Transcript Document 7176987

Confrontation of the
Superpowers
• The division between Western Europe and
Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe
was the beginning of the Cold War. 
• The Soviet Union feared the capitalist
West. 
• The United States feared communism.
(pages 849–851)
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Confrontation of the
Superpowers (cont.)
• After World War II, the United States
and Great Britain wanted the Eastern
European nations to determine their
own governments. 
• Stalin feared that the Eastern European
nations would be anti-Soviet if they were
allowed free elections.
(pages 849–851)
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Confrontation of the
Superpowers (cont.)
• In early 1947, President Harry S Truman
issued the Truman Doctrine, which
stated that the United States would give
money to countries threatened by
Communist expansion. 
• As stated by Dean Acheson, the U.S.
secretary of state, the United States was
concerned that communism would spread
throughout the free world if left
unchecked.
(pages 849–851)
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Confrontation of the
Superpowers (cont.)
• In June 1947, the European Recovery
Program, better known as the Marshall
Plan, began. 
• This program was set up to rebuild wartorn Europe. 
• The Soviet Union and its economically
and politically dependent Eastern
European satellite states refused to
participate in the Marshall Plan.
(pages 849–851)
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Confrontation of the
Superpowers (cont.)
• In 1949, the Soviet Union set up
the Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance (COMECON) as a response
to the Marshall Plan. 
• COMECON was established to help the
economies of Eastern European states.
(pages 849–851)
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Confrontation of the
Superpowers (cont.)
• In 1947, the United States adopted
the policy of containment to keep
communism within its existing
boundaries and prevent further
Soviet aggressive moves.
(pages 849–851)
Confrontation of the
Superpowers (cont.)
• By 1948, Great Britain, the United States,
and France worked to unify the three
western sections of Germany and Berlin
and create a West German government. 
• The Soviets opposed the creation of a
West German state, so they tried to
prevent it by setting up a blockade of
West Berlin. 
• The United States and Great Britain set
up the Berlin Air Lift to fly in supplies to
West Berlin.
(pages 849–851)
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Confrontation of the
Superpowers (cont.)
• The Soviets ended the blockade of West
Berlin in May 1949.
(pages 849–851)
Confrontation of the
Superpowers (cont.)
• The Federal Republic of Germany, or
West Germany, was formally created in
September 1949. 
• A month later, the German Democratic
Republic was set up by the Soviets. 
• Berlin was divided into two parts.
(pages 849–851)
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The Spread of the Cold War
• Chinese Communists took control of the
government of China in 1949. 
• As a result of the fall of China to
communism and the Soviet Union’s
explosion of its first atomic bomb in
1949, the Soviet Union and the United
States began an arms race, in which
both countries built up their armies
and weapons.
(pages 851–853)
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The Spread of the Cold War (cont.)
• In April 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO) was formed. 
• This military alliance, which included
Great Britain, France, other Western
European nations, and the United States
and Canada, agreed to provide mutual
help if any one of them was attacked. 
• In 1955, the Soviet Union and Albania,
Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany,
Hungary, Poland, and Romania formed
the military alliance called the Warsaw
Pact.
(pages 851–853)
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The Spread of the Cold War (cont.)
• The Korean War began in 1950 when the
Communist government of North Korea,
allied with the Soviet Union, tried to take
over South Korea. 
• As a result, the United States extended its
military alliances around the world. 
• By the mid-1950s, the United States was
in military alliances with 42 nations.
(pages 851–853)
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The Spread of the Cold War (cont.)
• The United States, Great Britain, France,
Pakistan, Thailand, the Philippines,
Australia, and New Zealand formed the
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
(SEATO) to stop the Soviet expansion
in the East. 
• Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Great Britain,
and the United States formed the Central
Treaty Organization (CENTO) to stop
Soviet expansion to the south.
(pages 851–853)
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The Spread of the Cold War (cont.)
• In 1957, the Soviets sent Sputnik I, the
first man-made space satellite, to orbit
the earth. 
• Americans feared there was a missile gap
between the Soviet Union and the United
States.
(pages 851–853)
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The Spread of the Cold War (cont.)
• In August 1961, on the order of Soviet
leader Nikita Khrushchev, the East
German government began to build a
wall between West Berlin and East Berlin
in order to stop the flow of East Germans
escaping into West Berlin.
