Transcript The Solar System Chapter 2 1

The Solar System
Chapter 2
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Models of the Solar System
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In the geocentric
model, Earth is at the
center of the revolving
planets.
Aristotle stated that the
earth was in the center
of the solar system.
Ptolemy stated that the
earth was in the center
of the universe. He
thought that the
planets moved in small
circles as they moved
around the sun.
Models of the Solar System
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In the heliocentric
model, Earth and
the other planets
revolve around the
sun.
This model was
developed by
Nicolaus
Copernicus.
Galileo
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Used a telescope
to view the solar
system.
Observed the four
larger moons that
orbited Jupiter.
Observed the
phases of Venus
Brahe & Kepler
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Brahe carefully
observed the
positions of the
planets.
Kepler had wrote
laws that explained
the behavior of
planets orbiting the
sun.
Kepler’s Laws of Motion
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LAW 1: The orbit of
a planet/comet
about the Sun is an
ellipse with the
Sun's center of
mass at one focus
Kepler’s Laws of Motion
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LAW 2: A line
joining a
planet/comet and
the Sun sweeps out
equal areas in
equal intervals of
time
Kepler’s Laws of Motion
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LAW 3: The farther
a planet is from the
sun, the longer the
orbital period.
Forces that Keeps Planets in
Orbit Around the Sun
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Newton concluded
that two factors,
inertia & gravity,
combine to keep the
planets in orbit.
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Inertia is
tendency of an
object to resist a
change in motion.
Gravity is the
force that attract
all objects toward
each other.
The Sun
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The sun produces its energy
from nuclear fusion (core
must reach 15 million degree
Celsius).
Sun’s Atmosphere:
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The photosphere is the
inner layer of the sun
that makes light.
The chromosphere is
the middle layer and
produces color.
The corona is the outer
layer of the sun and
produces ultraviolet
radiation.
Solar Features
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Solar winds are a stream
of electrically charged
particles coming from the
corona.
Sunspots are areas of gas
on the sun that are cooler
than the gases around
them.
Prominences are reddish
loops of gas.
Solar flares are large
explosions of gas on
photosphere.
Inner Planets
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Total of eight
planets in our solar
system.
The inner planets
are also called the
terrestrial planets.
Small in Size.
Have rocky
surfaces.
Mercury
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Mercury is 0.4 AU
from the sun.
Diameter is 4,878 km.
Rotates every 59
days.
Revolves around the
sun every 88 days.
Very thin atmosphere.
0 moons.
Temperature between
-170oC to 430oC.
Very heavily cratered.
Venus
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Venus is 0.7 AU from the
sun.
Diameter is 12,104 km.
Rotates every 243 days
(retrograde).
Revolves around the sun
every 225 days.
Very thick atmosphere of
CO2.
0 moons.
Temperature 460oC
(Greenhouse Effect).
Sulfuric acid rain.
Earth
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Earth is 1.0 AU from the
sun.
Diameter is 12,756 km.
Rotates every 24 hours.
Revolves around the sun
every 365.25 days.
Atmosphere of 78%
nitrogen and 21 %
oxygen.
1 moons.
Temperature ?oC.
70% of Earth’s surface is
covered by water.
Mars
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Mars is 1.5 AU from the
sun.
Diameter is 6794 km.
Rotates every 24 hours.
Revolves around the sun
every 687 days.
Thin atmosphere of CO2.
2 moons(Phobos &
Deimos).
Temperature -153oC to
20oC.
Polar caps of dry ice.
Olympus mons is the
largest volcano in the
solar system.
Asteriod Belt
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Asteroids are objects
revolving around the sun
that are too small and too
numerous to be
considered planets.
The asteroid belt is
located between Mars
and Jupiter.
Asteroids include Ceres,
Pallas, Juno and Vesta.
Over 300 asteroids have
been identified.
What keeps planets revolving
around the sun?
A.
B.
C.
D.
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The sun’s
gravitational pull.
The Planet’s mass.
The planet’s
magnetic field.
The Sun’s inertia.
Outer Planets (Jovian
Planets)
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Found outside the
asteroid belt between the
asteroids and the Kuiper
Belt.
These planets are large
and made of gas.
Jupiter
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Jupiter is 5.2 AU from the
sun.
Diameter is 142,984 km.
Rotates every 9.9 hours.
Revolves around the sun
every 11.9 years.
Thick atmosphere of
hydrogen & Helium.
63 moons (Io, Europa,
Callisto & Ganymede).
Temperature -110oC.
Great Red spot is a large
storm.
Has a ring system.
Saturn
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Saturn is 9.6 AU from the
sun.
Diameter is 120,536 km.
Rotates every 10.7 hours.
Revolves around the sun
every 29.4 years.
Thick atmosphere of
hydrogen & helium.
60 moons (Titan).
Temperature -140oC.
Has an extensive ring
system.
Uranus
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Uranus is 19.1 AU from
the sun.
Diameter is 51,200 km.
Rotates every 17.3 hours.
Revolves around the sun
every 84 years.
Thick atmosphere of
hydrogen & helium, with
traces of methane.
