Transcript Document 7168135
Credits
Slides marked with JB are from Jason Browning’s
Basics of Creation
presentation. His web site: http://mall.turnpike.net/C/cs Slides marked with a MR are from Mike Riddle, The
Fossil Record
presentation. Institute for Creation Research, www.icr.org
, [email protected] Icons of Evolution, Jonathan Wells; http://www.iconsofevolution.com
, www.osta.com
; Some slides modified from Dr. Heinz Lycklama‘s Icons of Evolution presentation, . In particular, the Fossil horses and a small portion of Darwin‘s Finches.
Evolution, A Theory in Crisis, Michael Denton You are free to copy any KTT slides at will.
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Credits
Also, many slides in this presentation are modifications of slides provided by: Reason To Believe: Origin of Humanity, Cavemen, Hominids,and the Fossil Record, A Survey of Modern Christian Perspectives Mike Riddle,
Fossil Record
presentation. Institute for Creation Research, www.icr.org
, [email protected] Origins Research Association http://www.originsresource.org/sunsch.htm
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Know The Truth
Geology Philosophy Biolog y y Paleontolog
Creation
Physic s Astronomy Psychology Anthropolo gy 4/25/2020 Exploring the claims of evolution against the astonishing revelations of empirical science
God’s creation revealed!
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10 ICONS OF EVOLUTION
1.Miller-Urey Experiment 2.Darwin's Tree of Life 3.Homology
4.Haekel's Embryos 5.Archaeopteryx
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10 ICONS OF EVOLUTION
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6.Peppered Moths 7.Darwin's Finches 8.Four-winged Fruit Flies 9.Fossil horses 10. Ape to Man
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Miller-Urey Experiment
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Origin of life…
… There are only two possibilities as to how life arose. One is spontaneous generation arising to evolution; the other is a supernatural creative act of God. There is no third possibility. Spontaneous generation, that life arose from non-living matter was scientifically disproved 120 years ago by Louis Pasteur and others. That leaves us with the only possible which I conclusion know is that life scientifically arose as a supernatural creative act of God. I will not accept that philosophically because I do not want to believe in God. Therefore, I choose to believe in that impossible; spontaneous generation arising to evolution?.
- Dr. George Wald, Professor Emeritus of Biology at Harvard University, Nobel Prize winner in Physiology
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1953 Miller-Urey Experiment
Experiment simulated hydrogen-rich atmosphere of: Methane, Ammonia Hydrogen Minimal Water Vapor.
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Miller-Urey Experiment A laboratory flask containing a simulation of a hydrogen rich, oxygen-poor atmosphere, in which electric sparks produce the chemical building-blocks of living cells
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Miller-Urey Experiment Miller hypothesized that there was
no oxygen
in the primeval earth.
Tests run with no oxygen!
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1970 Geo-Chemist Results
Empirical results of experiments that the Earth’s primitive atmosphere consisted of Water vapor (primary) Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Hydrogen Ultraviolet rays turn water vapor into oxygen and hydrogen!
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Textbook on Miller Urey
2000 Biology, Ken Miller and Joseph Levine:
“By re-creating the early atmosphere (ammonia, water, hydrogen, and methane)…Miller and Urey proved that organic matter such as amino acids could have formed spontaneously.”
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Science Magaziine on Miller Urey
1995, Jon Cohen:
‘the early atmosphere looked nothing like the Miller Urey simulation”.
So why teach it the way they do in textbooks?
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Miller-Urey Experiment “
The likelihood of life having occurred through a chemical accident is, for all intents and purposes, zero
.”
Robert Gange, Ph.D.,
Origins and Destiny
, 1986, p. 77.
“
… Miller’s beguiling picture of a pond full of dissolved amino acids under a reducing atmosphere has been discredited…
”
Freeman Dyson,
Origins of Life
, 1999, pp. 25-26.
(Dyson is a Professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and a member of NAS.)
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MILLER-UREY EXPERIMENT
TOOL:
B R E A T H E !
