Transcript ENV 506 INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT LECTURER:

ENV 506
INTEGRATED SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURER:
ABD. RAHIM DAL
FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
UiTM
INTRODUCTION
 A key thrust of National Vision Policy is
pursuing environmentally sustainable
development to reinforce long-term growth.
 Waste represent social, political,economic,
physical and environmental concerns.
 Preventing and managing waste is the heart
of sustainable development.
 Plan for future
STATUS OF SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA
 An ever-expanding population and high
rates of economic development in
Malaysia resulted in the generation of
vast amount of waste.
 It is estimated about 17,000 ton/day of
waste generated in Peninsular Malaysia.
Con’t…
 Average per capita generation of waste
0.85 kg/cap/day.
 About 1.5 kg/cap/day in Kuala Lumpur.
 About 76% of waste generated are
collected.
 1-2% is recycled and the remainder is taken
to disposal sites.
Con’t…
 About 5% waste collected in KL are reused
and recycled.
 Over 40% of 175 disposal sites are
operating as dumpsite.
 Intermediate treatment is limited to smallscale thermal treatment plant in resorted
islands.
ROLE OF FEDERAL, STATE AND
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Three level of Government
 Federal Government
- Ministry of Housing & Local Government
- Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister Dpt.
- Department of Environment
- Ministry of Health
 State Government
 Local Authorities
ROLE OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
 Local Government Department,
 MHLG handles all matters related to Solid
Waste Management funding and policy
development
 this is done in coordination with the
Economic Planning Unit and others
government agencies.
Con’t…
Interagency Cooperation
 MHLG has established a Technical
Committee on SWM
 comprising of relevant government
agencies, Local University Researchers and
Research Institution.
RESEARCH ON SWM BY MHLG AND
OTHER AGENCIES
 Study on Strategic Plan for SWM.
 Study on Safety Closure & Rehabilitation of
Landfill Sites in Malaysia.
 Study on Solid Waste Composition &
Characteristic.
 Study on Composting.
ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT
 Local Authorities are the implementing
agencies and have direct responsibility over
solid waste collection, treatment and
disposal.
LEGISLATION RELATED TO SWM
Local Government Act 1976
Street, Drainage and Building Act
1974
Environment Quality Act 1974
Refuse Collection, Removal and
Disposals By-Laws.
THE WAY FORWARD – Strategic Plan
Principles to guide development of Strategic
Plan:
 Direct participation of Federal Government.
 Privatization of SWM services
 Sustainable waste management
 Inter cooperation amongst government and
stakeholders.
 Public awareness program
 Development of technical and managerial
capability
THE WAY FORWARD
Waste Hierarchy
(Current Status)
 Reduce
 Reuse
 Recycling
 Intermediate
Processing
 Disposal
5 % recovery
95% Landfill
THE WAY FORWARD
Waste Hierarchy
(Targeted 2020)
 Reduce
 Reuse
 Recycling
 Intermediate
Processing
 Disposal
> 20 % Recycling
15 %
Intermediate
Processing
< 65 % Landfill
THE WAY FORWARD
Waste Hierarchy
(FUTURE)
Reduce
Reuse
Recycling
Intermediate
Land
Disposal
Incineration
(Without Energy Recovery)
Incineration
(With Energy Recovery)
Recycling
Reduce / Reuse
Processing
Disposal
Waste Minimization
THE WAY FORWARD
Legislation & Institutional
Review existing legislation
Enable federalization and privatization
Enhance waste minimization
Identifying all stakeholders
Institutional strengthening
Con’t…
Privatization
To improve SWM services
To relinquish financial burden
Wider involvement by the private sector
Final stage of agreement (transition
period)
Benefit of private Sector Participation
 UK & US Studies
 Costs have been at least 25% lower due to
rationalized operation and greater management
flexibility.
 Canadian Studies
 Costs have been at least 25% lower in most
provinces
 60% lower in Atlantic Province
 High costs in Quebec Province were due to older and
large equipment, large crew sizes and lower
productivity.
Latin American Studies
Costs have been at least 50% lower due to
higher labor and vehicle productivity
Malaysian Study
Costs have been at least 20% lower due to
grater efficiency
Con’t…
Technical Aspect
Integrated solid waste management
facilities
New Facilities with appropriate
technology
- Transfer Station
- Thermal Treatment Plant
- Composting Plant
- Sanitary Landfill
INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (ZERO EMISSION)
Solid waste management
facilities
Persekitaran Kita
Pengurusan sisa pepejal yang
baik memerlukan pendekatan
yang bersepadu.
Kitarsemula Sisa &
Tenaga
Slag
Bahan Binaan
Bahan Tidak
Terbakar
Kitarsemula
atau
Buang Ke Tapak
Pelupusan
Con’t…
Public Participation
Lack of public awareness in solid waste
management.
Require full attention
A key to success in waste minimization
and solid waste management.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Definition
The discipline associated with the control of
generation, storage, collection, transfer and
transport, processing and disposal of solid
waste in manner that is accordance with the
best principles of public health, economic,
engineering, conservation, aesthetics and
environmental consideration.
ELEMENT OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
 The activities associated with the
management of solid waste from the
point of generation to final disposal
has been group into five elements.
Generation
Storage
Collection,
Transportation and Transfer
Treatment
Disposal
WHAT IS INTEGRATED
SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT ?
Definition
The selection and application of
suitable techniques, technologies
and management programs to
achieve specific waste
management objective and goals
Hierarchy of ISWM
Source Reduction
Recycle
Waste Transformation
Landfilling
Monitoring and Evaluation
Hierarchy of ISWM
Source Reduction
 highest rank of the ISWM
 most effective way to reduce the quantity
waste, costs & env. Impacts.
 Involve reducing the amount and/or toxicity
of the waste
 May occur through the design, manufacture,
packaging of products
Cont’
minimum toxic content,
Minimum volume of material
Longer useful life
 May also occur at the household,
commercial, industrial facility.
Selective buying patterns & reuse of
product & material.
Cont’
Recycle
 Second highest rank
 Important factor in reducing the demand or
resources & the amount of waste requiring
disposal by landfill.
 Involved
separation and collection of waste
materials
Preparation of the material for Reuse,
Reprocessing, remanufacture
 Reuse, reprocessing and remanufacture
of these materials
Cont’
Waste Transformation
 Involved the physical, chemical or biological
alteration
Improve the efficiency of SWM operation &
systems
To recover reusable & recyclable materials
To recover conversion products & energy
Heat & biogas
 Reduce use of landfill capacity
Cont’
Landfilling
 For solid waste that cannot be recycle & no
future use
 Residual matter remaining after separation
 Residual matter remaining after recovery of
combustion products / energy
 Involves the controlled disposal of waste
 Monitoring and Evaluation
WHAT IS WASTE?
DEFINITIONS
Definition 1
Defined as wastes arising from human and
animal activities that are normally solid and
unwanted
Definition 2
By products of human activities. Physically it
contains the same materials as are found in
useful products
Con’t…
Definition 3
Refuse is define as putrescrible and
non-putrescrible solid wastes including
garbage, ashes, rubbish, street
cleanings, dead animal and industrial
wastes
Con’t…
Definition 4
Garbage is the putrescrible animal or
vegetable waste generated from the
handling, preparation, consumption of
food and is organic in nature
Con’t…
Definition 5
Ash is the residue i.e. the waste product of
fuel used for industrial purposes. It is
incombustible part of the fuel and is
usually used for the landfilling or as a
constituent in cement making.
Con’t…
Definition 6
Rubbish is combustible and noncombustible part of refuse like paper,
rags, wood, and glass
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTE
 Five main categories of solid waste :
 Municipal Solid Waste
 Agriculture waste
 Industrial waste
 Hazardous waste
 Medical waste
JENIS SISA PEPEJAL TERKAWAL
•
•
•
•
•
Sisa Pepejal Awam.
Sisa Pepejal Import.
Sisa Pepejal Isi Rumah.
