Transcript FEM 3335 Development and Sustainability – to – face lecture) (face

FEM 3335
Development and Sustainability
(face – to – face lecture)
Associate Prof Dr Sharifah Norazizan Syed Abd Rashid
Department of Social & Development Science
Faculty of Human Ecology
Universiti Putra Malaysia
[email protected]
Topics covered today
Topics :
7.Sustainable Communities
8.Sustainable Consumption
9.Economic Sustainability
10.Sustainable Cities
11.Good Governance and Sustainability
12.Stakeholders And Sustainability
Topic 7
Sustainable Communities
• Sustainability & Sustainable Communities
• Concepts, Definitions and principles
• Characteristics of Sustainable Communities and Community
Sustainability
• The 3 E: Economy, Equity Ecology
• New Social Forms of Communities
 Virtual Communities
 Gated Communities
Sustainability and Sustainable
Communities
• The concept of sustainability is based on the premise that
communities are made up of social, economic, and
environmental systems that are in constant interaction and
must be kept in harmony or balance if the community is to
continue to function to the benefit of its inhabitants— now and
in the future.
• There are six principles of sustainability that can help a
community ensure that its social, economic, and environmental
systems are well integrated and will endure. A community or
society that wants to pursue sustainability will try to:
Principles of sustainability as basis
for community sustainability
Maintain and, if possible, enhance, its residents’ quality of life.
Enhance local economic vitality.
Promote social and intergenerational equity.
Maintain and, if possible, enhance, the quality of the
environment.
5. Incorporate disaster resilience and mitigation into its decisions
and actions.
6. Use a consensus-building, participatory process when making
decisions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sustainable Communities
have similar principles with
Sustainable Development
• Balance and integration among the three components of a
community ie social, economy and the environment.
• Meeting the needs of the present and future generations.
What is a sustainable
community? (i)
• Many definitions of a sustainable community have been put
forward, but they all revolve around the interconnectedness of
society, economy and environment. According to Maureen Hart,
a sustainable community is one in which
. . . the economic, social and environmental systems that make up
the community provide a healthy, productive, meaningful life for all
community residents, present and future. Sustainable communities
acknowledge that there are limits to the natural, social and built
systems upon which we depend.
What is a Sustainable
Community? (ii)
•
Maintains carrying capacities (natural resources,
cultural values, human and social capital, economy and
built capital)
•
Considers future generations
•
Retains diversity (creativity, skills), equity
•
Balanced development - recognizes
interconnections of everything
•
Considers wider interdependencies
•
Community-owned, participatory
Important Components of
Sustainable Communities
• Active, inclusive and safe.
• Well organized and managed – quality participation and good
leadership
• Sensitive to the environment
• Well designed environment
• Good physical connections
• Justice to all
New social forms of
Communities
i.
ii.
Gated and Guarded Communities
Virtual Communities
Content:
•
•
•
•
Why the need for these new social forms of communities
The advantages and disadvantages
Are these communities sustainable?
What the future holds for these new communities
Main Attractions of Gated and
Guarded Community
• The main attractions of gated community is security, lifestyle
and the protection of property values. There are also clear
development guidelines for individual style homes which helps
to keep house designs at an acceptable standard without too
much homogeneity.
• One very important feature of a gated community is that the
building standards are more flexible and as such enables more
efficient land utilization. For example removing the necessity for
walled boundaries and fences.
Gated Community in Malaysia
• A gated community in Malaysia is generally focused on the
need for a safer community with secured and guarded
surroundings offering a new privatized way of life.
• Property developers today are reinvesting themselves in
response to needs of an increasingly affluent population,
keeping pace with the rapid changes in trends and consumer
preferences in order to thrive; offering a safe community
through the provisions of security and exclusivity as part of
a community’s lifestyle.
• The emphasis in these guarded community are the
combination of security, privacy and the affluent lifestyle of its
residents.