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OXYGEN PROBLEM
Oxygen Exists: Oxygen destroys amino acids (through oxidation) – think RUST!
Oxygen Doesn’t Exist: If there was no oxygen, then UVO light would destroy amino acids!
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Rational Thought
Oxygen based life is irreducibly complex – Origin of life must be designed as an oxygen-based process whereby a biological unit processes oxygen, provides regenerative properties and is protected from UVO light by a layer of oxygen.
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DARWIN’S TREE OF LIFE
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CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION
I T M E Actual Data Tree of life Cambrian Sudden appearance of Precambrian complex creatures Darwinian Morphology Steve Stuart, Know The Truth 4/25/2020
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Darwin’s Tree of Life vs.
Typology
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Darwin’s Tree of Life Darwin’s Tree of Life symbolizes Darwin’s special evolution theory that all life forms sprang from a common ancestor through one advantageous change and after another.
For example, a single cell became a multiple cell creature which, in turn, acquired changes to become a jellyfish, which, it turn acquired changes to become a fish (with a backbone!)...you get the picture..No? Here...let me show you.
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Darwin’s Tree of Life
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= Common Ancestor
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Typology
All species can be
classed
according to a set of features they share. Species share an underlying theme or design that does not change and provides the basic foundation of their being. For example, mammals, reptiles, and birds all have different designs upon which we classify them.
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Typology
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= Common Ancestor Each class is separate and distinct from the other.
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What does the evidence say?
FOSSIL RECORD What does it say? There is no fossil evidence connecting Cambrian animals to organisms preceding them. There is no long history of gradual divergence predicted by Darwin.” 4/25/2020 Steve Stuart, Know The Truth
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Fossil Record
Typology!
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Each class is separate and distinct from the other.
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What does the evidence say?
BIOCHEMISTRY
Biochemistry looks at life at the molecular level
To find evidence, examine DNA to determine the change between creatures.
EVOLUTION: If evolution is true, we should be able to look at animals, A-D, and see a pattern of A -> B -> C -> D at the molecular level – gene patterns.
TYPOLOGY: If typology is true, we should see no correlation between gene patterns of animals A-D, but rather a distinct separation of classes.
What do we see?
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Biochemistry - Protein Experiment
Proteins are made up of amino acids arranged in a specific order.
Experiment:
Extract the protein from all blood bearing creatures.
Compare the orders of the amino acids.
Determine whether the order aligns with evolutionary or typological classification.
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Protein – Cytochrome C
Protein, Cytochrome C, is made up of ~100 amino acids arranged in a specific order.
Its function is to provide energy at the cellular level. It occurs in animals from bacteria to mammals, so it is an excellent candidate for the experiment. 1089 samples were used.
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Experiment Results
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64%
pigeon
64%
tuna
65%
bacteria
65% 66%
silkmoth wheat
69%
yeast
The order of amino acids in the Cytochrome C of bacteria differed from other classes of organisms equally, by an average of 65%!
Order of change was not A -> B -> C -> D, but equally , totally separate and distinct!
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Experiment Results
silkmoth
27% 25% 26% 25% 30%
horse pigeon turtle carp lamprey 4/25/2020
The order of amino acids in the Cytochrome C of silmoth differed from other classes of organisms equally, by an average of 26%!
Order of change was not A -> B -> C -> D, but equally , totally separate and distinct!
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Experiment Results
carp
13% 13% 14% 13% 13%
horse (mammal) rabbit (mammal) chicken (bird) turtle (reptile) bullfrog (amphibian) 4/25/2020
The order of amino acids in the Cytochrome C of silmoth differed from other classes of organisms equally, by an average of 13%!
Order of change was not A -> B -> C -> D, but, equally , totally separate and distinct!
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Experiment Results
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64%
pigeon
64%
tuna
65%
bacteria
65% 66%
silkmoth wheat
69%
yeast
The order of amino acids in the Cytochrome C of bacteria differed from other classes of organisms equally, by an average of 65%!