Sisa Pepejal Keinstitusian.
Sisa Pepejal Komersial. Sisa Pepejal
Pembinaan.
• Sisa Pepejal Perindustrian.
Municipal Solid Waste
 mainly the household waste include
commercial waste and institutional
waste.
 it composition depends on factors such
as living standard, geographical location,
type of housing and seasons.
Agriculture waste
 Wastes and residues resulting from
diverse agricultural activities include
plant residue and animal waste.
 food processing waste is consider as
agriculture waste
 Some are considered as hazardous
waste
Industrial waste
 comprises waste from industrial
processes
E.g construction, fabrication,
manufacturing, refineries, chemical
plants
 Some of these could also include
hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
 Wastes or combination of wastes that
pose a substantial present or potential
hazard to human.
 special group of wastes define by certain
criteria containing substances causing
hazard.
 Sometimes hospital waste is also
classified as hazardous waste
Con’t…
 the hazard effect could be due to any or
all of following:
 ignitability
 corrosivity
 reactivity
 toxicity
 infectivity
Medical Waste
 Hospital waste includes hazardous and nonhazardous waste.
 hazardous waste - clinical waste
 Non-hazardous
-
 Clinical wastes are any waste consist human
tissue, blood or other body fluids, excretion
include infectious waste.
Urban waste
 In the form of solid, semi-solid, liquid and
gases
 Could organic and anorganic
 could divide into six types
Type of urban waste
 household wastes
 city wastes
 commercial wastes
 industrial wastes
 liquid waste
 gaseous wastes
Household wastes
 consist of wastes generated in the
preparation of food
 mainly garbage, fuel, residue, house
sweeping, household discard, garden
wastes and animal dung.
City wastes
 derived from street cleaning, park,
school.
 consist mainly paper, dry leaves,
animal dung, etc.
commercial wastes
from office, shops and markets,
restaurants, hotel
 include high proportion of paper,
cardboard, wood, food waste ,glass and
plastic.
 Hospital waste some time include in
commercial wastes.
Industrial wastes
from the manufacturing and the
processing industries, construction .
 proposition of wastes depending on the
type of industry.
 include metal ores, wood, lime, tiles,
food waste, special waste and
hazardous wastes.
Liquid waste
include mainly domestic sewage and
factory effluents.
 could be organic and inorganic liquid.
 e.g.
Agro wastes
 chemical factory
gaseous wastes
could be from exhaust fume of factories,
incinerator and chimney discharges.
Sources of solid wastes
 domestic or residential
 municipal services
 commercial
 Institutional
 construction and demolition
 treatment plant site
 industrial
 agricultural
• Type of Solid Waste
Type of Solid Waste
Domestic or residential
Source
Residential
Facilities,
activities /location
Single family & multifamily
detached dwelling,
Low, medium & high-rise
apartment, etc.
Type of solid waste
Food waste, paper, cardboard, plastics,
textile, leather, yard waste, wood, glass,
tin, cans, aluminum, other metal, ash,
street leaves, special waste, household
hazardous waste.
Special waste:
Bulky items, consumer electronics, white
goods, yard wastes collected separately,
batteries, oil and tires.
Commercial
Source
Commercial
Facilities,
activities /location
Stores, restaurants,
markets, hotel, motel, print
shop, service station, auto
repair shop.
Type of solid waste
Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food
waste, glass, metal, special waste,
hazardous waste, ets.
Institutional
Source
Institutional
Facilities,
activities /location
Schools, hospitals,
prisons, governmental
centers.
Type of solid waste
Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood,
food waste, glass, metal, special
waste, hazardous waste, ets.
Construction and Demolition
Source
Construction
and demolition
Facilities,
activities /location
New construction sites,
road repair/renovation
sites, razing or building,
broken pavement.
Type of solid waste
Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc.
Municipal Services
Source
Municipal
service
(Excluding
treatment
facilities)
Facilities,
activities /location
Street cleaning,
landscaping, catch basin
cleaning parks and
beaches, other
recreational areas.
Type of solid waste
Special waste, rubbish, street
sweepings, landscape and tree
trimmings, catch basin debris,
general waste from parks, beaches
and recreational areas.
Treatment plant sites
Source
Treatment
plant sites;
Municipal
incinerators
Facilities,
activities /location
Water, waster water and
industrial treatment
processes, etc.
Type of solid waste
Treatment plant wastes, principally
composed of residual sludges.
Municipal Solid Waste
Source
Municipal solid
waste
Facilities,
activities /location
All as above
Type of solid waste
All as above
Industrial
Source
Industrial
Facilities,
activities /location
Construction, fabrication,
ligh & heavy
manufacturing, refineries,
chemical plants, power
plants, demolition, etc.
Type of solid waste
Industrial process wastes, scrap
materials, etc.
Non-industrial wastes including
food wastes, rubbish, ashes,
demolition & construction wastes,
special wastes, hazardous waste.
Agricultural
Source
Agricultural
Facilities,
activities /location
Field and row crops,
orchards, vineyards,
dairies, feedlots, farm, etc.
Type of solid waste
Spoiled food wastes, agricultural
wastes, rubbish, hazardous
wastes.
WEEK THREE
ELEMENT OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
 The activities associated with the
management of solid waste from the point of
generation to final disposal has been group
into six elements.
 Waste Generation
 Waste Storage
 Waste Collection
 Waste Transfer and Transport
 Waste Treatment and Disposal
Waste Generation
 Urbanization and industrialization - many
changes in the quality and quantity of solid
wastes generated
 Some of the changes included:
 change in waste characteristic
 increased volume of waste
 use modern techniques in MSWM
 concentration of large population in a
small area
Con’t….
 The type of produced depends upon
various factors :
 standard of living
 occupation
 habits of dietary
 Average per capita generation of waste
0.85 kg/cap/day. About 1.5 kg/cap/day in
Kuala Lumpur.
Con’t….
 Housing area generates the largest amount
of waste.
 The high income group residential areas high percentage of leaves, glass and plastic
 Market areas - large percentage of
garbage and leaves,
 Hay & straw is the large proposition in
commercial areas
Con’t….
 Slum areas higher percentage of hay &
straw , lower percentage of glass &
WASTE GENERATION IN MALAYSIA
Bil.
Negeri
Tahun 2000
Tahun 2001
Tahun 2002
Angg. Penduduk Angg. Sisa
Angg. Penduduk
Angg. Sisa
Angg. Penduduk
Angg. Sisa
dalam kaw. PBT Yang Dihasilkan dalam kaw. PBT Yang Dihasilkan dalam kaw. PBT Yang Dihasilkan
(tan/hari)
(tan/hari)
(tan/hari)
1. JOHOR
2,252,882
1,915
2,309,204
2,002
2,366,934
2,093
2. KEDAH
1,557,259
1,324
1,596,190
1,384
1,636,095
1,447
3. KELANTAN
1,216,769
1,034
1,247,188
1,081
1,278,368
1,131
4. MELAKA
605,361
515
620,495
538
636,007
562
5. NEG. SEMBILAN
890,597
757
912,862
791
935,683
827
6. PAHANG
1,126,000
957
1,154,150
1,001
1,183,004
1,046
7. PERAK
1,796,575
1,527
1,841,489
1,597
1,887,527
1,669
8. PERLIS
230,000
196
235,750
204
241,644
214
9. PULAU PINANG
1,279,470
1,088
1,311,457
1,137
1,344,243
1,189
10. SELANGOR
3,325,261
2,826
3,408,393
2,955
3,493,602
3,090
11. TERENGGANU
1,038,436
883
1,064,397
923
1,091,007
965
12. KUALA LUMPUR
1,400,000
2,520
1,435,000
2,635
1,470,875
2,755
16,718,610
15,541
17,136,575
16,248
17,564,989
16,987
JUMLAH
Source: MHLG 2003
Waste Generation in Malaysia
20.1%
33.6%
3.7%
1.2%
7.5%
0.9%
13.2%
12.7%
3.5%
3.6%
housing
indust ry
commercial
of f ice
market
hospit al
road
park
wood
ot hers
Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics
4. 5
0. 4 3. 7
0.0.6 9
2. 0
32. 0
16. 0
7
3. 4
29. 5
organic/ f ood wast e
paper
t ext ile/ let her
wood
plast ic
rubber
glass
ceramic
f errous met al
n.f errous met al
ot hers
International Trend in MSW Generation
 Most Asian country produce lower quantities
of waste (mean 0.56 kg/capita/day) except
Japan.