• Although some housing schemes are not categorised as gated
and guarded schemes, residents have nevertheless taken steps
to restrict access of the general by setting up guard posts with
the hope of preventing and reducing crime in the area. Usually
some form of physical barrier surrounds the boundaries to the
housing estate where residents employ private security to
provide security services. This often involves an attempt to
restrict or regulate public spaces privately by erection of barriers
on public needs, guardhouses, etc.
Legality of Gated and
Guarded Communities
• It is unlawful to privately attempt to restrict or regulate public
spaces without the approval of the relevant authority. Any
attempt to close, barricade or restrict the access of a public
road, drain or space, there may be a contravention of Sections
46(1) of Street Drainage and Building Act 1974, Section 80 of
the Road Transport Act 1987 and Section(s) 62 and 136 of the
National Land Code 1965. In addition, provisions of the Town
and Country Planning Act 1976 may also be violated where
guard houses are built in the public land or road shoulders.
• There is no problem with private security patrolling public roads
in a housing scheme under the employment of the residents’
associations. Nevertheless, the local authority and the police
should be consulted first. It has to be noted that erecting
structures to restrict access to public roads or guardhouses is
another matter and would violate the law unless the relevant
authority gives its approval to do so.
• In recognition of a growing problem of security, various local
authorities and state governments have issued guidelines for
guarded communities. These guidelines do allow erection of
guard houses and the employment of private security based on
the consent by the residents in the area affected. For example,
in Selangor, the Housing and Property Board and the local
authorities allow guard houses to be built based on certain
guidelines amongst which include:· Applications made through the Resident Association (RA) only;
· Consent by 85% of the residents;
· Agreement must be made between RA and local authority;
· Guard house without a barrier are allowed and the location
should not obstruct traffic (situated at road shoulder only);
• A written consent from Local Authority and Land Administrator
(LA) for the construction of guard house on reserved
road/vacant land must first be obtained;
· Appointed security guards must be registered with Ministry of
Home Affairs or with other relevant agencies;
• The authorities do sometimes “turn a blind eye” to allow some
form of limited barriers so long as it is backed by an
overwhelming support of the local residents and it does not
deny access nor unduly obstruct traffic.
Claimed advantages and
disadvantages of GGC
• Safer community with secured and guarded surroundings
offering a new privatized way of life and exclusivity as part of a
community’s lifestyle. Better quality “public” services, such as
garbage removal and park maintenance can be expected as
these jobs are privatized, leaving local authorities to
concentrate on the provision of other aspects.
• National Social Policy – segregation?
• Conflict between GGC and Non GCC residents
What is a Virtual Community?
• A virtual community is a community of people sharing common
interests, ideas, and feelings over the Internet or other
collaborative networks.
• A possible inventor of this term and one of its first proponents
was Howard Rheingold, who created one of the first major
Internet communities, called "The Well."
• In his book, The Virtual Community , Rheingold defines virtual
communities as social aggregations that emerge from the
Internet when enough people carry on public discussions long
enough and with sufficient human feeling to form webs of
personal relationships in cyberspace.
According to Rheingold
“A virtual community as they exist today is a group of people who
may or may not meet one another face to face, and who
exchange words and ideas through the mediation of computer
bulletin boards and networks. In cyberspace, we chat and argue,
engage in intellectual intercourse, perform acts of commerce,
exchange knowledge, share emotional support, make plans,
brainstorm, gossip, feud, fall in love, find
friends and lose them, play games and metagames, flirt, create a
little high art and a lot of idle talk. We do everything people do
when people get together, but we do it with words on computer
screens, leaving our bodies behind.”
From the reading “A Slice of Life in my Virtual Community”
Claimed Advantages Include
Lack of prejudice on physical attributes
• Age, race, gender, handicap, etc.
Easy to meet people by interests
• Rather than by where they live/work
• Bring into contact with more people
• Rheingold claims experts are readily available
Dangers of Exclusion
In real world, many communities are segregated by
• Social class
• Race or ethnicity
• Political views or lifestyle choices
• Age or family status
Are Online Communities Worse?