Order of change was not A -> B -> C -> D, but totally separate and distinct!
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Experiment Results
Equal distance between classes indicates design not gradual change from single cell to man.
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Biochemistry
Typology!
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The mathematical perfection of isolation between classes is astonishing!
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H O M O L O G Y
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DARWIN’S ARGUMENT
“HOMOLOGY – LOOK’S ALIKE”
The bones in vertebrate limbs, whether bat, porpoise, horse or human, follow a similar pattern
– must be a common ancestor…
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Haekel's Embryos
Early drawings were faked.
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Haekel's Embryos
Humans never have gills as embryos!
Embryonic Stages for different animals are not similar!
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Homology - Textbook
1998 Douglas Futuyama, Evolutionary Biology
“The concept of homology is absolutely fundamental to what we are talking about when we speak of evolution – yet in truth we cannot explain it all in terms of present day biological theory”
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Homology - Textbook
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“As such, if textbooks use the drawings at all, it is as an historical example and as a way to illustrate the concept in such a way that students are able to grasp it immediately. Even if the drawings are fraudulent, they can still be used for this purpose, because the concept they illustrate is by no means fraudulent.” Futuyama
, Evolutionist textbook writer, wrote textbook Biology, 1998 Steve Stuart, Know The Truth
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ARCHAEOPTERYX
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The Amazing Tricerakeet!
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Education and Textbooks
Biology
, Miller and Levine, 2002, p. 907.
“To many paleontologists a bird is a dinosaur with feathers. That definition may sound odd, but it makes sense.” 4/25/2020 Steve Stuart, Know The Truth
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Education and Textbooks
Biology: Principles and Explorations
, Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 2001, p. 268.
“Birds evolved from reptiles during the Jurassic period.”
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Archaeopteryx
Biology: Concepts and Connections
, Campbell, Mitchell, and Reece, 2000, p. 390.
“Like modern birds, it had flight feathers, but otherwise it was more like some small bipedal dinosaurs of its era; for instance, like those dinosaurs,
Archaeopteryx
had teeth, wing claws, and a tail with many vertebrae.”
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What Textbooks Don’t Include
James Perloff,
Tornado in a Junkyard
, 1999, p. 18.
“As for its ‘reptile’ characteristics, yes, it had claws on its wings, but so does the ostrich, and nobody considers it part reptile.
True,
Archaeopteryx
had teeth, but so did other fossil birds, and its teeth differed distinctly from those of reptiles… As to
Archaeopteryx’s
tail, further inspection has shown it strongly resembles a swan’s.”
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Birds Are Different From Reptiles
Stuart Burgess (Ph.D. Engineering Design, Professor of Combustion Theory, extensive study in the area of design in nature),
Hallmarks of Design
,2002, p. 47.
“Birds are so different from other creatures that there would have been hundreds of thousands of intermediate forms between birds and land animals if birds had evolved.”
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Reptile to Bird
Development of feathers Reform of respiratory system Reform of skeletal system – hollow bones Reform of digestive system Reform of nervous system Construction of bills & beaks Mastery of nest building Acquisition of flight Development of sound producing organ 4/25/2020 Steve Stuart, Know The Truth
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The Feather
Primary Feathers Secondary Feathers Hook Barbule Barb Shaft 4/25/2020 Steve Stuart, Know The Truth
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Archaeopteryx
Alan Feduccia (World authority on birds),
Science
, “Archaeopteryx: Early Bird Catches a Can of Worms”, 1993 “Paleontologists have tried to turn
Archaeopteryx
into an earth bound, feathered dinosaur. But it’s not. It is a bird, a perching bird. And no amount of ‘paleobabble’ is going to change that.”
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Birds Are Different From Reptiles
Alan Feduccia, (professor and former chair of biology at UNC), The Origin and Evolution of Birds, Yale University Press, 1999, p. 81. “This creates a new problem for those who insist that dinosaurs were ancestors of modern birds. How can a bird hand, for example, with digits two, three and four evolve from a dinosaur hand that has only digits one, two and three? That would be almost impossible.”