 The developed industrial countries generate
more (mean 0.96 kg/capita/day).
 Japan, Singapore and Hong Kong show the
pattern of waste generation similar to EC
countries (0.86 kg/capita/day)
 US is the largest per capita generating of MSW
(1.97 kg/capita/day).
 Scandinavian countries generated above the per
capita EC average (>0.96 kg)
 The population size does not influence the rate
of waste generation.
Waste composition

Malaysia generate about 72% compostable
waste, comprising;
organic waste
 paper
 textile/leather
 wood
 Garbage is the main component - 37 to
48%
 Paper and cardboard is the second most
abundant component (18 to 30% is)
Cont’….
 Plastic waste was at 9 – 16%
 KL generate only 9% plastic waste
compare to 14 – 16% generate other three
cities around KL
 The composition of MSW reflects the
affluence of the society:
 The way of life
 Economic status
 Social behaviour
Waste Composition (K.L.)
No.
Source Of Waste
Residential
Commercial
Institutional
1.
Food waste & organic
63.1
76.8
40.6
2.
Mix paper
6.7
7.6
16.0
3.
Mix plastics
14.3
9.0
17.2
4.
Textiles
1.7
0.5
0.7
5.
Rubber & leather
0.6
0.3
0.1
6.
Yard waste
6.3
0.9
18.4
7.
Glass
2.1
0.9
1.5
8.
Ferrous
2.3
1.4
2.8
9.
Aluminum
0.1
0.1
1.3
10.
Others
2.8
2.5
1.4
Total (2,3,7,8,9)
25.5
19.0
38.8
Source: Nazeri 2002
Composition of refuse from the municipality of
KL, Petaling Jaya and Penang for the year 1990
Penang
Kuala Lumpur
Petaling Jaya
Paper & cardboard
25.5
30.0
27.0
Textile & leather
3.4
2.5
3.1
Plastics
11.2
9.8
16.4
Rubber
0.8
0.2
2.0
wood
14.4
3.2
7.0
garbage
32.8
40.8
36.5
Metal ferrous & nonferrous
2.6
4.6
3.9
Glass & ceramics
1.4
3.0
3.1
8
5.9
1.0
Others
STORAGE
Waste Storage
 Including the waste handling, processing,
separation and storage.
 The type of container use is highly variable
depend on the amount of waste generated,
the frequency of collection and whether waste
separation is mandated.
The most commonly used in Malaysia are the
plastic container.
 Daily collection 7 – 11 litres
 Weekly collection 20 – 30 litres
WASTE HANDLING
 Refer to the activities associated with
managing solid waste until they are place in
the containers used for storage.
 The activities will vary depending on:
Type of waste materials are separated
Type of collection service
 May also requires to move the loaded
containers to the collection point.
Residential dwellings
 Three categories most often used:
Low-rise dwelling
Under 4 stories
Single family detached
Single family attach
multifamily
Cont’….
Tenants are responsible for placing the
containers of solid waste around their
dwelling.
Type of container used depend on
whether waste separation is mandated.
Home owner will placed the containers
filled with wastes to the street curb.
Medium-rise
From 4 to 7 stories
Handling methods for Low- and mediumrise Apartment depending on the waste
storage location and collection method.
Location of storage include basement
storage, outdoor storage, occasionally,
compactor storage.
High-rise
Over 7 stories
The most common methods are:
Waste are pick up by building
maintenance personnel
Waste are taken to the
basement/service area by tenants
Waste are placed by the tenants in
vertical chute.
Cont’….
 Waste discharged in chutes are collected in
large containers.
 The chutes are available in diameter from 12
to 36 inches (
) and the most
common diameter is 24 inches.
 The use of disinfection and sanitizing unit as
recommended.
Separation
 Separation of waste components including:
Paper
Cardboard
Aluminum can
Glass
plastic containers
Cont’….
Factors that must be consider in the
onsite storage include
The effects of storage on the waste
components.
The type container to be used
The container location
Public health and aesthetics.
Cont’….
Effects of storage on the waste components.
 Effects of storing wastes include:
Biological decomposition
Waste will immediately start to undergo
microbiological decomposition
(putrefaction)
If waste are allowed in storage
containers for extended period of time,
flies will start to breed and odors
compounds can develop.
Cont’….
The absorption of fluids
Components of solid waste have
differing initial moisture contents, reequilibration take place.
The moisture will become distributed
throughout the waste.
The degree of absorption depend on
the length of time.
Waste also can absorb water from
rainfall that enter into container.
Cont’….
The contamination of waste
components
Major waste components may be
contaminated by small amount of waste.
E.g: motor oil, paints, household
cleaner.
Effect : reduce the value of the
individual waste components for recycling.
Types of containers
 The type and capacities of container used
depend on:
the characteristics and type of solid waste
to be collected.
type of collection system.
The collection frequency
The space available for placement of
containers.
Cont’….
Low-rise dwelling (manual curbside
collection)
 Container should be light enough to handle
easily.
 Injury to collector have results from handling
container that loaded to heavy.
 Upper weight limit between 40 to 65lb.
 30 gal. galvanized metal or plastic container
is proven the least expensive of storage for
low-rise dwelling.
Cont’….
 The choice container materials depend on
the preferences to the home-owner.
 Galvanize metal tend to be noisy when
being emptied and can be damage.
 Some plastic containers tend to crack under
ultraviolet ray and the freezing temperature.
 Temporary and disposal containers are
routinely used as temporary – remove along
the waste.
 The problem of temporary containers is
difficult to loading them.
Cont’….
 The use of all types and different grades of
container liners is common.
 A disadvantage in the using of liner, if the
waste are to be separated by component or
they are to be combusted, has to be break
up.
Cont’….
Low-rise dwelling (mechanized curbside)
 The containers are designed specifically to
work with the container-unloading
mechanism attach to the collection vehicle.
 The container size is from about 75 to 120
gallons. 90 gallons container being the most
common.
Cont’….
Low- & medium-rise apartment
 The two most common types have been use
are:
Individual plastic or galvanized metal
Large portable or fix container
 The container is kept in enclosed areas
which easy access to nearby street.
 The containers are equipped with caster or
roller
Cont’….
High-rise apartment
 Where chutes are available separation
storage containers are not used.
 The most common storage for wastes
accumulate from apartment include:
 Enclosed storage containers or disposal bags
 Large open-top containers for uncompacted
waste, bulky items,
 Large open-top container for recycle materials.
Cont’’….
Commercial facilities
 Types of container depend to a large extents
the on the methods use of collection
 Usually large open-top containers are used
for unseparated waste
 The use of container equipped with
compaction mechanism
 Special onsite processing equipment may
also be used – recoverable material
Cont’’….
Container storage locations
 Depend on the type of dwelling or
commercial and industrial facilities, available
space and access to collection service.
Residential dwelling
Low-rise detached dwellings usually are
placed
At the sides of rear of the house
In alley
In or next to the garage
Commercial & industrial facilities
 depend on the location of available space &
service access condition
 location & type of containers not own by the
commercial or industries Solid waste that
 The contents of large containers are removed by
elevator to the:
Cont’’….
Large storage container
Compactors used in conjunction with
storage containers
Stationary compactors
Other processing equipments.
Cont’’….
 The older large office & commercial
buildings are used inadequate equipment
and tend to create handling problem.
 All of the office paper is now collected for
recycle.
Public Health & Aesthetics
Public Health
 Infestation of vermin & insects – mechanical
vectors
 Most effective control is proper sanitation.