• Rheingold likes chance to seek out people with same
interests, ideas
• But will that lead to more segregation?
 E.g. right or left wing political communities
 Never exposed to opposing viewpoints
• New kinds of cyberghetto
Discussions
i.
"Sustainable community development is the ability to make
development choices which respect the relationship between
the three "E's"-economy, ecology, and equity. Discuss.
ii.
Young people in virtual community : creating knowledge in
cyberspace ... Why do young people participate in virtual
communities? What kind of value does it impose on the
youth?
iii.
What is a gated community? In your opinion what are the
advantages and disadvantages of such a community and
what the future holds for such community?
Topic 8
Sustainable Consumption
• Introduction
• Standard of Living and Quality of Life (QoL)
• Sustainable Consumption
- Principles and Definitions
• Practice
- Sustainable Consumption and Production and how
they are related
• Minimum Consumption and Optimum Production
• Impact of Production Process on man and the environment
• New approach for development
Standard of Living and Quality
of Life
Standard of living refers to the consumption of goods and
services by an individual. It relates directly to economic
development. Economic development refers to the improvement
of human living standards by economic growth*.
*economic growth refers to the increase in goods and services
which requires more producers and consumers (ie population
growth and more production and consumption per person);
whereas the well-being or quality of life of a population refers to
a combination of attributes that provide physical, mental, spiritual
and social wellbeing.
Sustainable Growth
For growth, we need resources and the rate of depletion of
resources cannot be matched with the regenerating capacity of
earth, as it is finite, not-growing and materially closed. Therefore,
Sustainable growth is an impossible theorem!
Sustainable Consumption
Sustainable consumption is related to production and distribution,
use and disposal of products and services and provides the means
to rethink our lifecycle. The aim is to ensure that the basic needs of
the entire global community are met, excess is reduced and
environmental damage is avoided.
What is Sustainable
Consumption?
“…the use of services and products which respond to
basic needs and bring a better quality of life while
minimizing the use of natural resources and toxic
materials as well as the emissions of waste and
pollutants over the life cycle of the service or product
so as to not jeopardize the needs of future
generations.”
UN CSD, 1995
Sustainable Consumption is ....
•
•
•
•
•
more than “consuming green”
meeting basic needs
about changing patterns
not “doing without”
responsible consumption consuming differently,
efficiently !!
Changing consumption and production
patterns is the heart of sustainable development.
Why The Need For
Sustainable Consumption?
Recent studies show that we are already exceeding the
Earth’s ability to support our lifestyles, and have been
doing so for approximately twenty years. (UNDP,
Source data from Earth trends, 2008).
Driving Forces that Influence
Consumption
The issue at a glance...
1.
Global drivers of consumption
Global consumption levels and patterns are driven at the most
fundamental level by:
• Rapid global population growth – Population of 9 billion
expected by 2050
• The rise in global affluence and associated consumption –
Global middle class expected to triple by 2030;
• A culture of “consumerism” among higher income groups, who
account for the greatest per capita share of global consumption
2. Global consumption patterns & impacts
Global consumption is putting unsustainable and increasing
stress on:
• The Earth’s ecosystems – 60% of the Earth’s ecosystem
services have been degraded in the past 50 years
• The supply of energy and material resources needed for
industrial growth – Natural resource consumption is
expected to rise to 170% of the Earth’s bio-capacity by
2040
• Human social systems and well-being – Human wellbeing does not necessarily rely on high levels of
consumption
3. The role of the consumer
Consumer attitudes and behaviors:
• Consumers are increasingly concerned about environmental,
social and economic issues, and increasingly willing to act on
those concerns
• Consumer willingness often does not translate into
sustainable consumer behavior because of a variety of factors
– such as availability, affordability, convenience, product
performance, conflicting priorities, skepticism and force of habit
4. The role of the media, communications
Mixed messages from the
consumers
I’d like to end
poverty, stop violence
and racism,
and get rid of
pollution. Everyone
should be equal.
