Transcript There are some great scientific achievements that have changed the world.

There are some great scientific
achievements that have changed the world.
Can you name some of them? What kind of
role do they play in the field of science? Do
these achievements have anything in
common? Match the inventions with their
inventors below before you answer all these
questions.
Alexander Bell
Thomas Edison
Laite Brothers
Madame Curie
Franklin
Steven Hawking
Elbert Einstein
Isaac Newton
electricity
the First telephone
the electric Lamp
black holes in Universe
Theory of Gravity
the First Plane
Radium
the Theory of Relativity
John Snow
(1813-1858)
York
London
John Snow was
born in York on
March 15th, 1813,
the oldest of nine
children.
His father worked as a laborer. While
poor, his parents were determined to give
their children whatever educational
opportunities they could afford. He was
educated at a private school in his native
city until the age of fourteen, when he
was apprenticed(当学徒) to William
Hardcastle, a surgeon(外科医生) living
at Newcastle-on-Tyne.
After serving for a short time as a surgeon
and unqualified assistant during the
cholera epidemic of 1831-1982, he became
in October 1836 a student at the
Hunterian School of medicine in Great
Windmill Street, London. He began to
attend the medical practice at the
Westminster Hospital in the
following October.
He graduated M.D. of the University of
London on 20 Dec. 1844, and in 1850 he
was admitted a licentiate of the Royal
College of Physicians.
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Dr. Snow was also a prominent
anesthesiologist(麻醉师)
He designed a chloroform
inhaler(氯仿吸入器),
described in his book, On
Chloroform and other
Anesthetics, published in
1858.
What else was he famous for?
Who is he?
Which scientist discovered
that objects in water are
lifted up by a force that
helps them float?
He is … Archimedes (阿基米德)
Who is
he?
Who wrote a book
explaining how
animals and plants
developed as the
environment changed?
He is …
Charles Darwin.
Who is
he?
Who invented the first
steam engine?
He is …
Thomas Newcomen.
Who is
he?
Who discovered
radium?
She is …
Marie Curie
Who is
he?
Who invented the way of
giving electricity to
everybody in large cities?
He is …
Thomas Edison
Who is
he?
Who was the painter
that studied dead
bodies to improve his
painting of people?
He is … Leonardo da Vinci
Who is
he?
Who invented a lamp
to keep miners safe
underground?
He is …
Humphry Davy
Who is
he?
Who put forward a
theory about black
holes?
He is … Stephen Hawking
3. What do you know about cholera?
Cholera is the illness caused by a
bacterium called Varian cholera. If
infects people’s intestines(肠胃),
causing diarrhea(腹泻), vomiting(呕
吐) and leg cramps (小腿抽筋).
The most common cause of cholera is by
someone eating food or drinking water
that has been contaminated(污染) with
the bacteria. Cholera can be mild(不严重
的) or even without symptoms(症状), but
a severe case can lead to death without
immediately treatment.
The spread
of cholera
Previous cholera
epidemic in Great
Britain in 1831-32
Great Britain
London
Death of first cholera
case in London during
the 1848-49 epidemic
Germany
Read the text (P2-3) quickly and
complete the main idea of it.
John
The text is mainly about _____
defeated cholera
Snow and how he ________________.
______
I. To prove a new scientific idea,
seven stages are needed. Read
the text (P2-3) carefully and fill
in the blanks.
Stage 1 Find a
A large number of people died
problem of cholera, but neither its 1.
cause nor its 2. _____
cure was
_______
understood.
Stage 2 Make a
◆ Theory one: Cholera 3.
multipliedin the air and
question ___________
floated around until it found its
victims.
◆ Theory two: When people 4.
absorbedcholera into their
___________
bodies with meals, their bodies
were attacked.
Stage 3 Think of a
method
Began to gather information
prove that the
to 5. _______
second theory was correct.
Stage 4 Collect
results
Marked where the dead
people had lived on a(n) 6.
map
______.
Stage 5 Analyse
the results
source
Looked into the 7. ________
of the water to see if the
problem was the water.
Public house
Many deaths happened here.
No death happened here.
The water from the pump was to blame.
The water was
from the river
which had been
polluted by the
dirty water from
London.
Small, white, flocculent
particles
Stage 6 Find
Found supporting evidence
extra evidence:
A woman
and her
supporting
from two
other deaths:
evidence
Bothlived
of them
of
daughter who
fardied
away
but
cholera after 8.
drank the water
alsothe
died.
drinking
water
_____________________.
Stage 7 Draw a
conclusion
Polluted water
◆ 9. _______________
carried the virus.
◆ All the water supplies
should be 10. examined
_________.
I. Choose the best answer.
1. We know from the text that John Snow
______.
A. had collected information before
cholera broke out
B. felt not quite sure after he finished the
map
C. helped the woman from Broad
Street
D. became famous after defeating
cholera
2. Why did John Snow use a map in his
research?
A. It could help him find exactly how
many people died of cholera.
B. It could help him find the source of
drinking water for people.
C. It could help him organize his ideas and
find evidence.
D. It could help him find his way in
Broad Street.
3. Why was cholera called “King Cholera”
in the text?
A. Because it caused many deaths.
B. Because it got its name from Queen
Victoria.
C. Because it was defeated with the help
of the King.
D. Because it was the most deadly
disease of its day.
I. Number these events in the
order that they happened.
___
2 John Snow began to test two theories.
___
1 An outbreak of cholera hit London in
1854.
___
4 John Snow marked the deaths on a
map.
___
7 He announced that the water
carried the disease.
___
3 John Snow investigated two streets
where the outbreak was very severe.
___
8 King Cholera was defeated.
___
5 He found that most of the deaths were
near a water pump.
___
6 He had the handle removed from the
water pump.
Answer these questions.
1. John Snow believed Idea 2 was
right. How did he finally prove it?
John Snow finally proved his idea
because he found an outbreak that was
clearly related to cholera, collected
information and was able to tie cases
outside the area to the polluted water.
2. Do you think John Snow would have
solved this problem without the map?
Give a reason.
No. The map helped John Snow organize
his ideas. He was able to identify those
households that had had many deaths and
check their water-drinking habits. He
identified those houses that had had no
deaths and surveyed their drinking habits.
The evidence clearly pointed to the polluted
water being the cause.
3. Cholera was a 19th century disease.
What disease do you think is similar
to cholera today? Why?
Three diseases, which are similar today,
are SARS, AIDS and bird flu, because
they are serious, have an unknown cause
and need public health care to solve them.