Use container with tight lids.
The period washing the container
Periodic removal biodegradable materials
Excellent description of solid wastedisease relationship
Cont’’….
Aesthetics
 Related to the production of odors & unmaintenance of sanitary condition.
 Odors can be controlled;
 through the use container with tight lids
 Reasonable collection frequency.
 If odors persist, the contents of the container –
spray with the masking deodorant
 To maintain aesthetic condition, the container
should scrubbed & wash periodically
Con’t….
The common communal storage
methods used in Asian country include:
 Depot
 simple enclosure of brick wall
 low public health aesthetic value
Commonly found in development
countries
Con’t….
 Enclosure
 slightly improvised depot within an
enclosure around the storage area.
 Exposed to rain and causes air
pollution and odors
 Not suitable in modern society
Con’t….
 Fixed storage bins
 more appropriate and hygienic
 Occasionally, an irrseponsible
people tend to burn the refuse in the
bin.
 If not emptied regularly become
threat to human health.
Con’t….
Portable steel bins
commonly used in Malaysia
 can be easily loaded/unloaded
 Drum
 200 litres drum
 provided in some cities in Asia
Con’t….
Concrete pipe Section
 Found in India, Bangladesh and
Pakistan
 Capacity depend on size of pipe
 scavengers and animal always
messing up the bins
COLLECTION
Planning the waste collection system
 Factors need to be consider:
 population distribution & density
 topography & road layout
 characteristic of the waste & quantity
 disposal method used
 weather condition
 type & number vehicles available
 number of location of transfer station
 road design
Collection of solid waste
 The term collection included:
picking up of solid waste from the sources,
hauling of wastes to the location where the
contents of the collection vehicle are
emptied
The unloading of collection vehicle is also
consider part of the collection operation.
 The activities associated hauling & unloading
are similar
Con’t….
 Activities associated with hauling and
unloading similar for most collection system
 The gathering or picking up of SW vary with
the characteristic of:
 the facilities.
Activities.
location where wastes are generated.
method use for storage of accumulated
wastes between collections.
Con’t….
 Collection in an urban area is difficult and
complex:
Development of urban and sub-urban
Generation become more diffuse &
quantity of waste increases.
 The responsible of the municipal or district
council the privet waste management
companies.
Low-rise detach dwelling (commingled)
 Manual method use for collection residential
waste include:
The direct lifting & carrying of loaded
containers to the collection vehicle.
The rolling the loaded containers on their
rims to the collection vehicle
The use of small lifts for rolling loaded to
the collection vehicle.
Con’t….
 The method of waste collection will influence
the quality and quantity of recovered material
and the mode of disposal.
 Basically, four common types of residential
collection service
curb
alley
setout-setback
setout
Con’t….
Curb
 Door to door collection
 Homeowner responsible for placing the
containers.
 Most common method in Malaysia
 Terrace houses or link houses
 material collected from the home by the
collection crew
Con’t….
 In other case the collection vehicle equipped
with auxiliary container – then emptied to the
collection vehicle
 The use of small satellite vehicles
 The empty bins are taken back by the
owners
Con’t….
 Disadvantages:
 the bins are messed up by scavengers
 bin are stolen
 animal sometimes mess up the bins –
looking for food
Con’t….
Alley
 Door to collection
 Also call back lane collection
 Commonly used in many part of Asia
Con’t….
Setout-setback
 Door to collection
 Containers are set out from homeowner’s
property and set back after emptied by
additional crew.
 Use two groups of collectors
 Faster
Con’t….
Setout
 Door to collection
 Same as setout-setback except:
 Homeowners is responsible to return the
container to storage location.
 Individual house collection
bungalow
Con’t….
Manual methods
 Manual methods used for the collection of
residential waste include:
The direct lifting & carrying of loaded
containers to vehicle
Rolling the loaded container to the vehicle
Use small lift for rolling loaded container
Low- and Medium-rise Apartments
 Curbside collection is common for most lowand medium-rise apartments.
 Maintenance staff is responsible for
transporting the containers to the street for
curb collection
 If large containers are used, the collection
vehicle will equipped with unloading
mechanisms.
High-rise Apartments
 Usually large containers are used to collect
wastes large apartment building.
 The contents of the containers may be
emptied mechanically or may be hauled to
an off-site location.
Commercial & industrial Facilities
 Manual & mechanical means are used to
collect wastes.
 In many large cities solid wastes are
collected early morning or late evening
 Plastic bag, cardboard boxes and other
disposal container are used in manual
collection.
 Collection usually accomplished with three or
four person crew
Con’t….
 containers usually used are:
Movable containers
Container that can be couple to large
stationary compactor
Large capacity open top containers

Collection of waste (separated at source)
 Must be collect gathered together before they
can be recycle.
 The method of collection include:
Curbside collection using conventional &
special designed collection vehicle
Incidental curb collection
Delivery by homeowners to drop-off & buyback centers.
Residential (curbside collection)
 Recyclable materials are collected separately
from commingled waste.
 Some programs require residents to
separate several different material & store in
their own containers.
 Other programs only one or two containers to
store commingled recyclable.
 The vehicle used are for collect the
separated waste are:
standard collection vehicle
specialized collection vehicle.
Type of Collection System
 The system used may classified from several
points of view such as:
The mode of operation.
Equipment use
Type of waste collected
 collection system have been classified
according to their mode of operation into two
categories.
Hauled container systems (HCS)
Stationery container systems (SCS)
Cont’….
Hauled Container Systems (HCS)
 Suitable for removal of waste where the rate of
generation is high.
 The use of large containers reduce handling
time.
 The advantage:
 is the flexibility – many different sizes &
shapes for the collection all types of waste.
Require one truck & driver to accomplish
the collection cycle
Cont’….
 Disadvantage
the use of vary large containers leads to lowvolume utilization unless loading aids
provided.
 Three types of haul container system:
Hoist truck
 tilt-frame container
Trash trailer
Cont’….
Hoist truck systems
 container size from 0.2 to 10 cu3 (2 to 12 yd3)
 Applicable in only limited cases which are:
 For small operation and collects from a few
pickup points
 For the collection of bulky item and industrial
rubbish
Con’t….
 Tilt-frame container
 Widely use especially among private
collectors
 Used tilt frame loaded vehicle and large
containers.
 Suitable for collection of all types of solid
waste rubbish.
 Various type of large containers are available
for use with these vehicles
Open-top containers are used at
warehouse and construction sites
Large containers in conjunction with
stationary compactors are common at
apartment, commercial, and transfer
station.
Trash trailer
Similar to tilt frame container system
Better for the collection heavy rubbish &
often used for the demolition waste.
Con’t….
 Pneumatic and hydraulic system
More complex than hydraulic systems.
Use low pressure air and vacuum conduit
system to transport rubbish through
underground pipe
 transport wastes from high density
apartments or commercial activities to
central location for processing.
Reduces traveling time & increases the
waste collection efficiency & minimize
management cost.
Hydraulic transports is being used for the
transport of food wastes
The major problem of this method is the /
waste water used for transporting the
wastes must be treated.
This system practical in areas where
proper processing facilities are
incorporated into treatment system.
Automated pneumatic waste collection & disposal
Con’t….
Routes of Collection
 The guideline should be taken in to
consideration when design the layout the
collection routes:
 Existing policies and regulations
the number & arrangement of the
containers
Frequency of collection
Existing system characteristic
the number crew
Vehicle type
Begin and end should be near arterial
street.
 In hilly area:
Should start at the top and proceed
downhill as the vehicle become
loaded
The last container to be collected must
be located nearest to the disposal site
Traffic congested location
Should be collect as early in the day
Sources at extremely large quantities
Serviced during the first part of the
day
Scattered pickup points
the number & arrangement of the
containers
distance between containers
number of block & arrangement
Layout of collection routes
 The general steps involved in establishing
route include:
Preparation of location maps
Data analysis
Preliminary layout of routes
Evaluation of the preliminary routes & the
development of balanced route by
successive trials
Collection routes Layout – Step1
 Map of the commercial, industrial, or resident
housing area to be serve.