I want to dress in the
nicest clothes,
drive a great car, talk
on the latest
mobile phone, and watch
my brand new DVD
An international agenda
• The sustainable consumption challenge emerged as a key
issue in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro.
• Ten years later, at the World Summit on Sustainable
Development in Johannesburg, the international
community was called upon to improve global living
conditions and to “encourage and promote the
development of a ten-year framework of programs on
sustainable consumption and production (SCP) in support
of regional and national initiatives to accelerate the shift
towards SCP.”
Chapter 4 of Agenda 21
• The Chapter 4 of Agenda 21 was dedicated to improving the
sustainability of development through more sustainable
patterns of consumption and production.
• It include two program areas.
i. Focus on unsustainable patterns of production and
consumption.
ii. Developing national policies and strategies to encourage
changes in unsustainable consumption patterns.
Towards a Definition of Sustainable
Consumption (SC)
There are many definitions of SC, but most share the following
common features:
• Satisfying basic human needs (not the desire for 'wants' and
luxuries
• Favoring quality of life over material standards of living;
• Minimizing resource use, waste and pollution;
• Taking a life-cycle perspective in consumer decision-making;
life cycle of a product referring to its production, transport and
retailing, use and disposal.
• Acting with concern for future generations
Definition of Sustainable
Consumption
These five emphases feature in a definition that has come to be
seen as one of the most authoritative in recent years.
"Sustainable production and consumption is the use of goods and
services that respond to basic needs and bring a better qualify of
life, while minimizing the use of natural resources, toxic materials
and emissions of waste and pollutants over the life cycle, so as not
to jeopardize the needs of future generations."
Symposium: Sustainable Consumption. Oslo, Norway; 19-20
January 1994.
Linking Sustainable Consumption
with Sustainable Production
This definition is seen as a good one because it links sustainable
consumption closely with sustainable production - by dealing
with both the production and disposal phases of the product lifecycle as well as the transport, retailing and consumption of goods
and services. It also assumes a two-way process of social change
through which producers can influence consumption through
product designs and marketing with consumers, in turn,
influencing production through their market choices.
Sustainable Production What is
Cleaner Production?
“ Cleaner Production is the continuous application of an integrated
environmental strategy
to processes, products, and services
to increase overall efficiency,
and reduce risks to humans and the environment.
Cleaner production can be applied
to the processes used in any industry,
to products themselves and
to various services provided in society”
http://www.uneptie.org/pc/cp/understanding_cp/home.htm
There is no Sustainable Consumption without
Sustainable Production and vice versa
Consumption and production:
integrated issue
“Consumers are increasingly interested in the world that lies
behind the products. They want to know how and where and by
whom the products have been produced.”
“This increasing awareness is a sign of hope. Business and
governments must build on that.”
Klaus Toepfer, UNEP Executive Director
Sustainable Consumption and
Production: a role for all
•
•
•
•
Sustainable consumption and production is a common
responsibility of
Governments,
Industry,
Consumers and
Mass media.
Future directions...
Encompasses the entire consumption and production system
with a life cycle perspective
• Focuses on minimising impacts of entire system
• Includes interventions that influence consumption patterns (e.g,
PSS, product information and product design)
• Involves wide range of stakeholders
• Covers both policy as well as techno-managerial aspects
Discussion
1. Define Sustainable Consumption. What would you suggest
the best way on getting the world onto a sustainable
consumption course.
Topic 9
Economic Sustainability
 Background
• Why Economic Sustainability?
• What is the difference between economic growth, economic
development, and environmentally sustainable economic
development?
• What are the earth’s main type of resources? How can they be
depleted or degraded?
 Definitions
 Principles
 Practice
The Essentials of Sustainable
Economic Development
• Today’s industrial economy is not sustainable. It is depleting
resources and degrading the natural environment.
• Sustainable economies must meet the needs of the present
without diminishing opportunities for the future.
• All economic value comes from the earth or from people – from
natural or human resources – ultimately from energy.
• Sustainable development must invest in nature and society even
when there are no economic incentives to do so.
• Sustainable development depends on social and ethical values,
which are different from economic values.