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Birds Are Different From Reptiles
Dr. Alan Feduccia, “Scientist Says Ostrich Study Confirms Bird ‘Hands’ Unlike Those Of Dinosaurs”, EurekAlert, 14-Aug-2002. “If one views a chicken skeleton and a dinosaur skeleton through binoculars they appear similar, but close and detailed examination reveals many differences. Theropod dinosaurs, for example, had curved, serrated teeth, but the earliest birds had straight, unserrated peg-like teeth. They also had a different method of tooth implantation and replacement.”
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Archaeopteryx
David Menton (Ph.D. Cellular Biology) and Carl Wieland (M.D.), “Bird Evolution Flies Out the Window,”
Creation Ex Nihilo
, 1994.
“And like other birds, both Archaeopteryx's maxilla (upper jaw) and mandible (lower jaw) moved, while in most reptiles, only the mandible moves. Archaeopteryx's brain had a large cerebellum and visual cortex – the same as that found in today’s flying birds.”
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Reptile to Bird
Stuart Burgess (Ph.D. Engineering Design, Professor of Combustion Theory, extensive study in the area of design in nature),
Hallmarks of Design
,2002, p. 47.
“It is often speculated that birds evolved from reptiles. However, there are enormous conceptual differences between the two classes of creature…”
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Dinosaur to Bird Evolution
Is there any real evidence that dinosaurs evolved into birds?
National Geographic Society and the feathered dinosaur “Archaeoraptor” October 15, 1999 The story exposed
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Bird Fraud
“Red-faced and downhearted, paleontologists are growing convinced that they have been snookered by a bit of fossil fakery from China. The ‘feathered dinosaur’ specimen that they recently unveiled to much fanfare apparently combines the tail of a dinosaur with the body of a bird.” R. Monastersky, “All mixed up over birds and dinosaurs,”
Science News,
January 15, 2000
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More Bird Mistakes
1993 –
Mononkykus
(cover of
Time
the “flightless bird” magazine) Not a bird but a theropod 1996 – “Feathered Fossil Proves Some Dinosaurs Evolved into Birds” (
Science
)
Sinosauropteryx prima
The feathers turned out to be a array of fibers 1998 – China
Protoarchaeopteryx robusta
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Feathered Deceptions
Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs, 2002 Microraptor Sinornithosaurus Caudopteryx Steve Stuart, Know The Truth
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Evidence, Faith & Deception
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Credits
Some slides modified from Dr. Heinz Lycklama‘s Icons of Evolution presentation, [email protected]
, www.osta.com
. In particular, the Fossil horses and a small portion of Darwin‘s Finches.
HUGE CREDIT to Icons of Evolution, Jonathan Wells Evolution, A Theory in Crisis, Michael Denton You are free to copy any KTT slides at will.
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PEPPERED MOTHS
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Peppered Moths
Most peppered moths were light-colored in the early part of the 19 th century Moths became predominantly “melanic” or dark-colored near heavily polluted cities during the industrial revolution in Britain 4/25/2020 Steve Stuart, Know The Truth
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Natural Selection
The means by which organisms survive through advantageous change with respect to each other:
“descent with modification.”
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Kettlewell’s Experiments
In the early 1950’s Bernard Kettlewell performed some experiments that suggested that predatory birds ate light-colored moths when they became more visible on pollution-darkened tree trunks It appeared that natural selection played a role in the survival of the dark-colored variety of moths Most biology textbooks illustrate this example of “natural selection” with photographs showing two varieties of peppered moth resting on light- and dark colored tree trunks What the textbooks do NOT tell you is that these photographs have been staged since peppered moths in the wild do not rest on tree trunks 4/25/2020 Steve Stuart, Know The Truth
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Problems With the Evidence
The percentage of melanics predicted by the theory did not materialize in the different areas of England; e.g. in some areas melanism increased after the introduction of pollution control Later determined that tree trunks are not the natural resting places of peppered moths. Moths normally rest underneath or on the side of narrow branches Moths were manually placed in desired positions for the experiments, i.e. the photographs were staged This cast serious doubt on the validity of Kettlewell’s experiments
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Peppered Moths - Evidence?