(pages 851–853)
The Cuban Missile Crisis
• In 1959, President Kennedy approved a
secret plan for Cuban exiles to invade
Cuba at the Bay of Pigs and revolt against
the Soviet-supported Cuban dictator, Fidel
Castro. 
• The invasion failed.
(page 853)
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The Cuban Missile Crisis (cont.)
• The Soviet Union sent arms and military
advisers to Cuba. 
• In 1962 Khrushchev began to place
nuclear missiles in Cuba to counteract
U.S. nuclear weapons placed in Turkey,
close to the Soviet Union. 
• In October 1962, President Kennedy
found out that Soviet ships carrying
nuclear missiles were headed to Cuba.

• So he ordered a blockade of Cuba to
stop the ships from reaching Cuba.
(page 853)
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The Cuban Missile Crisis (cont.)
• Khrushchev agreed to send the ships
back and remove nuclear missiles in
Cuba if Kennedy agreed not to invade
Cuba. 
• Kennedy agreed. 
• The Cuban missile crisis brought
the world close to nuclear war.
(page 853)
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Vietnam and the Domino Theory
• The Vietnam War had an important impact
on the Cold War. 
• Its purpose was to keep the Communist
government of North Vietnam from
gaining control of South Vietnam. 
• U.S. policy makers applied the domino
theory to the Vietnam War. 
• According to this theory, if South Vietnam
fell to communism, then other countries
in Asia would fall like dominoes to
communism.
(pages 853–854)
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Vietnam and the Domino Theory (cont.)
• An antiwar movement escalated in the
United States as a result of the growing
number of American troops sent to
Vietnam and the mounting destruction of
the war, which was brought into American
homes by television.
(pages 853–854)
Vietnam and the Domino Theory (cont.)
• President Johnson decided not to run
for reelection because of public opinion
against his handling of the war. 
• Former Republican vice president Richard
M. Nixon won the election with the
promise to end the war and reunite the
American people. 
• In 1973, Nixon reached an agreement
with North Vietnam allowing the United
States to withdraw its troops. 
• Within two years, Vietnam was forcibly
reunited by Communist armies from the
(pages 853–854)
North.
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The Reign of Stalin
• The economy of the Soviet Union was
devastated by World War II. 
• To create a new industrial base, goods
were produced almost exclusively for
export. 
• The money from export goods was used
to buy machinery and Western
technology.
(pages 855–856)
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The Reign of Stalin (cont.)
• By 1950, the Soviet Union had built new
power plants, canals, and giant factories. 
• Heavy industry, the manufacture of
machines and equipment for factories
and mines, increased. 
• The testing of the hydrogen bomb in 1953
and the launch of the first space satellite,
Sputnik I, in 1957 made the Soviet Union
a world power.
(pages 855–856)
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The Reign of Stalin (cont.)
• In 1946, the Soviet government said
that all literary and scientific work must
conform to the political needs of the
state. 
• Stalin died in 1953.
(pages 855–856)
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The Reign of Stalin (cont.)
What were the effects of the Soviet
government’s economic methods
enacted after World War II?
By 1950, Russian industrial production
surpassed prewar levels by 40 percent.
The Soviet people, however, had a
shortage of consumer goods and a
severe shortage of housing.
(pages 855–856)
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The Khrushchev Era
• After Stalin’s death, Nikita Khrushchev
became the chief policy maker in the
Soviet Union. 
• Under his leadership, de-Stalinization,
or the process of eliminating some of
Stalin’s ruthless policies, was put in
place. 
• Khrushchev loosened government
controls on literature. 
• For example, he allowed the publication
of a work by Alexander Solzhenitsyn
that depicted life in a Siberian forcedlabor camp.
(pages 856–857)
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The Khrushchev Era (cont.)
• He tried to increase the production of
consumer goods and agricultural output. 
• Khrushchev’s attempts to increase
agricultural output failed, and the
industrial growth rate also declined. 
• In 1964, he was forced into retirement.
(pages 856–857)
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Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron
Curtain
• After World War II, Soviet-controlled
Communist governments took control
of Eastern European countries. 
• However, in Albania, the Communist
government grew increasingly
independent of the Soviet Union. 
