Transcript Document 7176709
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Slide 1
Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
John W. Santrock
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
Slide 2
• What Characterizes Emotional Development and Self Development in Adolescence?
• What Is the Nature of Parent-Adolescent Relationships?
• What Aspects of Peer Relationships Are Important in Adolescence?
• Why Is Culture an Important Context for Adolescent Development?
• What Are Some Socioemotional Problems in Adolescence?
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Characterizes Emotional Development and Self-Development in Adolescence?
Emotional Development
• More extreme emotions • Emotions more changeable, fleeting – Moodiness is normal • Decrease in overall happiness – Risk of depression Slide 3
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Characterizes Emotional Development and Self-Development in Adolescence?
Self-Reported Extremes of Emotions by Adolescents, Mothers, and Fathers
Slide 4 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Very unhappy Fathers Mothers Adolescents Very happy
Fig. 17.1
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What Characterizes Emotional Development and Self-Development in Adolescence?
Self-Esteem
• How we feel about ourselves – Often decreases in transition from elementary to junior high school – Appears to fluctuate across lifespan – Higher for males at most ages Slide 5
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Characterizes Emotional Development and Self-Development in Adolescence?
Self-Esteem Across the Lifespan
4.0
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
Fig. 17.2
3.0
9-12 13-17
Slide 6
30-39 40-49 Age 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89
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What Characterizes Emotional Development and Self-Development in Adolescence?
Erikson and Identity
• 5th stage: Identity vs. identity confusion – Confusion takes 2 forms: isolation or lost identity in the crowd • Identity: a self-portrait of many pieces – Physical, cognitive, social, emotional – A lengthy, complex, lifelong process Slide 7
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Characterizes Emotional Development and Self-Development in Adolescence?
Marcia’s Identity Statuses
Fig. 17.3
Slide 8
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Characterizes Emotional Development and Self-Development in Adolescence?
Family Influences on Identity
• Family atmosphere is important – Individuality: two dimensions • Self-expression • Separateness – Connectedness: two dimensions • Mutuality • Permeability Slide 9
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Characterizes Emotional Development and Self-Development in Adolescence?
Cultural and Ethnic Aspects of Identity
Slide 10 • Includes – Sense of membership in an ethnic group – Attitudes and feelings related to that membership – Minority adolescents have bicultural identities – Prejudice, living contexts can affect search and development of healthy ethnic identity
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Is the Nature of Parent-Adolescent Relationships?
Autonomy and Attachment
• Conflict when adolescents push for autonomy • Parents should relinquish control gradually, as adolescent is able to make reasonable decisions • Gender and culture affect seeking and granting autonomy Slide 11
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Is the Nature of Parent-Adolescent Relationships?
Parent-Adolescent Conflict
Slide 12 • Escalated conflict due to – Biological changes (puberty) – Cognitive changes (idealism, logic) – Social changes (independence, identity) – Maturational changes – Violated expectations
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Is the Nature of Parent-Adolescent Relationships?
Parent-Adolescent Conflict
Slide 13 • Parents serve as support system as adolescents explore wider world – Most conflict is moderate – Some prolonged, unhealthy conflict associated with adolescent problems – Conflict is less in some cultures
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Is the Nature of Parent-Adolescent Relationships?
Competent Adolescent Development
• Parents should • Show warmth and respect • Show sustained interest in children’s lives • Recognize and adapt to child’s cognitive and socioemotional development • Communicate expectations, high standards • Display constructive problem solving Slide 14
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Aspects of Peer Relationships Are Important in Adolescence?
Friendships
Slide 15 • Dramatic increase in psychological importance and intimacy of close friends – Most motivated by popularity with peers – Peers help shape development; increased mutual dependency for many needs – Friend’s character and quality of friendship are important influences
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Aspects of Peer Relationships Are Important in Adolescence?
Change in Self-Disclosing in Conversations
4
Slide 16
3 Fig. 17.5
2 1 2nd 5th 7th 10th College Grade
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What Aspects of Peer Relationships Are Important in Adolescence?
Peer Groups
• Peer pressure can be negative; most is positive • Adolescents conform more to peer standards than younger children do – Resist parental influence stronger in U.S.
– Self-esteem can motivate membership Slide 17
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Aspects of Peer Relationships Are Important in Adolescence?
Slide 18
Peer Groups
• •
Cliques
– Average 5 to 6 people – Usually same sex, age – Formed from shared activities, friendship
Crowds
– Larger than cliques, more informal – Usually formed based on reputation – May not spend much time together
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Aspects of Peer Relationships Are Important in Adolescence?
Peers and Culture
Slide 19 • Some societies restrict adolescents’ access to peers, especially girls – Adolescents engage in more peer interaction during school and in shared leisure activities – Adolescent lifestyles affect desires for and frequency of peer interactions
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Aspects of Peer Relationships Are Important in Adolescence?