The growth of the economy
undermines sustainability
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
depletes resources
exceeds global and bioregional carrying capacity
destroys ecosystems
overwhelms natural waste disposal sinks
alters the climate
wages war on subsistence cultures
produces shocking mal-distribution of wealth and income.
Economics and Sustainability must be harmonized.
contd
• Global crisis of mainstream economic systems
(capitalist & socialist): energy crisis, environmental crisis, food
crisis, financial crisis, spiritual crisis ; marginalization of less
developed countries
• Globalization of poverty: creeping poverty in both developed
and less developed country.
Costs of Economic Growth
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CONGESTION
POLLUTION
EPIDEMIC
INFLATION
UNEMPLOYMENT
POVERTY
CORRUPTION
CRIME
MIGRATION
Costs of Economic Growth
POLLUTION
MORAL
DECLINE,
CRIME AND
CORRUPTION
EPIDEMIC
LACK OF SOLIDARITY,
POLITICAL INSTABILITY
DECREASE IN REVENUES
POPULATION GROWTH,
HIGH PRICES
UNEMPLOYMENT
AND MIGRATION
POVERTY
INFLATION
CONGESTION
How did the Brundtland Commission
operationalize sustainability?
“Seven strategic imperatives for sustainable development:
• reviving (economic) growth;
• changing the quality of growth;
• meeting essential needs for jobs, food, energy, water, and
sanitation;
• ensuring a sustainable level of population;
• conserving and enhancing the resource base;
• reorienting technology and managing risk;
• merging environment and economics in decision-making.”
(Hackett, 2006)
Essential Economic Principles of
Sustainability
• Scarcity: Economic value is determined by scarcity, not by human
necessity. Some thing essential for economic sustainability have
little if any economic value.
• Efficiency: Economic value relative to economic costs. Economic
sustainability requires efficient use of natural and human resources.
• Sovereignty: People must have freedom to make informed
economic choices, without coercion or persuasion.
• Economic principles must also be respected in social relationships
and in relationships with nature.
Addressing Economic
Sustainability
What can we do to be more sustainable
•
•
•
•
Cut down on use of energy
Recycle
Adopt a more environmentally transport
Use renewable energy resources eg wind power; solar power;
tidal power; hydroelectric power and biofuels.
Topic 10
Sustainable Cities
• Sustainable Cities
- Why the focus on cities?
- Definitions and Basic Principle
- What makes a city sustainable?
• Urban 21 Conference –Quality of Life
• New Concepts
Compact City; Eco City; Healthy City; Safe City
• Practice
Why the Focus on Cities?
• The majority of the global population live in cities in 2008 and
predictions suggest that the figure will have reached 70% by
2050.
• Furthermore, cities are currently responsible for up to 70% of
global greenhouse gas emissions but only take up 2% of the
world's land area.
• This shows that the scale of the sustainability challenge in the
urban built environment is vast, tackling it is vital to creating
long-term, systemic and sustainable change.
Ref: Eugenie Birch and Susan Wachter
Global Urbanization
Sustainable City
Being a sustainable city means "improving the quality
of life in a city, including ecological, cultural, political,
institutional, social and economic components without
leaving a burden on future generations...."
Urban21 Conference, Berlin, July 2000
Pillars of Sustainable City
" Economy, ecology and social cohesion are the pillars
of a sustainable city. These must be in balance and
therefore require an integrated approach. Dialogue is
the basic principle for achieving this for Local Agenda
21."
Sustainable City
Cities have become the focal points as major
consumers and distributors of goods and services.
However, many cities tend to be large consumers of
goods and services, while draining resources out of
external regions that they depend on. As a result of
increasing consumption of resources, and growing
dependencies on trade, the ecological impact of cities
extends beyond their geographic locations.
Urban Areas in Crisis
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•
Severe air pollution
Water pollution
50% Unemployment
Deafening noise
Overcrowding
Traffic congestion
Inadequate public transportation
slums (barrios), squatter settlements, ghettos, etc
 What progress is being made?