 Plot the solid waste pickup point:
Location
Collection frequency
Number of containers
 Enter on the map the estimate quantity of
waste at each pickup location (if use
mechanically loaded containers)
Con’t….
 For residential sources - assume that
approximately the same average quantity
number of homes per block will be shown
 Use the tracing paper once the basic data
have been entered on the work map
WEEK SIX
WASTES TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT
Transfer Station
 The transfer of wastes from one location to
another – more distant location
 Contents small collection vehicles are
transferred to large vehicles to transport the
waste over extended distances
 Transfer and transport operation also used
in conjunction with MRFs to transport
recover material to markets/residue
material and waste-to-energy facilities.
The need for transfer operation
 Transfer and transport operations become
necessity when haul distance to available
disposal sites increase.
 Also become necessity when disposal sites
cannot be reach directly by highway (sites in
remote control).
 Transfer station is integral part of all types of
MRFs and MR/TFs
 The time require for transportation is the key
factor especially in the traffic congested city.
 Located between the disposal site & the
centre of the city
 The function are volume reduction & sorting
of waste for recycling
 Additional factor that tend to make the use of
transfer station includes:
The occurrence of illegal dumping due to
excessive haul distances
The location of disposal sites relatively far
from collection routes
The use of small-capacity collection
vehicles
The existence of low-density residential
service area
Types of transfer station
 Classified into three type
Direct load
Storage load
combined direct load and storage load
Direct load
Small capacity
Wastes discharge directly into the
open-top trailer to be use to transport to
compaction facilities.
large capacity
The wastes in collection emptied
directly into transport vehicle, or
The wastes in the collection vehicles
are emptied temporarily onto unloading
platform
The wastes are then push into the
transport trailers.
The new technology of direct-load
transfer station, replace the use of opentop transfer vehicle with the compaction
facilities.
The compaction facilities can be use to
compact wastes into the transfer trailers.
Storage load
Wastes are emptied directly into a storage
pit then they are loaded into transport
vehicles
Various types of auxiliary equipment are
used to load the wastes into the transport
vehicles.
The different between direct-load and
storage-load is the capacity to store
wastes.
combined direct load and storage load
Multipurpose facilities that service a
broader range of users
It can be a materials recovery operation
diagram
The operation of transfer station
Factors to be consider for location of
transfer station.
 As near as possible to the collection area.
 easy access to highway
 minimal public and environmental
risk/objection
 economical aspects
 capacity of collection vehicle
 storage space require
 time require to unload the collection trucks




number of trucks that will use facilities
transfer trailer capacity
operation hours
type of waste processes
Motor Vehicle transport
 Collection
 Compactors
commonly use for door to door
collection
 Equipped with compacter facilities
capacity 12m3
Use for the compactable waste
Roll on roll off (RORO)
Top-open truck used for commercial and
residential areas
For bulky and uncompactable wastes
Side loader
Without compactor
Manually door to door collection
 Open trucks
Used for transporting bulky &
uncompactable wastes.
Used for door to door collection
Not recommended for garbage and
refuse
Hand carts
Commonly use by the street sweepers
Transfer station
Open-top semitrailer
Capacity 40m
Enclose semitrailer
Equipped with satationary compactor
Drop-bottom open-top semitrailer
Unloaded with hydraulic tipping ramp
WEEK SEVEN
Waste Treatment and disposal
 ideally the disposal methods should meet
the following condition:
 environment friendly
 cause no health hazard
 economically less demanding
 maximum recycling options
Should not be labour intensive
Waste Treatment
 The treatment of solid waste prior to
disposal includes:
 recycling
 compaction
 pulverisation
Waste disposal
 ideally the disposal methods should meet
the following condition:
 environment friendly
 cause no health hazard
 economically less demanding
 maximum recycling options
Should not be labour intensive
 Disposal without treatment:
 dumping in water
 dumping on land
 direct disposal (sanitary land field)
 Disposal involve some treatment
 incineration
 biological treatment
 pyrolysis
 Disposal On Land
 Landfill method
Define as the physical facilities use for
the disposal of residual in the surface
soils of the earth.
Sanitary landfill refer to engineered
facilities for the disposal of SWM
designed and operated to minimize the
public health and environmental impacts
 One of the primary technologies use to
disposal of solid waste.
 The most economically if suitable land is
available at low cost, environmentally accepted
method and simple.
 The only method that can deal with all material
in solid waste
 Direct disposal without treatment and Also
used for the final disposal of treated waste.
 Sanitary Landfill
 Define as:
Method of disposing refuse on land
without creating nuisance or hazard to
public health
or safety by utilizing the principle of
engineering to confine the refuse to
the smallest practical area
The goal for design and operation of
modern landfill is to eliminate/
minimize the impacts to human and
environment
 and to reduce it to the smallest practical
volume and cover it with a layer of earth
at the conclusion of each day’s or at such
more frequent as many be necessary
also call as control tipping and involves
the covering of the waste daily with soil
or other modern material
consist depositing the wastes in 1 -2 m
tick layer in low-laying lands or
excavation
Landfill Planning, Design and operation
 The element s should be consider in the
planning , design and operation of landfill are
as below:
Landfill layout and design
Landfill operations and management
The reaction occurring in the landfill
The management of leachate
Environmental monitoring
Landfill closure
Landfill siting consideration
 Siting of new landfill is one of the difficult tasks
faced by the most communities.
 Several factors must be consider in evaluating
potential site for-long term disposal of solid
waste.
 Final selection of a disposal site usually is best
on the result of a detail site survey, engineering
design, cost study and EIA.
 The factors should be consider are ;
Haul distance
Location restriction
Available land area
Site access
Soil condition and topography
Climatological conditions
Surface water hydrology
Geologic and hydrogeologic conditions
Local environmental conditions
Potential ultimate uses for the completed
site
Preparation of the site
First Step
 Existing site drainage must be modified to
route any runoff away from the landfill area.
 Drainage of the landfill area itself must be
modified to route water away from the initial fill
area
 Construction of access roads, weighing
facilities and fences installation.
Second Step
 The excavation and preparation of the landfill
bottom and sub surface site
 Modern landfills are constructed in sections –
allows only the small part of the unprotected
landfill surface to be expose to precipitation.
 Excavations are carried out over time – not
prepare the landfill bottom at once
 Excavated material can be stockpiled on
unexcavated soil to minimized the precipitation
problem
 If the bottom of the landfill is lined at once, the
storm water runoff must be remove from the
portion of the landfill that is not being used.
 To minimized cost, it desirable to obtain the
cover material from the landfill site whenever
possible.
 The excavated material stockpiled for later
use.
 Vadose zone and groundwater monitoring
equipment is installed before the landfill liner
is laid down.
 Leachate collection and extraction faciliteis
are place within or on top of the liner
 Usually the liner extends up the excavated
wall of landfill.
 Installation of the horizontal gas recover
trenches at the bottom of the landfill
 To minimized the release of VOCs, vacuum
is applied and air is drown through the
completed portion of landfill
 The gas that is remove must be burned
under controlled condition to destroy the
VOCs
 A soil berm must be constructed at the
downwind side of the planned fill area before
the fill operation begin.
 Foe the excavated landfill, the wall of the
excavation usually served as the initial
compaction face.
The placement of waste
 The waste is placed in cell beginning along
the compaction face
 The waste deposited in each operating period
usually one day from in an individual cell.
 Wastes deposited are spread out in 45 – 60
cm layers and compacted
 Typically the cell height vary from 2.8 – 4
metres
 The length of the working face varies with the
site condition the size of the operation
 The width of the a cell varies from 300 -900 cm
–depending on the design and capacity of of
the landfill.
 The exposed faces of the cell are covered with
a thin layer of soil (15 to 30 cm) at the end of
each operating period.
 After or more lifts has be place, horizontal gas
recovery trenches can be excavated in the
completed space.
