Transcript Exploration 1450-1700 Is contact with other cultures beneficial or harmful to a

Exploration
1450-1700
Is contact with other cultures
beneficial or harmful to a
civilization?
Exploration-In a Nutshell
When: 1450-1700
What: Exploration, Conquest, Colonization
Who: Portugal, Spain, France, the Dutch,
England and other European countries
Where: Africa, the Americas, Asia
Result: Diffusion of ideas
and cultural forces that
reshaped the global
environment
Order of Exploration by Country
Portugal
Spain
France
The Dutch
England
The Order That Conquest and
Colonization Happened
Explorers
Conquistadors
Missionaries
Permanent Settlers
Official European Colony
Major Explorers and Their Voyages
Bartholomeu Dias’ voyage (1487)
Christopher Columbus’ first voyage (1492-1493)
Christopher Columbus’ second voyage (1493-1496)
Vasco da Gama’s voyage to India (1497-1499)
John Cabot’s first voyage (1497)
John Cabot’s second voyage (1498)
Christopher Columbus’ third voyage (1498)
Amerigo Vespucci's first voyage (1499-1500)
Christopher Columbus’ fourth voyage (1502-1503)
Magellan’s voyage around the world (1519-1522)
A Map of the Known World Before 1492
What Encouraged Exploration?
Marco Polo took the Silk Road, returned 23
years later to Venice with the goods and
ideas he had brought back from China.
What Encouraged Exploration?
Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing
press in 1448-people could read accounts
of previous explorers.
Nations seeking new sources of revenue.
Desire to spread Christianity
Generally curiosity about the world
The Three G’s
Gold-Wealth of all kind
Glory-More land meant glory for their
kingdoms
God- Convert the native people to
Christianity After the Reformation
there was competition between the
Catholics and Protestants to win
converts
The Portuguese
Prince Henry “The Navigator”
Not an explorer but was a
patron and sponsor
Created a navigation school
at Sagres, Portugal to
encourage exploration
Portugal was the first
country to launch largescale voyages of exploration
What Prince Henry the Navigator Wanted
Prince Henry gathered scientists, cartographersmapmakers- and other experts at his navigation
school
Goal: to find a water route to Asia to allow
Portugal to trade directly with the East
He died before the route was found.
Portugal learned a lot about the African coast
line including that gold and slaves were
plentiful!
New Maritime Technology
Hartman Astrolabe
1532
Caravel: Faster, more economical.
Could navigate shallow coastal
waters and rivers.
Lateen Sail: triangular sail
Mariner’s Compass
Improvements in Navigation
Better maps: follow coasts at first, used compass
Better ships: Caravels- square sails and new hull
design, heavy enough to carry canon
Astrolabe- magnetic compass to sail by the stars
Knowledge of wind patterns
The astrolabe was used to determine latitude,
the north-south position on the globe, by
measuring the height or altitude of celestial
bodies over the horizon and making a
calculation using the known declination of
the star.
Magnetic Compass
Caravel
The Portuguese
Go To
Africa and to Asia
Portuguese in Bahrain
Built Forts to establish their presence.
Bartolomeu Dias
Portuguese sailed for Portugal.
First European to round the
Cape of Good Hope in 1488did not make it to Asia
Dias accompanied Cabral on the
voyage that resulted in the
discovery of Brazil
Died in heavy seas off the
African coast May 29, 1500.
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese-sailed for
Portugal
Opened a new water route
for trade between Europe
and Asia
1497-98, the first to travel
around the southern most
tip of Africa, the Cape of
Good Hope and reach
India.
Vasco da Gama
Very profitable voyagereturned with a cargo of
spices and made a
profit of several
thousand percent.