Global Outlook: Extreme
Poverty Forces Hundreds of
Millions to Live in Slums
Cities Can Grow Outward or
Upward
• Compact cities
– Hong Kong, China
– Tokyo, Japan
– Mass transit
• Dispersed cities
– U.S. and Canada
– Car-centered cities
How Can Cities Become More
Sustainable and Livable?
An ecocity allows people to: choose walking, biking, or
mass transit for most transportation needs; recycle or
reuse most of their wastes; grow much of their food;
and protect biodiversity by preserving surrounding
land.
The Ecocity Concept: Cities for
People Not Cars
• Ecocities or green cities
 Build and redesign for people
 Use renewable energy resources
 Recycle and purify water
 Use energy and matter resources efficiently
 Prevent pollution and reduce waste
 Recycle, reuse and compost municipal waste
 Protect and support biodiversity
 Urban gardens; farmers markets
 Zoning and other tools for sustainability
Science Focus: Urban
Indoor Farming
• Rooftop greenhouses
 Sun Works: designs energy-efficient greenhouses
• Growing Power and Will Allen
http://www.growingpower.org/
• Hydroponic gardens
• Skyscraper farms
• Ecological advantages and disadvantages
• Growing localvore and organic food movement
 http://www.foodfightthedoc.com/foodfight.html
Greenroofs – EPA Building in
Denver
Towards Healthy City Concept
• Today environments have designed out physical
activity
• Excessive high energy food intake
• Insufficient physical activity in daily life
• Diminished social interaction
Living in a city: health and
quality of life
People live longer and healthier lives if:
They breath clean air and drink safe water
They live in safe and comfortable housing
They have health supporting behaviour and
easy access to health care services
They have meaningful jobs and income.
They have security
They have friends and feel they belong to their community
They can make choices for their lives.
They have a peaceful home
They have trees, plants and feel they relate to the
architecture.
The Aims of Healthy City
Initiatives
• Improve health and environmental services
• Make people partners
• Strengthen social support network
• Stimulate economic development
• Put health at center of city social and political agenda
Conclusion
Advantages of Sustainable Cities
By promoting sustainable urban form and function, cities become
healthy, viable communities for citizens. Efficient urban form also
helps protect the hinterland ecosystems that cities depend on. In
many ways, the advantages to sustainable communities are
underlined in the characteristics and definitions of urban
sustainability. A good quality of life, natural open spaces, reduced
waste, equality, access, lower crime, sense of community, clean
air and water quality, and environmental diversity are just a few
beneficial characteristics previously mentioned.
cont
The most important advantage of a sustainable city is
that it follows such a development path that allows for
an integral and long-term development without
compromising future generations.
Topic 11
Good Governance & Sustainability
•
•
•
•
•
Sustainability and Good Governance
Characteristics of Good Governance
Innovative Management
Assessment Technique to Achieve Sustainability
Sustainable Planning Technique
Sustainability and Good
Governance
• Sustainability cannot be achieved without good governance.
The Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development
in 2002 stated that governance and sustainable development
are intimately tied together and the future role of institutions,
from local to international levels, will be crucial determinants to
whether future policies and programs for sustainable
development will succeed.
• The traditional systems of regulations are being subjected to
growing pressure for reform. All stakeholders including the
government need to play a significant, if changed, role in the
future. Sustainable development requires this change.
Sustainability and Good
Governance
• Such an intra- and intergenerational concept cannot be
achieved with a top-down approach, but rather needs the
participation of all. In fact, the governance of sustainable
development requires the exploration of new forms of both
social co-operation and confrontation. By doing so, the different
levels (global and local), players (state, company and civil
society), control structures (hierarchy, market and publicprivate) and fields of action need to be taken into consideration.
• There is thus the need to examine the possibilities of integrating
the environmental, social and economic dimensions of
sustainable development within the framework of governance
processes and how that might steer societies towards
sustainability.
