

pharaoh

, the title used by the rulers of Egypt.

– Founded Egypt’s first

dynasty

, or series of rulers from the same family.

– Made Memphis the capital of Egypt – Dynasty lasted 200 years and extended Egyptian territory southward along the Nile River

King Menes Representing Upper & Lower Egypt

Coned shaped white crown and a red crown

Farmers in Egypt learned to grow wheat and barley. This tomb painting shows a couple harvesting their crop. Farmers in Egypt still use the fertile lands along the Nile River to grow food.

Chapter 4, Section 2: The Old Kingdom

Pages 90-95

The Old Kingdom

The Big Idea

Egyptian government and religion were closely connected during the Old Kingdom.

Main Ideas

• In early Egyptian society, pharaohs ruled as gods and were at the top of the social structure.

• Religion shaped Egyptian life.

• The pyramids of Egypt were built as tombs for the pharaohs.

Egyptian Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms Using information on pages 90-101, complete the chart below Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom Date/Dynasty Pharaoh, Duties, Achievements Social Structure and Daily Life Government & Economy Religion Achievement of the Kingdom Egypt and its Neighbors

Date/Dynasty Pharaoh, Duties, Achievements Social Structure and Daily Life Government & Economy Old Kingdom 2700-2200 BCE Third Dynasty Khufu-cruel, but treated his officials nicely, known for monuments built to him He was expected to bring good harvest and control of ways of life…if something went wrong, the pharaoh was blamed.

1. Pharaoh, 2. nobles, 3. scribes and craftsmen, and 4. farmers, servants, and slaves

Elite

Middle Kingdom 2050-1550 BCE Mentuhotep II-defeated his rivals and stabilized Egypt for a short time “ Pharaoh as a god and controller of the government (had government officials to help him) They traded with neighbors around them (Nubia and Syria) Hyksos come in and take over the Middle Kingdom.

Though Egyptians keep their religion, they are forced under foreign rule.

New Kingdom 1550-1050 BCE 18 th Dynasty Ahmose-defeated the Hyksos and declared himself king of all of Egypt.

Hatshepsut-increased trade and built immense temples/monuments Ramses the Great-longest reign in Egyptian history and formed allies with the Hittites Same social order Scribes were important Soldiers could rise in status if promoted Farmers and Peasants were the vast majority Pharaoh had all the power and government officials Conquest and trade routes brought tremendous wealth Other people sent expensive gifts to to Egypt to keep the peace Religion Achievement of the Kingdom Egypt and its Neighbors Pharaoh as a god Polytheistic Built temples to the gods Afterlife (ka), Mummification, and Burial Practices Building Pyramids and Mastering Engineering Nubia to trade Syria to trade Punt to trade “ During the Middle Kingdom, Egypt was reunited and stabilized for a short period.

Hyksos invaded Egypt and ruled for 200 years “ Turned Egypt into an empire that stretched from the Euphrates river to south of Nubia (power and glory) Permanent Army and had leading military power Conquering the Hyksos, Syria, and Kush Babylonians, Assyrians, and Hittites sent gifts to Egypt

Index Card Quick Check Who, What, or Where am I?

Label Your Note Card Number the Note Card 1-20 in Columns Write the correct answer Turn in your Note Card (Pocket)

1. While ruling, I increased trade and build impressive monuments/temples. Who am I?

2. We house great Egyptian rulers and their valuables. What are we?

3. I ran the Hyksos out of Egypt and declared myself king of all of Egypt. Who am I?

4. Life in Egypt would not be possible if it were not for me. What am I?

5. I am the most famous pharaoh of the Old Kingdom. Who am I?

6. I was the first pharaoh in Egyptian History. Who am I?

7. After the middle kingdom, Egypt created me. I offered a chance to rise up in status by being promoted. What am I?

8. I am the most fertile place in Egypt, having 2/3 of the farmland. Where am I?

9. During the New Kingdom, Egypt grew in size and wealth through us. What are we?

10. Much of Egyptian religion focused on me. What am I?

11. I work closely with Anubis; I am the Egyptian god of the underworld. Who am I?

12. We sat on the top of King Menes’ head signifying the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. What are we?