“
The evidence Darwin lacked, Kettlewell lacked as well
.” Sermonti and Catastini, Italian biologists, mid 1980’s “
the story of industrial melanism must be shelved …as a paradigm of new-Darwinian evolution
.” Sibatani, Japanese biologist
Darwin’s missing evidence for natural selection is still missing!
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DARWIN’S FINCHES
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Darwin’s Finches
Darwin studied 13 species of finches in the Galapagos Islands while on a voyage in 1835. The finches differ mainly in the size and shape of their beaks The various species were concluded to be the result of natural selection since the beaks of the finches are adapted to the different foods they eat 4/25/2020 Steve Stuart, Know The Truth
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Finch Facts
The natural selection observed in the 1970’s reversed direction soon after, resulting in no net evolutionary change
Several finch species appear to be merging through hybridization
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F R U I T F L I E S
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FOUR WINGED FRUIT FLY
Four-winged fruit flies do not occur spontaneously! – they must be bred in the laboratory from three artificially maintained mutant strains
The extra wings lack flight muscles
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FOUR WINGED FRUIT FLY
Not evidence of evolution!
They don’t mate!
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A FOUR-WINGED FRUIT FLY CANNOT SURVIVE!
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Experimental Conclusions
They provide no evidence that DNA mutations supply the raw materials for morphological (change in body parts) evolution No useful organism has been produced, and the organism cannot reproduce The four-winged fruit fly does not provide the missing evidence for evolution: Genetic mutations are not the raw materials for large-scale evolution A fruit fly is still a fruit fly!
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Comments by Evolutionists Major mutations such as bithorax “are such evident freaks that these
monsters can be designated only as ‘hopeless.’ They are so utterly unbalanced that they would not have the slightest chance of escaping elimination
” through natural selection.
Harvard Biologist Ernst Mayr, 1963.
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FOSSIL HORSES
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Horse “Evolution”
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Fossil Horses
Othniel C. Marsh invented this entire series back in the 1870s. He arranged them in the order he thought they would have evolved.
They are not found in that order, i.e. a single line. This is known to be untrue!
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Horse Evolution Theory
Horse evolution is based on the following assumptions: Four-toed -> three-toed -> two-toed -> one-toed (today) Number of ribs varies between 15 and 19 Similarities in the “horse” skulls Similarities in leg bones 4/25/2020 Steve Stuart, Know The Truth
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Fossil Horses
“
The most famous of all equid [horse] trends, ‘gradual reduction of the side toes,’ is flatly fictitious
.”
Simpson G. G
. 1953. The Major Features of Evolution. New York and London: Columbia University Press, p 263 4/25/2020 Steve Stuart, Know The Truth
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Fossil Horses
“
The record of evolution is still surprisingly jerky and, ironically, we have even fewer examples of evolutionary transition than we had in Darwin’s time. By this I mean that some of the classic cases of Darwinian change in the fossil record, such as the evolution of the horse in North America have had to be discarded or modified as a result of more detailed information- what appeared to be a nice simple progression when relatively few data were available now appears to be much more complex and much less gradualistic
.”
Raup, D. M
. Conflicts between Darwin and Paleontology. Field Museum of Natural History Bulletin 50:22-29
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Fossil Horses
Evolutionists claim that the modern single-toed horse,
Equus
, can be traced to the small four-toed
Hyracotherium
, sometimes called
Eohippus
, which is supposed to have lived about 50M years ago
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Fossil Horses - Evidence
The evidence known today:
Eohippus was referred to as Hyracotherium by its discoverer because of its resemblance to the genus Hyrax, which was not a horse
The number of lumbar vertebrae changes from six to eight and then back to six in the “horse series.” 83
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Fossil Horses - Evidence The evidence known today:
Fossils of three-toed and one-toed species are preserved in the same rock formation in Nebraska, showing that they lived at the same time
Modern horses vary in size from 17 inches high (Fallabella in Argentina) to the 7 foot high Clydesdale
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Horses Today
Some horses today have three toes.