• After World War II, Yugoslavia, led by
Josip Broz, or Tito, was an independent
Communist state until Tito’s death in
1980.
(pages 857–858)
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Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron
Curtain (cont.)
• Between 1948 and 1953, Eastern
European satellite states instituted Soviettype five-year plans with emphasis on
heavy industry. 
• They began to collectivize agriculture. 
• They set up secret police and military
forces.
(pages 857–858)
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Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron
Curtain (cont.)
• After Stalin’s death many Eastern
European states tried to make reforms. 
• The Soviet Union, however, made it
clear–especially in Poland, Hungary,
and Czechoslovakia–that it would not
allow its Eastern European satellites to
become independent.
(pages 857–858)
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Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron
Curtain (cont.)
• In 1956 revolts against communism
erupted in Poland, and a series of reforms
were adopted. 
• Fearful of a Soviet armed response,
however, the Poles pledged to remain
loyal to the Warsaw Pact.
(pages 857–858)
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Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron
Curtain (cont.)
• In 1956, after calls for revolt from Soviet
control, Hungarian leader Imre Nagy
declared Hungary a free nation. 
• Three days later, Soviet troops attacked
Budapest and reestablished control of the
country.
(pages 857–858)
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Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron
Curtain (cont.)
• In January 1968, Alexander Dubček was
elected first secretary of the Communist
party in Czechoslovakia. 
• He introduced reforms to the country,
including freedom of speech and press. 
• By August 1968, the Soviet Army invaded
Czechoslovakia, crushed the reform
movement, and reestablished Soviet
control.
(pages 857–858)
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Western Europe: Recovery
• The Marshall Plan helped the countries of
Western Europe recover relatively rapidly
from the devastation of World War II. 
• The 1950s and 1960s were periods of
dramatic economic growth and prosperity
in Western Europe.
(pages 860–862)
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Western Europe: Recovery (cont.)
• For almost 25 years after World War II,
France was mostly led by Charles de
Gaulle. 
• He established the Fourth Republic, which
featured a strong parliament and a weak
presidency. 
• But the government was largely
ineffective, and de Gaulle withdrew from
politics. 
• He returned in 1958 and established the
Fifth Republic, which featured a strong
presidency.
(pages 860–862)
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Western Europe: Recovery (cont.)
• De Gaulle became the first president of
the Fifth Republic. 
• France became a major industrial
producer and exporter. 
• Government deficits and a rise in the cost
of living led to unrest. 
• De Gaulle resigned from office in 1969.
(pages 860–862)
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Western Europe: Recovery (cont.)
• From 1949 to 1963, Konrad Adenauer,
leader of the Christian Democratic
Union, served as chancellor of West
Germany. 
• Under Adenauer’s leadership and that
of the minister of finance, Ludwig Erhard,
West Germany’s economy was revived. 
• The unemployment rate fell greatly. 
• Erhard became chancellor from 1963
to 1969. 
• The Social Democratic Party, led by Willy
Brandt, became West Germany’s leading
political party in 1969.
(pages 860–862)
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Western Europe: Recovery (cont.)
• At the end of World War II, Great Britain
had large economic problems. 
• The Labour Party, which promised farreaching reforms, defeated Churchill’s
Conservative Party. 
• Prime Minister Clement Attlee and the
Labour Party created a modern welfare
state–a state in which the government
takes responsibility for providing citizens
with services and a minimal standard of
living. 
• The British welfare state became the norm
for most European states after the war.
(pages 860–862)
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Western Europe: Recovery (cont.)
• The cost of building a welfare state
caused Great Britain to dismantle
the British Empire. 
• Many British colonies gained their
independence.
(pages 860–862)
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Western Europe: The Move
toward Unity
• After World War II, many Europeans
wanted European unity. 
• Nationalism, however, was too strong for
European nations to give up their
sovereignty. 
• Instead the countries focused on
economic unity.
(pages 862–863)
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Western Europe: The Move
toward Unity (cont.)
• In 1957, France, West Germany, the
Benelux countries, and Italy created the
European Economic Community (EEC),
also known as the Common Market. 
• The six member nations would impose no
tariffs on each other’s goods. 
• By the 1960s, the EEC was an important
trading bloc–a group of nations with a
common purpose.