 The excavated trenches are filled with gravel
and perforated plastic pipes are installed in
the trenches
 Successive lifts are place on top of another
until the final design grade is reached.
 A cover layer is applied to the completed
landfill section to
minimized infiltration of precipitation
to route drainage away from the active
section of the landfill
The landscaping to control erosion
Reactions in landfill
Biological reactions
 The organic material in MSW lead to the production of
landfill gas and liquids.
 Decomposition process usually proceed aerobically
for a short period.
 During aerobic decomposition, CO2 is the gas
produced
 Once the available O2 has been consumed, the
composition become anaerobic and the organic
matter converted to CO2 and CH4 and ammonia and
hydrogen Sulfide.
Chemical Reaction
 Include dissolution and suspension of landfill
materials and biological conversion products
in the liquid percolating, evaporation and
vaporization of chemical compound and water
 The organic compounds can subsequently be
released into the atmosphere – through the
soil or from uncover leachate treatment
facilitie.
 Other chemical reactions include those
between certain organic compound and clay
liner.
Physical reactions
 The important physical changes are:
the lateral diffusion of gases and emission of
landfill gases to surrounding environment
Movement of leachate within the landfill and
into underlying soil
Settlement caused by consolidation and
decomposition of landfill material
 Landfill gas movement and emission
particularly important consideration in landfill
management because;
Internal pressure could causing the landfill
cover crack and leak
Escaping landfill gas may carry trace
carcinogenic and teratogenic compounds
into the environment
Because high CH4 contents, may be can
cause burning or explosion
 Leachate migration is another concern
Concerns with the landfill
 Uncontrolled release of landfill gas
 The impact of uncontrolled discharge of
landfill gas
 Uncontrolled release of leachate
 The breeding of disease vector
 The health and the environmental impact
SANITARY LANDFILL FACILITIES
WEEK EIGHT
 Landfill Type
aerobic landfill
anaerobic sanitary landfill with daily
cover
improve anaerobic sanitary landfill with
buried leachate collection facilities
landfill with forced aeration
 Only the anaerobic and semi-aerobic
landfill are desirable when leachate and
gas quality to be considered
Advantages
Disadvantages
 Open dumping
 potential source of disease
 fires are uncontrolled
 air pollution
 smell
 pollute nearby waterways & ground
water
 ugly
 scavenging
 Sanitary landfill
 destruction of habitats - (wetland)
 cause of urban land shortage
 hence transportation cost – (distant)
 lost of resources – cannot be replace
 leachate leakage - (groundwater
contamination)
 maintanance after completion require 10
to 15 years
Non-available of suitable cover material
 Level of Sanitary Landfill
 Level 1: control tipping
 Level 2: sanitary landfill with bound and
daily soil cover
 Level 3: sanitary landfill with leachate
recirculation
 Level 4: sanitary landfill with leachate
treatment facilities.
 Landfill Technology
 The most common landfill
technologies are
 area method
 trench method
 ramp method
 sandwich method
Area method/Depression
 terrain is unsuitable for the excavation
of trenches
Solid waste cells constructed in a large
area
 layers of cells are created until the
permitted height reached
 Each cell represents the waste
received and compacted in place and
covered each day.
Can accommodate very large volume
operation
 Earth dyke with height of one lift
(2-3 m) is first constructed to gate the
support for compacting.
 The wastes are unloaded at the top of
the earth dyke and spread and
compacted on the slope of the dyke.
 The layers dept is from 30 – 60 cm.
Depression method best for area
where natural depression exist.
 The installation liners and leachate
collection system is relative easy.
 The earth cover of this system is
usually obtain from borrow-pit or
brought from elsewhere.
 Trench Method
 Waste is spread and compacted in an
excavated trench
 The excavator tailings are used as
cover material
 Best for flat land where the excavation
of trenches can be carryout easily.
 The ground water level should be
sufficiently low
The trench size varies in length and
width:
 dept:
1 – 2 metre
 width:
2 – 5 metre
 length:
30 – 120 metre
 Wastes are spread into thin layers from
30 -60 cm and compacted before soil
cover in introduced.
 Ramp method
 also call progressive slope.
 A combination of area method and
trench method
 Solid waste is spread and compacted
on a slope
 cover material is obtained directly from
the front of the working face.
 The excavation of cover material
provides a depression for the next day
waste.
Ramp is about 15 metre wide and 30
metre length and suitable height.
 Trucks come on the top of the ramp
and discharge their contents inside the
trench.
 Sandwich method
 Used when the solid waste is deposited
horizontally into narrow valleys.
 Cover soil layer is added over each
layer of solid waste
WEEK NINE
Modern Sanitary Landfill
incorporates
 gas collection, storage and
compressor system
 leachate collection, storage and
treatment facilities.
 prevent leachate leakage into ground
water
gas leakage detection p robes.
 leachate monitoring well and
ground water monitoring well
 Design & operation SLF
 Several important factors must be
considered:
 land area
 cover material
 cell design and construction
 equipment requirement
 personnel requirement
 finance
drainage
spread and compaction
 water supply
 fire prevention facilities
 fencing  gatehouse
 operation time
 land use after completion of landfill
 wheel cleaning
 notice board
Population protection
 site location
 rainfall
 temperature
Soil type
 wind
Hydrological properties and water
table
 compaction landfill
 essential to reduce settlement
 take about 2 years
 prevent fire
 eliminates odour, flies & vermin
 for building structure – 10 – 12 years
 ideally compacted fill should have
density of 900 – 950 kg/m3
 densities are measure by using
backhoe method and auger method.
 the values depend on:
Type of waste
Pretreatment
Composting of waste
Time of landfill
Moisture content
Type of landfill
Stage of compaction
 Leachate
define as liquid that has percolated
through solid waste and has extracted
Dissolved or suspended material
average amount of leachate generated is
150L//tonne
contain organic matter, nitrogen
(ammoniacal), suspended solid salts &
colouring matter.
constration of eluted matters will be
highest the first 3 – 8 years.
quantity of leachate produced depend on
factors:
 Soil type
 Waste composition
 Degree of composition
 Rainfall
 Evaporation
 Landfill type and age
Leachate treatment facilities
 include:
 equalisation tank
 biological treatment
 physicochemical treatment
WEEK TEN
 Biological treatment
To remove the organic matter and
nitrogen
involve one or more of the following
techniques:
 activated sludge treatment
 contact aeration
 rotary disc
deep shaft
 oxidation ditch
trickling filter
 aerated lagoon treatment
 anaerobic biodegredation
 an aerobic fixed film treatment
physicochemical treatment
 to removes/reduce COD, metal,
suspended solid and colour
 the process used are:
 sedimentation with coagulation
 sand filtration
 ozone oxidation
Activated carbon adsorption
Chelating resin adsorption
 Landfill gas
 the microbial degradation generate
gaseous products.
 methane production begins several
month to one/two years after deposition
 the rate of production depends on:
 size and composition of solid waste
 age of solid waste and landfill
moisture contain
 temperature conditions in landfill
quantity and quality of nutrients
 organic contain of refuse
 pH and alkalinity of liquids
 presence of toxic or hazardous
material
Gas production
gas production ranges from 1.3 to 1.7
L/kg/yr
 the main component of the gas is CH4
(55%), CO2 (45%),
 Biodegradation of solid waste could be
describe under four phases:
 the aerobic phase
 hydrolysis and fermentation
 anaerobic phase
 decelerated methane production
 Biological treatment
Consists two main options
Composting (aerobic)
Biogasification (anaerobic)
 Definition
Composting define as the biological
degradation of the organic components of
waste under controlled condition to produce
a stable end product call compost
 Objectives biotreatment:
Volume reduction
Stabilization
Sanitisation
Valorisation
composting of organic material
generates CO2 and H2O.
 Biogasification generates CH4 , CO2,
and H2O.
 The final products of biotreatment are
stable & could be use as fertilizer.