Many different varieties of horses exist today that resemble horse fossils.
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Fossil Horses - Conclusion
Horse evolution series was disproved years ago. No knowledgeable scientist would support the horse evolution as depicted in textbooks today. There is no consensus on horse ancestry among paleontologists
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Ape-Men
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My Ancestors? Biblical View
Genesis 1:26
Then God said, “Let us make man in our image, in our likeness . . .”
Genesis 1:27
So God created man in his own image, in the image of God He created him, male and female He created them
Genesis 2:7
The Lord God formed the man from the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living being 88
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My Ancestors?
Biblical View
Genesis 2:22
Then the Lord God made a woman from the rib he had taken out of the man . . .
Psalm 8:4-5
What is man that you are mindful of him, the son of man that you care for him? You made him a little lower than the heavenly beings and crowned him with glory and honor 89
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My Ancestors?
Biblical View
Mark 10:6
[Jesus replied] . . . “But at the beginning of creation, God made them male and female”
Matthew 19:4
“Haven’t you read”, He replied , “that at the beginning the Creator made them male and female” . . .
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My Ancestors? Evolution View
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My Ancestors? Evolution View
1856 – Neanderthals
1892 - Java Man
1912 Piltdown Man
1922 - Nebraska Man
1930 - Ramapithecus
Paranthropus Kenyanthropus 1974 – Australopithecines (LUCY)
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Neanderthals - 1856 Original Drawing of Neanderthal
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Neanderthals - 1856 The Classic Model for Human Evolution Depends on Neanderthals giving rise to Modern Humans . . .
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Physical Differences Between Neanderthals and Humans Brain shape Receding forehead Brow ridge Large eye sockets Large front teeth Occipital bun
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Chin receding Retromolar gap
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Physical Differences Between Neanderthals and Humans
Flatter Skull Base
Higher Larynx
Thicker Bones
Barrel Chests
Shorter Limbs
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Physical Differences Between Neanderthals and Humans
Large eye sockets
Brain Shape
Large Nose
Large Sinuses
Large Front Teeth
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Human Variation
Watusi Pygmy Dwarfism Basketball players Eskimo (Inuit) Billy Barty 3-foot-9 Shaquille O’neal 7-foot -1 This is an example of genetic variation and NOT evolution
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Neanderthal Burial Cites Marvin Lubenow, “Recovery of Neanderthal mtDNA: An Evaluation,” Creation Ex Nihilo Technical Journal, 1998 p.89.
“Most anthropologists recognize burial as a very human, and a very religious, act. But the strongest evidence that Neanderthals were fully human and of our species is that at four sites Neanderthals and modern humans were buried together.”
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Neanderthal Jaw Dropper!
Dr. Jack Cuozzo, "Buried Alive: The startling truth about Neanderthal man" reveals the truth about the Neanderthals jaw.
One of the many fraudulent things that people have done to the Neanderthal skulls is to reconstruct the lower jaw in a forward protruding position. This is based on the preconceived notion, that Neanderthal was dimwitted, and ape-ish. The jaw is purposely manipulated to look this way in reconstruction’s, because that is how some ape jaws are aligned. Of the thousands of people who have seen Neanderthal skulls in a museum, I wonder how many of them knew the jaw had been altered? 4/25/2020 Steve Stuart, Know The Truth
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Neanderthals and Disease Common Argument: Original skeleton was an old Neanderthal that was bent because he had rickets or arthritis!
Problem: More skeletons found later that had no diseases. The disease does not account for all the physical differences
.
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Neanderthal mtDNA Summary
DNA studies are touted as separating Neanderthals from humans BE VERY WARY – Any number of issues are being raised regarding the experiment design, the measurement methods, and the subsequent logic used to draw the conclusions.