Died of an illness in India
on December 24, 1524
Vasco da Gama First Voyage 1497–1499
Cape of Good Hope
The Portuguese in Africa
King Affonso was the ruler of Kongo
Worked as a partner with the Portuguese to modernize his
country into a Christian state
The Portuguese also wanted slaves
Initially slavery was limited to war captives, who were
numerous because of various local battles and continual
border disputes
When Affonso realized the toll the slave trade was taking
on Kongo he wrote letters to the King of Portugal
describing how his society was being ruined because of
the slave trade
Affonso was not successful at stopping the slave trade.
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese-sailed for
Spain
Sailed around the
southern tip of South
America.
His crew was the first to
circumnavigate-go
around- the earth
This voyage: 1519-1522
proved that the world
was round
Magellan named the Pacific Ocean after the Latin word meaning peaceful.
The Spaniards find the
New WorldBy accident!
The Spanish
Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand wanted Spain
to be a united, Catholic kingdom
Inquisition- Ordered all Jews and Muslims to
convert or leave Spain. Even Christians could be
punished if they were suspected of defying the
church.
They were eager to spread
Catholicism and profit
from new trade routes
Christopher Columbus
From Genoa sailed for
Spain
Convinced Queen Isabella
to back his voyage
Believed that he could
reach Asia, in the east,
by sailing west
Did not know about
American continents
The First Voyage
The First Voyage
Set sail on August 3, 1492
Crew of 90 men, two caravels -the Niña and the
Pinta- and his flagship, the Santa Maria
Near mutinous situation on the ship:
terrible conditions
voyage was taking far longer than thought
Columbus promised his men they would turn
back if land was not spotted in three days
The First Voyage
Landed in the Bahamas
October 12, 1492
He called it San
Salvador
Called the native
people ‘los Indios’
Inhabitants of the
Indies
They were Tainos.
Columbus Greeted by King Ferdinand and Queen
Isabella Upon His Return to Spain From the New World
Other Voyages of Columbus
Columbus had a total of four voyages
Approach to natives and Spanish alike proved to
be brutal in other voyages
Spanish colonists’ rebel and set up own colonies
Sent back to Spain in chains for being a
tyrannical leader
May 11, 1502-Fouth voyage
Fernando, his son goes with him
Died in Spain believing he explored part of Asia
Voyages of Christopher Columbus
Spain and Portugal
compete with each
other for trade profits,
so who gets what?
Why is Portuguese Spoken in Brazil?
The Treaty of Tordesillas
The Pope Split the “New World” between
Spain and Portugal
The Pope’s Line of Demarcation
Treaty Details
The Treaty of Tordesillas was a treaty between Portugal
and Spain in 1494
Divided up all the land on the Earth outside of Europe, no
matter who was already living there.
Pope Alexander VI was the pope at the time of the treaty.
He drew an imaginary line 480 kilometers to the west of the
Cape Verde Islands, gave Portugal the land to the east of
this line, and gave Spain the land to the west of this line.
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella were the rulers of Spain
at the time.
This treaty was signed at Tordesillas, hence the name of it.
The Treaty of Tordesillas
The House on the top center left to the tower
is where the treaty was concluded in 1494
The treaty with the signature
of the sovereign of Spain and Portugal
Amerigo Vespucci
Born in Florence,
worked for the Medici
and sailed for Spain
Sailed around the coast
of South America and
concluded it was not
Asia but a new land.
America was later named
after him for this vital
discovery.
The Columbian Exchange
An exchange between the Americas and the rest of
the world.
Result of Columbus’s voyages to the New Word,
European horses and cattle changed the lifestyles of
American Indians
European diseases like smallpox killed many American
Indians
These items came from
North or South America
Avocado
Beans
Cashews
Chocolate
Corn
Guinea pig
Peanuts
Pineapple
Potatoes
Pumpkin
Rubber
Silver
Sunflower Tobacco
Tomatoes Turkey
Vanilla
Pumpkin (squash)
These items came from
Europe, Africa or Asia
Bananas
Cabbage
Chicken
Citrus
Coffee
Cows
Garlic
Grapes
Horses
Lettuce
Onion
Peaches
Pigs
Rats
Rice
Sheep
Smallpox
Sugar
Tea
Wheat
Black pepper
Triangular Trade
Included slaves and manufactured goods
The Columbian Exchange
Disease
Smallpox, measles, and influenza
Natives had no immunity, or resistance, to
disease
Wiped out village after village
By 1500 as much as 90% of the native population
in the Caribbean had died
Great advantage to the Europeans wanting to take
control of the indigenous people
Horses on Boats!