 Composting is an exothermic process
& max. temperature 60 -700C
The aerobic phase
 in the presence of O2,
 oxygen & nitrogen are depleted while
CO2 increases
 The phase lasts only a few days
Hydrolysis and fermentation
 biological polymers
 Anaerobic phase
 beginning of methane generation
 bacteria (methanogens) responsible
for degradation substances.
decelerated methane production
 concentrations of carboxylic acid
decreases to below 100 mg/l.
 Gas monitoring
 involve the monitoring of methane and
other volatile organic compound.
 Monitoring wells are installed within and
around the landfill.
 Two type of gas monitoring device can
be use.
barhole probe
permanent probe
 Barhole probe
performe near structure or along the
parameter of a landfill.
only obtain one time measurement of gas
concentration at shallow depts.
 permanent probe
 located along the parameter of the landfill
at location identify during the
hydrogeology investigation
 Periodically gas samples collected from
these wells are analysed for methane
contain & and other gas.
WEEK ELEVEN
INCINERATION
 Define as:
Control process for burning solid, liquid
and gaseous combustible wastes to
gases and residue containing noncombustible material.
is any facility used wholly or in part for
the controlled combustion of municipal
wastes and other waste.
 waste materials are treated at
incinerator plants through the controlled
application of that converts waste feed by
high temperature oxidation to gaseous
material.
 during combustion the moisture is
vapourised while the combustible waste
is also vapourised and oxidised.
final products are CO2, water vapour, ash,
and non-combustible or residue.

Objectives of thermal treatment
volume reduction
 reduces 90% MSW
 reduces 70% of weight
 life span of a landfill could be
longer
Waste stabilisation
 outputs from the incinerator are ash,
flue gas and combustible residue.
 the output generally inert and more
stable when landfill.
Waste to energy conversion
 reduce the usage of fossil and fuel
Conversion of natural resources.
Sanitisation of waste
 high temperature (800 – 11000C)
 outlet 210 -230oC
 kill all the pathogen – important in
the clinical/hospital waste.
 categories of incinerator
 Three categories:
 mass burning
Selected burning
 source separated materials
 The Incineration Process
 Four types of incinerator
 Multiple chamber incinerator
 Non-heat utilization incinerator
 Fluidised bed incinerator
 Rotary kiln combustor
 Multiple chamber incinerator
 the simplest incinerator
 combustion proceeds in two sage
 combustion in the ignition chamber
 gaseous phase combustion in the
secondary combustion chamber.
Two type
 retort
 used when quality of waste is
below 340 kg/hr
In-line
 used for higher capacities
differences between two type are
 direction of gas flow
 presence of a common wall
between the primary and secondary
combusting stage in retort in the
rotary type
 have length to width ratio of 1:1 to
2.4:1 for retort type and 2:1 to 5:1
for in-line type
WEEK TWELVE
 Non-heat utilisation incinerator
 similar with multiple chamber
incinerator except the waste to energy
process is not included
 accommodate up to 1,000
tonnes/day.
 capacity of storage pit 16 to 36 hrs of
refuse intake
furnaces used are vertical circular,
multicell rectangular or rotary kiln.
 Fluidised bed incinerator
 uses a vertical furnace as alternate design
 develop and commonly used in Japan
 the combustion chamber contains a
fluidised bed
 advantage of this system is less
mechanical problems
FBI has a maximum capacity 350
tonnes/day
 more efficient in burning and flue gas
volume is smaller.
 start up time is much smaller – 5 min
 Rotary kiln combustor
 rotary kiln is circular, inclined, cylindrical
 slow revolving combustion chamber
 waste is rotated slowly
 perforation along the kiln allow O2 be
pumped – efficient burning
energy transfer by three method
radiation from the refractory inner
space surface transfer energy to all
surface in the kiln
 by convection from the hot combustion
gasses to the feed material
 the hot refractory surface continuously
comes into contact with the underside of
the bed
 Products of incineration
 sifting
 fine material include ash, metal fragments,
glass, unburnt organic substances etc..
 residue
 all solid material that are left after
incineration
 remove continuously or in batches
clinker and fly ash
 10% is the fused ashes, etc.. is use as
component of cement, concrete or road
making.
 the fly ash comes from the gas scrubbing
unit
 the quantity of fly ash usually 12 – 15
kg/tonne of refuse
 also used in cement making, concrete,
brick and road making
suspended particulates
 flue gas
vented air emitted from a chimney after
combustion in burner. It can include
nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxides, water
vapor, sulfur dioxides, particles and many
chemical pollutants
(FSL)
the equipments used to remove are:
 the fabric filter – almost 100%
efficiency
 electronic precipitations -96 – 100%
efficiency
wet scrubbers – 94 – 97%
 cyclones – 60 – 65%
 settling chamber – 10 – 30%
 wetted baffle spray – 10 – 53%
waste gas
 removed via the stack
 the high and diameter depends amount
of climatic and lanscaping of the area
heavy metal
 found in the stack gas, bottom ash, filter
dust or in salt and sludges from dust
cleaning
 the heavy metal are:
 Cd, Cl, Cr, Cu, F, Pb, Hg, Ni, S and
Zn.
Distribution of heavy metal in incinerator residue
Fraction
%
Stack gas
%
Bottom ash
%
Filter dust
%
Salt and sludges from
gas cleaning %
Cadmium
0.04
11
85
3.6
Chlorine
0.12
9
15
76
Chromium
0.01
94
5.8
0.27
Copper
0.01
95
4.9
0.53
Fluorine
1.5
69
3.0
26
Lead
0.01
75
24
0.9
Mercury
2.1
7
5.1
86
Nickel
0.04
87
13
0.61
Sulphur
0.47
50
10
40
Zinc
0.05
49
51
0.7
WEEK THIRTEEN
 Acid Gas
 SO2, HCL and HF can be remove by three
methods
 wet method
 Dry method
 semi dry method
 Wet method
 Pollutions are removed by large
quantities of slaked lime or aqueous
sodium hydroxide in Ventury scrubbing
system
The limestone mixed by two ways:
 with the waste before incineration
 introduce separately into the furnace
 Semi dry method
used a spray of lime (CaO) mixed with
water into the flue gas flow
Dioxin control
 Organic pollutant – high level of toxicity
 Persistence in the environment
 The emission of dioxin can be control with
further treated of flue gas by;
 adsorption onto activated carbon filters
 catalyst uses:
 mix metal oxide catalyst
 destroy the dioxin by reaction with O2
NOx controlled by in fluidised bed
incinerator by controlling the amount of
air inlet to the cobustion process
 Where NOx production cannot be
prevented, it is remove by the injection
of urea or ammonia into the flue gas.
 Advantages of incineration
 incineration is sanitary, odourless and
dustless
 residue only 20% of the original weight
and can be used for making cement and
other materials for construction industry
 require very little space and very few
personnel
 can be located centrally even within the
town and reducing transportation costs.
 energy production and other by-product
could generated revenue
 ash and other residue are pathogenfree
 pre sorting and recycle could be
incorporated and this reduces the
volume to be incinerated
 Disadvantages of incineration
 high capital cost and high operating cost
 take time to plan, design construction
 require skill personnel
 disposal of ash require landfill
 may cause air pollution and long term
environmental effect
High moisture content in refuse make it
more expensive to incinerate
 dioxin is a component of the flue gas
especially when the wastes contain a
high proportion of plastic
 require pre-sorting otherwise the slag
volume would be higher
RECYCLE
 Recycle of solid waste is reduce the amount
of waste introduce to the environment.
 also reduce the use of primary commodities
or raw material
 Recycle paper would reduce 60% of water
usage, save 70% of the energy and reduce
the emission of the pollutants as much as 50
%
 Recycle glass would reduce the usage of
water by 50%, 79% of the mining waste could
be avoided and air pollution could be reduce
by 14%
 Recycle plastic reduce 30% of energy to
make polystyrene foam products compare
with the energy used for paper cups made
Why it is important to recycle
Lack of space
Not wise to build one landfill after another
Pollution, hygiene and other issues must
be consider
Water pollution
Most land areas are catchment area
Toxic leachate will pollute the water
Air pollution
Decomposition releases gas
Pollute air and contribute to global
warming
Create unpleasant environment
Save energy
One aluminum can save enough energy to
keep a TV set on
One glass bottle can saves 100 watts
Compromising health
Air and water pollution
Live close with landfill
Vector may carry diseases
The benefits of recycle
 Cut down the need for disposal capacity
 Lower emission from landfill, incinerators
and litter
 Reduce of energy usage and emission
 Lessen impacts and conserve raw material
 The energy recovery will increase due to;
 Reduction in energy use and related emission
and reduction in extraction and manufacturing
process
 Long term, value of conservation materials
The limitation in recycle
The definition of waste is varies among
the different nation
Lack of incentives among developing
countries for technology development
There are no fix price for the recycle
product and the erratic price
fluctuations favour incineration or
landfill
 Usually curb side collection is preferred
when recycle is higher. The “bring” system is
not conducive to participants
 There no incentive for recycle in many South
East Asia countries
 Frequent recycle causes contamination risk
due to heavy metal accumulation.