Go to Answers in Genesis for a full story.
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JAVA MAN – 1892, Pithecanthropus
•
Eugene Dubois
•
1892, on the island of Java
•
A skullcap and three teeth
•
Year later and 50 feet away – a modern human thigh-bone – JAVA MAN is born.
HOMO ERECTUS - Walking Upright.
Dubois stated skullcap similar to gibbon. 65 miles away, at same level as Java Man discovery – 2 fully human skulls!
Three teeth? Confirmed to be orangutan teeth.
Although no face bones had been found, suitably ‘half-ape, half-man’ features were reconstructed in artists’ drawings!
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Piltdown Man - 1912 Segment of lower ape-like jaw Segment of human skull 104
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Piltdown Man - 1912
Fragments supposedly found in a gravel pit in England; despite
Teeth were filed
Jaw filed to look like ape jaw
Skull doused in iron salts to create aged look.
Hoax lasted 40 years
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Nebraska Man - 1922
(Double page spread in Illustrated London News, June 24, 1922)
Artist’s conception of “Nebraska Man” (Hesperopithecus haroldcookii). It was based on a single tooth that later turned out to belong to an extinct pig. 4/25/2020 Steve Stuart, Know The Truth
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Ramapithecus – 1930
What they found 4/25/2020 What they drew Steve Stuart, Know The Truth
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Ramapithecus
Time Magazine (Nov. 7, 1977) “Ramapithicus is ideally structured to be an ancestor of hominids. If he isn't, we don't have anything else that is.”
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Ramapithecus The claim: 14 million year old intermediate between ape-like creatures and humans The truth
In 1970 a baboon living in Ethiopia was discovered.
Same dental structure
Similar morphological features found on Ramapithecus
Ramapithecus dropped from human line 109
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Australopithecines - 1974
Dr. Johanson discovered Lucy in 1974
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Claimed to be 3.5 million years old
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Claimed bipedal (walked upright)
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What Was Found?
Picture of Lucy from: Biology: Understanding Life Third Edition, 2000
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Lucy and the Australopithecines
No similarity in appearance to humans
Long arms are identical to chimpanzees
Jaws are similar to chimpanzees
Upper leg bone is similar to chimpanzees
Lucy’s legs were very ape-like
Brain size (400-500 cc) overlaps chimpanzees
Large back muscles for tree dwelling
Hands similar to pygmy chimpanzee 112
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Lucy and the Australopithecines Richard Leakey, who along with Johanson is probably the best-known fossil-anthropologist in the world: Lucy’s skull is so incomplete that most of it is
“imagination made of plaster of paris”.
Leakey even said in 1983 that no firm conclusion could be drawn about what species Lucy belonged to. 113
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Lucy and the Australopithecines Richard Leakey, who along with Johanson is probably the best-known fossil-anthropologist in the world: Lucy’s skull is so incomplete that most of it is
“imagination made of plaster of paris”.
Leakey even said in 1983 that no firm conclusion could be drawn about what species Lucy belonged to. 114
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Laetoli Footprints Footprints discovered in 1978 in Laetoli, Tanzania. The footprints were dated at 3.5 million years old.
Who made these footprints?
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Ape and Human Footprints Human
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Ape Laetoli footprint
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Competing Explanations
Evolutionary Models
Classic Model
Multi-Regional Model
Out of Africa Model
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3 models – 3 proponents each trashing the others’ models!
Their “suspect” DNA experiments are causing havoc with their own models!
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Testing Evolutionary Models
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Testing Evolutionary Models
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Creationist Explanation
Recent Hominids = Modern Humans (Post Babel)
Neanderthals Homo Erectus (and more recent)
More Ancient Hominids = Non Human
Paranthropus Kenyanthropus Australopithecines
Dates are Incorrect or Falsified
Modern dating methods are inaccurate (10 kya = Max) Where do races come from? WEEK 10
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Questions?
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