Impact of the Columbian Exchange
Europeans needed labor to farm the land:
plantation system/Encomienda.
Shortage of labor to grow cash crops led to the
use of slaves from the Americas and Africa.
Slavery was based on race.
Encomienda System
Encomienda: the right of the
Spanish government to use
Native Americans as laborers
but not necessarily as slaves.
Began in 1503
Result of the plantation system:
Destroyed the indigenous
population and economics
Damaged the environment.
Father Bartolomé de Las Casas
Dedicated his life to abolishing
the Encomienda system.
Proposed replacing the slave
labor of the natives with
slaves from Africa.
He eventually recanted this
as well, and became an
advocate for the Africans
in the colonies
Middle Passage
The stage of triangular trade in which millions of
people from Africa were taken to the New
World
Ships departed Europe for Africa with
manufactured goods, which were traded for
purchased or kidnapped Africans
Africans were transported across the Atlantic
Slaves were then sold or traded for raw materials
African Slavery
Triangular Trade
Plan of A Slave Ship
Consequences of the
African Slave Trade
African families torn
apart
African culture lost
generations of
members
Through the skills and
labor of African slaves,
the economy of the
Americas prospers
Colonial Economies
Colonies existed for the benefit of the mother
country
Colonial economies were limited by the
economic needs of the mother country
A major element of the economy was the mining
of precious metals for export
Outposts of colonial authority were established
in major cities: Havana, Mexico City, Lima,
Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires
Commercial Revolution
European maritime nations competed for overseas
markets, colonies, and resources.
The belief was that there was a limited amount of
wealth in the world so a country had to get their
hands on as much of it as possible
New money and banking systems were created.
A new economic system emerged~ mercantilism
Mercantilism
According to mercantilists, the prosperity of a nation
depended on a large supply of bullion, or gold and
silver.
Mercantilism was an economic practice adopted by
European colonial powers in an effort to become
self-sufficient
This set of principles dominated economic thought
in the seventeenth century
Balance of Trade
The difference in value between what a nation
imports and what it exports over time
Conquest of
South America
Hernán Cortés and the Aztec
1521- Cortes conquered
Montezuma and the
Aztec’s in Tenochtitlan,
Mexico
Mexico City was rebuilt on
the ruins of Tenochtitlan
Tenochtitlan by Hernán Cortés
This 1524 map depicts the thriving Aztec capital,
Tenochtitlan, based on the eyewitness account of
Hernán Cortés.
Printed map, hand colored
Pizarro Defeated the Inca
1532- Collision at Cajamarca
You already know the rest of the story!!
Colonies
Characteristics of the Colonial System
Colonial governments
mirrored the home
governments
A viceroy, or
representative ruled
in the name of the
King (monarch)
Francisco de Almeida,
first viceroy of Portuguese India
A Layered Society
The separation of the various peoples in the
colonies created a very intricate list of names to
describe one's precise race and, by consequence,
one's place in society
Peninsulares-born in Spain, held highest positions
in colonial government and Catholic Church
Creole- American born descendants of Spanish
settlers, owned most of the plantations, ranches
and mines.