(pages 862–863)
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The United States in the 1950s
• Between 1945 and 1970, the ideals
of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal
determined the patterns of American
domestic politics. 
• Prosperity at home and Cold War
struggles abroad characterized the
1950s in the United States. 
• Between 1945 and 1973 real wages–
the actual purchasing power of
income–grew an average of 3 percent
a year.
(pages 863–864)
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The United States in the 1950s (cont.)
• The Cold War led to widespread fear that
Communists had infiltrated the United
States. 
• Senator Joseph R. McCarthy charged that
hundreds of Communists were in high
government positions. 
• This created a massive “Red Scare.”
(pages 863–864)
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The United States in the 1960s
• President John F. Kennedy, the youngest
elected president of the United States,
was assassinated in 1963. 
• Vice President Lyndon Johnson became
president and was elected in a landslide
victory to another term in 1964. 
• President Johnson’s Great Society
programs included health care for
the elderly, measures to fight poverty,
and aid to education.
(pages 864–865)
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The United States in the 1960s (cont.)
• The U.S. civil rights movement began in
1954 with the Supreme Court ruling that
made racial segregation in public schools
illegal. 
• In 1963 the Reverend Martin Luther
King, Jr., a leader of the civil rights
movement, led a march on Washington,
D.C., for equality. 
• He advocated the use of passive
disobedience in gaining racial equality.
(pages 864–865)
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The United States in the 1960s (cont.)
• President Johnson worked for civil rights. 
• In 1964 the Civil Rights Act helped end
segregation and discrimination in the
workplace and in public places. 
• The Voting Rights Act of 1965 made it
easier for African Americans to vote in
southern states.
(pages 864–865)
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The United States in the 1960s (cont.)
• In 1965, race riots began in the Watts
district of Los Angeles. 
• In 1968, after the assassination of Martin
Luther King, Jr., race riots broke out in
over a hundred cities in the United
States. 
• The race riots caused a “white backlash,”
and racial division in the United States
continued. 
• As the Vietnam War continued through
the second half of the 1960s, antiwar
protests throughout the United States
grew.
(pages 864–865)
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The United States in the 1960s (cont.)
• Republican Richard M. Nixon was elected
president based on his ”law and order”
campaign in 1968.
(pages 864–865)
The Development of Canada
• After World War II, Canada increased its
industrial development. 
• Much of the Canadian growth was
financed by people from the United
States, leading to U.S. ownership of
many Canadian businesses. 
• Some Canadians feared American
economic domination of Canada. 
• Canada was a founding member of the
UN in 1945 and joined NATO in 1949.
(page 866)
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The Development of Canada (cont.)
• The Liberal government of Canada
created a welfare state by enacting a
national social security system and a
national health insurance program.
(page 866)
The Emergence of a New Society
• Postwar Western society had a changing
social structure. 
• Managers and technicians joined the
middle-class groups. 
• The number of people in farming declined
dramatically. 
• The number of industrial workers declined
as white-collar workers increased. 
• A consumer society developed as real
wages increased.
(pages 866–868)
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The Emergence of a New Society
• Buying on credit became widespread
in the 1950s. 
(cont.)
• The automobile was a sign of
consumerism.
(pages 866–868)
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The Emergence of a New Society
• Women in many Western countries
had gained the right to vote after World
War I. 
• Women in France and Italy gained voting
rights in the 1940s. 
• Women who had worked during World
War II returned to traditional roles. 
• Birthrates rose, creating a “baby boom”
in the late 1940s and the 1950s.
(pages 866–868)
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The Emergence of a New Society
• By the end of the 1950s, birthrates
declined. 
• Married women entered the workforce. 
• Women earned much less than men did
for equal work. 
• Many women worked and raised families
at the same time.
(pages 866–868)
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The Emergence of a New Society
• By the late 1960s, women renewed
their interest in the women’s liberation
movement. 
• The Second Sex by Simone de Beauvoir
influenced both the American and
European women’s movements.
(pages 866–868)
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The Emergence of a New Society
• Growing discontent in European and
U.S. universities led students to revolt in
the late 1960s. 
• In the 1970s and 1980s, student rebels
became middle-class professionals.
(pages 866–868)
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