27 moons.
Temperature -195oC.
Has a ring system.
Axis is tilted 90o.
Neptune
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Neptune is 30 AU from
the sun.
Diameter is 49,500 km.
Rotates every 16.1 hours.
Revolves around the sun
every 165 years.
Thick atmosphere of
hydrogen & helium.
13 moons (Triton).
Temperature -200oC.
Has an ring system.
Had a Great Dark Spot
that has since
disappeared.
Kuiper Belt
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The region of the Solar
System beyond the
planets extending from
the orbit of Neptune (at
30 AU) to approximately
55 AU from the Sun.
Oort Cloud & Comets
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The Oort cloud is where
the comets are found.
Comets are dirty
snowballs that orbit the
sun.
A comet has a head and
tail, the head is made of
the nucleus and coma.
The tail of the comet
always points away from
the sun because of the
solar winds.
Halley’s comet appears
every 76 years.
Meteoroids, Meteors &
Meteorites
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Meteoroids are pieces of
rocks flying through
space.
Meteors are meteoroids
that have entered the
earth’s atmosphere,
burning up because of
friction.
Meteorites are meteors
that reach the surface of
earth.
Life Beyond Earth
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“Goldilock’s condtions”
 Liquid water.
 Suitable temperature.
 Atmosphere.
The Drake Equation:
 R=The number of
suitable stars.
 Fp=The fraction of
these stars that have
planets.
 Ne=The number of
Earth-like planets.
 Fl=The fraction of
Earth-like planets
where life develops.
Drake Equation(continued)
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Fi=The fraction of life
sites where intelligent
life develops.
Fc=The fraction of
intelligent life sites
where communication
develops.
L="The "lifetime" (in
years) of a
communicative
civilization.
N=The number of
communicative
civilizations within the
Milky Way today.
An icy object that has an elongated
orbit around the sun is referred to as
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Asteroid
Comet
Meteor
Meteorite
C
A.
Why does a meteoroid or asteroid create a streak of light
when entering the Earth’s atmosphere?
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Light from the sun is
reflected of the surface of
each
Energy is released form
the objects
Lightning is produced form
these objects
Light is a result of friction
from the gasses in the
atmosphere
Li
A.
Review Questions
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Which planet is the largest?
(Jupiter)
Which planet is the smallest?
(Mercury)
Which planet has the most Moons?
(Jupiter)
Which planet has the most extensive
ring system?
(Saturn)
Review Questions
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Which planet has the Greenhouse Effect?
(Venus)
Which planet has the largest volcano in the solar
system?
(Mars)
Which planet rotates on its side?
(Uranus)
Which person developed the heliocentric model
of the solar system?
(Copernicus)
Review Questions
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Who stated that planets orbited the sun in
elliptical orbits?
(Kepler)
Which two factors keep planets in orbit around
the sun?
(gravity & inertia)
What is the largest moon in our solar system?
(Ganymede)
Which moon has volcanic activity?
(Io)
Review Questions
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What part of the sun produces light?
(photosphere)
What are the cooler dark areas on the
sun’s surface called?
(sunspots)
What do we call the large chunks of ice
orbiting the sun in the Oort Cloud?
(comets)
What is found between Mars & Jupiter?
(asteroids)
Review Questions
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What are shooting stars?
(meteors)
What do you call a meteor before it enters earth’s
atmosphere?
(meteoroids)
What do you call a meteor after it enters earth’s
atmosphere?
(meteorites)
What is the outer-most atmosphere of the sun?
(corona)
Review Questions
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What layer of the sun produces color?
(chromosphere)
What is the center of the sun called?
(core)
How many planets have been identified
in our solar system?
(8)
What do we call explosions on the
surface of the sun?
(solar flares)
Review Questions
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What do we call extensions of burning gases on
the sun?
(prominences)
Which planet is red because of the iron oxides
on the surface?
(Mars)
What is the most abundant gas found in our
solar system?
(hydrogen)
Who developed the first telescope?
(Galileo)
Review Questions
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Who calculated the positions of planetary
orbits?
(Brahe)
Who developed the geocentric model of the solar
system?
(Ptolemy or Aristotle)
Which planet is the most heavily cratered and
has a very thin atmosphere?
(Mercury)
Which of the outer planets is not a gas giant?
(Pluto)
Review Questions
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List the order of the planets from the closest to
the sun to the farthest from the sun?
(Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus, Neptune, Pluto)
Which planet has the moon Titan?
(Saturn)
Which planet has the moons Phobos & Deimos?
(Mars)
Which planet has living organisms?
(Earth)
Review Questions
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Which planet has the Great Red Spot?
(Jupiter)
Which planet had the Great Dark Spot?
(Neptune)
Which planet has the density less than
that of water?
(Saturn)
Which planet has a longer day than
year?
(Venus)
Review Questions
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Which planet has about the same length of day
as earth?
(Mars)
Which planet has about the same diameter as
earth?
(Venus)
Which planet are we most likely to send a
manned space mission to?
(Mars)
Which moon of Jupiter is most like earth?
(Europa)
Which two planets have no moons?
(Mercury & Venus)