A Layered Society
Mestizo- Native American and European
descendant
Mulatto- African and European descendant
African and Native American descendant were
the lowest social class
"Spaniard and Indian produce Mestizo"
The philosophy led to the separation of the various peoples in the colonies and created a very intricate list of
nomenclature to describe one's precise race and, by consequence, one's place in society. To illustrate how
complex this nomenclature became the following list was in use in New Spain (Mexico) during the eighteenth
century:
Spaniard and Indian = Mestizo (50% European and 50% Native American)
Mestizo and Spanish woman = Castizo (75% European and 25% Native American)
Castizo woman and Spaniard = Spaniard (87.5% European and 12.5% Native American)
Spanish woman and black man = Mulatto (50% European and 50% African)
Spaniard and Mulatto = Morisco (75% European and 25% African)
Morisco woman and Spaniard = Albino (87.5% European and 12.5% African)
Spaniard and Albino woman = Torna atrás (lit. "turn back") (93,75% European and 6,25% African)
Indian man and Torna atrás woman = Lobo (50% Native American, 46,875% European, and 3,125% African)
Lobo and Indian woman = Zambaigo (75% Native American, 23,4375% European, and 1,5625% African)
Zambaigo and Indian woman = Cambujo (87.5% Native American, 11,71875% European, and 0,78125% African)
Cambujo and mulatto woman = Albarazado (43.75% Native American, 30,859375% European, and 25,390625%
African)
Albarazado and Mulatto woman = Barcino (40.43% European, 21.87% Native American, and 37.7% African)
Barcino and Mulatto woman = Coyote (45.215% European, 10.935% Native American, and 43.85% African)
Coyote woman and Indian man = Chamiso (22.6075% European, 55.4675% Native American, and 21.925%
African)
Chamiso woman and Mestizo = Coyote mestizo (36.30375% European, 52.73375% Native American, and
10.9625% African)
Coyote mestizo and Mulatto woman = Ahí te estás ("there you stay") (43.151875% European, 26.366875 Native
American, and 30.48125 African)
Population Distribution of
Spanish America
Other Explorers
Sailing for Spain…
Vasco Núñez de Balboa
Balboa led an expedition across the Isthmus of
Panama in1513.
Balboa became the first European to see the
Pacific Ocean
Sailing for England…
John Cabot
Italian-Sailed for England
June 21, 1497 John Cabot landed
in Nova Scotia
Shipwrecked and drowned
during second voyage in 1498.
Cabot's expeditions were the first
of Britain's claims to Canada
and East Coast of US
Sir Francis Drake
Famous for leading the first
English circumnavigation of
the world, from 1577 to
1580
Pirate! His job was to disrupt
the Spanish voyages to the
New World
Circumnavigation of Drake
Sailing for France…
Jacques Cartier
French-Voyages funded by
Francois I
Looking for a passage to
Asia
1534- first European to
travel inland in North
America.
Claimed Canada for France
Three voyages
Sailing for Holland…
The Dutch
The first Europeans to
challenge Portuguese
domination of Asian Trade
Goal: to find a Northwest
passage.
Is there a Northwest passage?
English sailor Henry Hudson
claimed New York for the
Dutch in 1609.
Canada
END PPT
Other information follows:
Curriculum Guide:
Ferdinand Magellan
Prince Henry the Navigator
Vasco da Gama
Francisco Pizzarro
Jacques Cartier
Christopher Columbus
Francis Drake
Hernan Cortez
Portugal—Vasco da Gama
Spain—Christopher Columbus, Hernando
Cortez, Francisco Pizarro, Ferdinand Magellan
England—Francis Drake
France—Jacques Cartier
Sources
http://ambassadors.net/archives/issue19/profile.htm
http://www.kwabs.com/tordesillas_treaty.html
Vespucci: http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi43.htm
Spanish Empire: http://video.answers.com/history-of-the-spanish-empire-298065658
Layered society
http://forum.stirpes.net/revisionism/24791-learn-about-our-history-multiculturalismmestizaje-details-hints-aply-nowadays.html
Slave Trade: http://www.afbis.com/analysis/slave.htm
After Pizarro: Food in Colonial Peru and Today (Conclusion):
http://gherkinstomatoes.com/2008/12/08/after-pizarro-colonial-peru-conclusion/