Recycle in Malaysia
 Recycle was introduced in PJ in 1991. In
1996, yellow box recycling programme was
launched
 In KL plastic is the main material recycled
followed by metals. However, less then 1% is
recycle.
 The awareness is high among Malaysian but
very few actually practice
 Only 30 to 40% of paper is recycle compare
with US 50% and some European nation 60 to
70%
 The important elements of integrated solid
waste management are not officially and
legally incorporated into the Malaysian waste
management practice
 Organized source reduction and recycle are
lacking although a few NGOs do carry out
recycle activities
 Only 1 to 2% of the garbage is recycle and
the target should be 25 to 30%
 Recycle of paper is currently practiced in
Malaysia especially KL, Penang and Ipoh
 Among Asian countries, Australia, Japan
and India have a high recover (60 to 80%)
 Which increase commitment in certain
sector, recycling of glass in Malaysia has
increase
What we can recycle?
Paper
The principal types of waste paper that
are recycled are old newspaper,
cardboard, high grade paper and mix
paper
Except tissue paper, carbon paper,
aluminum foil/wax paper, plastic liminated
paper and contaminated paper
Glass
Container glass (for food packing), flat
glass (window glass), pressed or amber
glass
Except crystal, mirror, window panes
vehicle screen, porcelain, ceramic, bulb,
laboratory apparatus and toxic container
Glass, to be reprocessed is often
separated by color into categories of clear,
green and amber
Aluminum
Aluminum recycle is made up of two
sector: aluminum cans and secondary
aluminum
Secondary aluminum includes window
frame,sliding and gutter
Except paint container, toxic container and
solvent container
The demand for recycled aluminum cans is
high. It take 95% less energy to produce
an aluminum cans from an existing cans
than from ore
Plastic
Classified into two categories:
Clean commercial grade scrap
Post consumer scrap
Two type of post consumer plastic that
most commonly recycle are:
 polyethylene terephtalate (PETE/1)
High density polyethyelene (HDPE)
Ferrous metal (iron & steel)
Traditionally come from large item such as
cars and appliances
Many communities have large scrap metal
piles at the local landfill or transfer station
In many cases, the pile are unorganized
in different metal are mix together –
making them unattractive to scrap buyer
 Steel can use as food container (juice, soft
drink and food) and easily separated from
mixed recyclable or municipal waste.
Non-ferrous metals
 Recyclable non-ferrous metal from household
items:
Outdoor furniture, kitchen cookware and
appliance, ladder, tool and hardware
From construction and demolition
project:
Cooper wire, pipe, and plumbing supplies,
light fixture, aluminum siding, gutters.
From large consumer, commercial and
industrial products:
Appliance, automobiles, boats aircraft
and machinery
Virtually all nonferrous metal can be
recycled if they are sorted and free of
foreign materials such as plastic, fabrics
and rubber
Methods for the collection of recycle
materials
 The methods used for the collection of recycle
materials includes curbside collection and
delivery by homeowner to drop-off and buyback centres
 The future separation and processing of
waste that have been source-separation is at
Material Recover Facilities (MRFs) or
Integrated Material Recover Facilities/transfer
facilities (MRTFs)
Drop-off centre
 Required residents or businesses to separate
recyclable materials at the source and bring
to a specified drop-off or collection centre
 Require residents to store the materials until
sufficient and material is collected to the
drop-off centre.
 The storage of multiple material types is a
problem in densely populated area.
 To encourage participation, most successful
programs have made drop-off centres has
convenient as possible
 Other incentives, such as donating portions of
proceeds a local charity
Buy-Back Centres
Refers to a drop-off program that provides
monetary incentive to participate
The residents are paid for their recyclable
either directly or indirectly through reduction
in monthly collection and disposal fees.
Options for the separation of waste materials
 Separation is a necessary operation in the
recovery of reusable and recyclable
materials from MSW
 Separation can be accomplished either at the
source of generation or at MRFs / MRTFs.
Integrated MRTFs
The function of a drop-off centre for
separation waste.
The facilities include:
Material separation facilities
A facility for the composting and
bioconversion of waste
A facility for the production of refusederive fuel
Transfer facility
 Chemical and biological processes are use
to reduce the volume and weight and to
recover conversion products and energy
 The most common used chemical
transformation process is combustion.
 Used in conjunction with the recovery of
energy.
 The most commonly used biological
transformation process is aerobic composting
If you do care, start recycle
RECYCLE FOR THE BETER FUTURE
……. OR WOULD YOU RATHER LIVE IN THE
WASTE?.....
Field capacity of solid waste
Factor that limit growth of vegetation on landfill
Medical Waste
Nonhazardous
Hazardous
(Clinical waste)
• Increasingly, municipalities additionally address urban
environment issues related to solid waste management.
Public concern and sensitivity to environmental issues is
driving this expanded agenda. These include
• health and environmental impacts of accumulated
uncollected waste and clandestine disposal sites
• health and environmental impacts of solid waste
facilities, including transfer, composting and landfill
facilities
• air emissions from waste collection and transfer vehicles
• special handling and disposal of hazardous wastes,
including healthcare and industrial hazardous waste.
• health and environmental impacts (see
papers Occupational and Environmental Health Issues of
Solid Waste Management: Special Emphasis on Middle
and Lower-Income Countries and Environmental Health
at a glance) of accumulated uncollected waste and
clandestine disposal sites
• health and environmental impacts of solid waste
facilities, including transfer, composting and landfill
facilities
• air emissions from waste collection and transfer vehicles
• special handling and disposal of hazardous wastes,
including healthcare and industrial hazardous waste.
Disease and Injury Risks for Solid Waste
Workers
 (Based on data from various countries that is
presented within this document)
 6 times more relative risk of Infectious
Disease (Denmark)\74\
 2.6 times more relative risk for Allergic
Pulmonary Disease and 1.4 for Non-Allergic
Pulmonary Disease (Denmark)\74\
 2.5 times fore relative risk for Chronic
Bronchitis (Geneva in Switzerland)
 1.2 increased risk of hepatitis (Genoa in
Italy)\47\
 3 times more relative risk for Parasites
(India)\11\
 10 times more relative risk for Acute
Diarrhea (Romania)\21\
 2 times more relative risk for Coronary
Disease (USA)\17\
 1.3 times more relative risk for Injury
(Romania)\22\
 5.6 times more relative risk for Accidents
(Denmark)\74\
 10 times more relative risk for Accidents
(USA)\12,43,74\
 1.9 times more relative risk for
Musculoskeletal Problems (Denmark)\74\
Health Risk Factors for Solid Waste
Workers
 Waste content
fecal matter, blood, body fluids, animal
 Flesh
hazardous chemicals and heavy metals
volatile organic and greenhouse gases
pressurized gas containers, munitions
 Heavy loads, lifting exertion and vibration
 Landfill slides, fires and vehicle accidents
 Noise