13. My reign was one of the longest in Egyptian History and I made allies with the Hittites. Who am I?

14. I was the new capital of the 1 Where am I?

st Dynasty, established by King Menes.

15. In the Egyptian social structure, we rank under the pharaohs. Who are we?

16. Without mastering this concept, constructing pyramids would have been difficult. What am I?

17. The afterlife stemmed from me, I am a person’s life force. What am I?

18. I am the Egyptian sun god. Who am I?

19. We are also known as royalty because we have wealth and power. Like the pharaohs, we could often afford to be mummified. Who are we?

20. I am considered a natural barrier, protecting Egyptians from their enemies and crossing the Nile easily. What am I?

21. We used horses, chariots, and advanced weapons to conquer Lower Egypt and ruled Egypt for 200 years. Who are we?

Main Idea 1: In early Egyptian society, pharaohs ruled as gods and were at the top of the social structure.

• The

Old Kingdom

was a period in which the Egyptians developed a system based on the belief that the pharaoh was both a king and a god.

• Government was a theocracy.

• As the population grew, social classes appeared.

• Egypt began to trade goods with its neighbors.

Egyptian Society

•

Social classes

– Pharaohs ruled Egypt as gods.

– Many

nobles

, or people from rich and powerful families, were officials and priests who helped run the government.

– Scribes and craftspeople wrote and produced goods.

– Farmers, servants, and slaves made up most of Egyptian society.

Main Idea 2: Religion shaped Egyptian life.

The Egyptians had gods for nearly everything, including the sun, the sky, and the earth. These gods would often mix human and animal forms.

Egyptian religion focused on the

afterlife

, or life after death.

They believed that when a person died, his or her

ka

left the body and became a spirit.

They developed embalming to preserve bodies and keep the link between the body and the spirit. The specially treated bodies wrapped in cloth were called

mummies

.

Major Egyptian gods/goddesses to know • Anubis: god of the dead (human-animal mix) • Re, or Amon Re: the sun god • Osiris: the god of the underworld • Isis: goddess of magic • Horus: Sky god, god of the pharaohs

Abbreviated Steps of the Mummification Process 1. Removal of the Brain (through the nose with a hook) 2. Removal of Internal Organs (except the heart) 3. Embalming the Body • • • Soak the body in Natron (nay-tron) Dry out for ~40 days Stuff the body with oils and perfumes What is “ka?” 4. Wrapping the Body • • • 15 days Yards of Linen Decoration to linens was done before wrapping

Mummification Video 2:45 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L9k5NuJL UkQ

Main Idea 3: The pyramids of Egypt were built as tombs for the pharaohs.

Pyramids

built.

are huge stone tombs with four triangular sides that meet in a point on the top. Historians are unsure how they were Pyramids displayed amazing

engineering

, or the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.

The size and shape of the pyramids showed the importance of pharaohs. They were the people’s link to the gods, so the Egyptians wanted their spirits to be happy.

Chapter 4, Section 3: The Middle and New Kingdoms

The Middle and New Kingdoms

The Big Idea

During the Middle and New Kingdoms, order and greatness were restored in Egypt.

Main Ideas

• The Middle Kingdom was a period of stable government between periods of disorder.

• In the New Kingdom, Egyptian trade and military power reached their peak, but Egypt’s greatness did not last.

• Work and daily life were different for each of Egypt’s social classes.

Main Idea 1: The Middle Kingdom was a period of stable government between periods of disorder.

Following a period of competition for power between the nobles and the pharaohs, the Middle Kingdom began.

Egypt was united for nearly 300 years Egypt fell into disorder around 1750 BC. A group called the Hyksos (Hick-sos) invaded and ruled the region for 200 years.

The Egyptians fought back, and Ahmose of Thebes declared himself king and drove the Hyksos out of Egypt, beginning the New Kingdom .

Main Idea 2: In the New Kingdom, Egyptian trade and military power reached their peak, but Egypt’s greatness did not last.