Dating and Romantic Relationships
• Dating and developmental changes – Heterosexual romantic relationships – Early romantic involvement • More social anxiety • More school-related problems • Special social concerns – Most youth find comfort in numbers Slide 20
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 21
80 60 40 20 100
Age of Onset of Romantic Activity
0 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Grade 9th 10th 11th 12th Fig. 17.6
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Aspects of Peer Relationships Are Important in Adolescence?
Romantic Relationships in Sexual Minority Youth
• Interest in gay, lesbian, bisexual youth – Average age of initiated same-sex activity is 14 to 18 for girls, 13 to 15 for boys • Most common initial partner is close friend • Girls usually have sex with boys first before same-sex activity; opposite for gay boys Slide 22
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Aspects of Peer Relationships Are Important in Adolescence?
Romantic Relationships in Sexual Minority Youth
• Most sexual minority youth have same-sex experience but few have same-sex romantic relationships – Limited opportunities – Social disapproval Slide 23
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Aspects of Peer Relationships Are Important in Adolescence?
Emotional and Romantic Relationships
• Strong source of emotional attachment for adolescents – Majority of emotions were positive – Those in love at higher risk for depression; especially young adolescent girls – Romantic breakups cause depression Slide 24
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Aspects of Peer Relationships Are Important in Adolescence?
Sociocultural Contexts and Dating
• Values and beliefs of various cultures – Influence dating patterns – Influence mate selection – Often dictate age when dating allowed – Some cultures very strict with girls; U.S. immigrants brought customs with them • “Sneak dating” Slide 25
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Why Is Culture an Important Context for Adolescent Development?
Cross-Culture Comparisons of Adolescents
Slide 26 • U.S. adolescents – Work more than in other developed countries – Do less homework than East Asian youth – Spend more time in voluntary structured activities than East Asians – Have more discretionary time • Spend it hanging out and watching TV
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Why Is Culture an Important Context for Adolescent Development?
Rites of Passage
Slide 27 • Ceremony or ritual that marks one’s transition from one status to another – Gain access to adult practices, knowledge, sexuality, separation from nuclear family – Sometimes dramatic or spiritual – Affected by ethnicity and economic class – Minority youth and double disadvantage
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Why Is Culture an Important Context for Adolescent Development?
Differences and Diversity
• Real differences – Among minority groups, not homogeneous • 511 Native American tribes recognized • Asians: Chinese, Japanese, and more • Latinos: Mexican, Cuban, and more – Between minority groups and White group • Functional for individuals to adapt Slide 28
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Why Is Culture an Important Context for Adolescent Development?
Value Conflicts: Assimilation and Pluralism
Slide 29 •
Assimilation
: absorption of ethnic minority groups into the dominant group – Loss of behaviors, values of ethnic group •
Pluralism
: coexistence of distinct ethnic and cultural groups in one society – Cultural differences appreciated
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Are Some Socioemotional Problems in Adolescence?
Juvenile Delinquency
• Juvenile delinquent: adolescent who breaks laws, engages in illegal behavior – Broad concept; higher risks for males • Antecedents of delinquency – Authority conflict – Covert behaviors – Overt behaviors Slide 30
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Are Some Socioemotional Problems in Adolescence?
Factors Affecting Delinquency
Personal
– Self-control – Age – Sex/gender – Parental roles and family system – SES – Siblings who are delinquents
External
– Peers – Neighborhood quality – Expectations for education – School grades and achievement Slide 31
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Are Some Socioemotional Problems in Adolescence?
Youth Violence
• Predicting a violent youth – Overwhelmingly male – Violence gives sense of power – Much more in poverty-infested, urban areas – Inadequate parent involvement, supervision – Past history of violence, serious problems – Poor self-control, temperamental Slide 32
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Are Some Socioemotional Problems in Adolescence?
Reducing Youth Violence
Slide 33 • Recommit to raising children safely and effectively • Make prevention a reality • Give more support to schools • Forge effective partnerships among families, schools, social service systems, churches, and other agencies
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Are Some Socioemotional Problems in Adolescence?
Depression
Slide 34 • More likely to occur in adolescence than in childhood • Higher rates in girls than boys • Related factors – Family – Peers – Difficult changes
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Are Some Socioemotional Problems in Adolescence?
Suicide
• Rare in childhood; risk escalates in adolescence – Third leading cause of death in 10- to 19 year-olds in the U.S.
– 19% of U.S. high school students have considered or attempted – Females more at risk than males Slide 35
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Are Some Socioemotional Problems in Adolescence?
Suicide
• Risks in adolescence – Homosexual adolescent risk controversial – Recent concern for use of antidepressants and suicidal thoughts – Issues of copycat suicides – Depression is most frequently cited factor Slide 36
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Are Some Socioemotional Problems in Adolescence?
Successful Prevention/ Intervention Programs
• Know that most at-risk adolescents have multiple problems – Early sexual activity linked to use of drugs, tobacco, and alcohol – High-risk youth do-it-all Slide 37
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Are Some Socioemotional Problems in Adolescence?
Successful Prevention/ Intervention Programs
• Intensive individualized attention • Community-wide, multiagency, collaborative approaches • Early identification and intervention Slide 38
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Slide 39
The End
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.