• Fearing future invasions, the Egyptians took control of all possible invasion routes into the kingdom.

• Egypt took over vast lands and was the leading military power in the area.

• Egypt became rich because of the lands it conquered.

Growth and Effects of Trade

• Conquests brought traders into contact with distant lands, and

trade routes

, or paths followed by traders, developed.

•

Queen Hatshepsut

architecture.

encouraged trade and used the profits to support the arts and • Led by

Ramses the Great

, Egypt fought invaders for many years, leaving their empire diminished. (biography on page 101)

Main Idea 3: Work and daily life were different for each of Egypt’s social classes.

• The complex society required people to take on many different kinds of jobs.

• Family life was very important in Egyptian society, and most Egyptians lived in their own homes.

– Women had many legal rights, including owning property, making

contracts

, and divorcing their husbands.

Scribes

Few people were more respected than scribes. They did not have to pay taxes, and many became wealthy.

Egyptian Jobs

Artisans, Artists, and Architects

These jobs required advanced skills and were also very admired in Egypt.

Merchants and Traders

Although trade was important, few held these positions. Some had to travel very long distances to buy and sell goods.

Additional Egyptian Jobs

Soldiers

Egypt created a permanent army that offered soldiers a chance to rise in social status and receive land as payment.

Farmers and Other Peasants

This group made up the vast majority of the population. They grew crops to support their families and to pay taxes.

Slaves

Slaves were usually criminals or prisoners. They had some legal rights, however.

Bell Work 10/2 or 10/3 Complete the chart for Ancient Egypt

G.=________ R. =________ A. =________ P. =________ E. =________ S. =________

Chapter 4, Section 4: Egyptian Achievements

Egyptian Achievements

The Big Idea

The Egyptians made lasting achievements in writing, architecture, and art.

Main Ideas

• The Egyptians developed a writing system using hieroglyphics.

• The Egyptians created magnificent temples, tombs, and works of art.

Egyptian Achievements 102-106

• Pyramids and Engineering • Hieroglyphics – Writing in pictographs – papyrus • Rosetta Stone • Egyptian Texts – Government, historical records, science and medical manuals, literary works –

The Book of the Dead

• Paintings – All subjects – Lively, colorful scenes – Distinctive style • Humans-Heads/legs are seen from the side, but upper body and shoulders straight on • Temples & Tombs – Impressive paintings and carvings – statues – Homes of gods – Tombs filled with treasures – Temple of Karnak • Sphinx – Imaginary figures • Obelisk – Pointed column • Skilled Stoneworkers and use of gold – Jewelry – Tomb décor

King Tutankhamen

   Tomb filled with treasures, including jewelry, robes, and a burial mask, and ivory statues Though treasure hunters emptied many pharaohs’ tombs, King Tut’s was not disturbed.

This tomb, found in 1922, has told us much about Egyptian burial practices and beliefs.

Main Idea 1: The Egyptians developed a writing system using hieroglyphics.

• Hieroglyphics was the Egyptian writing system.

• Egyptians learned to write hieroglyphics on from reeds.

papyrus

, a long lasting, paper-like material made • Scribes wrote on papyrus using brushes and ink.

• Historians learned how to read hieroglyphics after discovering the

Rosetta Stone

, which was written in three languages.

– Hieroglyphics – A later form of Egyptian – Greek

Main Idea 2: The Egyptians created magnificent temples, tombs, and works of art.

Egyptians believed the massive temples were homes of the gods.

People visited to worship, offer gifts to the gods, and ask for favors.

Temples had

• Stone sphinxes and other statues • An

obelisk: a

tall, four sided pillar that is pointed at the top • Painted walls and columns that also had hieroglyphics

Egyptian art filled tombs.

• Egyptian art was filled with lively, colorful scenes.

• Art showed historical events, everyday life, and religious events.

• Painting had a distinctive style in which people’s heads and legs are always seen from the side, but upper bodies are shown straight on.

Tombs contained work such as: • Art and hieroglyphics on walls and columns • Stone statues and carvings – Egyptians were skilled stoneworkers.

• Jewelry