The Different Levels of
Governance
• International level
• National level
 Government
 Private sector
 Civil society
• Local level
• Family level
 New Challenge of the Century – The Changing Roles of the
Government, Private Sectors, NGOs and the Community
What is Meant by Good
Governance?
•
•
•
•
Definition of Governance
Definition of Good Governance
Concept and Elements of Good Governance
Characteristics of Good Governance
What is Governance
• A PROCESS
• NOT equivalent to government
• It involves multiple stakeholders in society (in multiple roles)
 Individuals
 Members of community/groups with specific groups interest
and concerns
 Sectoral entities with sectoral interests and concerns
 The whole society
Governance is about…
STEERING SOCIETY TOWARDS A
SPECIFIC AGREED VISION OR GOAL
• Striking a BALANCE in attending to and providing for
the needs and interests of its multiple stakeholders
• SAFEGUARDING the interest of the WHOLE
What is meant by Governance?
Governance can be seen as the exercise of economic,
political, and administrative authority to manage a
country’s affairs at all level. It comprises the
mechanisms, processes and institutions through which
citizen and groups articulate their rights and interests,
exercise their legal means to meet their obligations
and mediate their differences (UNDP)
DEFINING GOVERNANCE
The manner in which power is exercised in the
management of a country’s economic
and social resources for development
World Bank
The exercise of economic, political and
administrative authority to manage
a country’s affairs at all levels …
equitable, rule of law, with consensus
UNDP
Key issues
• “Governance”- how power is shared and distributed
to generate a better quality of life
• People Development
• Equitable Access
• Indigenous Content Development
• Pressures for Change
Pressure for Change
Globalized
economy
Shrinking
resources
Environmental
degradation
Information Revolution
And ICT Convergence
= Knowledge explosion
Government
Private
Sector Community
Rise of
Third Sector
Informed
citizenry
What are some of the
Challenges?
• Government
– Become more
Facilitative, Open &
Transparent
• Private Sector
– Go beyond the
Profit motif, and
Help society value
• Community
– Become more
Participative and
more Tolerant of each
other
• Leaders (all sectors)
– Become more facilities (focus on building and enhancing
Understanding)
– focus more on institutional and capacity building
What does a good Government
should be?
• Not just representative but fully participatory affording opportunities
for people to express their voice, opinion and make choices;
• Must be dynamic and changing but the core values do not get
diminished;
• Must not be a separate entity but a continuum of the civil society;
• Allows full participation, uphold visions and values of its peoples,
translate them into policies and allocate resources to convert policy
into reality;
• Should be open and not closed;
• Must be people friendly and human;
• Uphold public interest
Nine Characteristics/Principles of
Good Governance
1.
Participant
2.
Rule of law
3.
Transparency
4.
Responsiveness
5.
Consensus orientation
6.
Equity
7.
Effectiveness and efficiency
8.
Accountability
9.
Strategic vision
Refer : PRINCIPLES OF GOOD GOVERNANCE.docx
The Concept and Element of Good
Governance
1.
The Concept
Governance encompasses the state, but it transcends the
state by including the private sector and civil society
organizations. The private sector covers private enterprise
(manufacturing, trade banking, cooperatives and so on) and
the informal sector in the market place.
2.
The Element
Two Aspects To Governance
i.
The formal structure within which the local governments
operate, and
ii.
The ways in which local governments act in relation to the
wider community
An essential element of good governance in the context of the
ways in which local authorities relate to their communities is
‘inclusiveness
Good Governance
• Implies a participatory and an inclusive approach to the
community at large. It implies a bottom up approach to decision
making, having all concerned people at every level of
government and non governmental organizations.
• A good governance system is a democratic system – it is
participatory, transparent, accountable, equitable, and it
promotes the rule of law. This implies the creation of an
institutional framework recognizing the legitimacy the will of the
people.
Traditional Approach to
Governance
Governance
Private
Sector
Community
Elements:
• Governance leads
• Hierarchical model
• Centralized decisionmaking
• Top-down processes
• Authority and influence
based on positions of
power within the hierarchy
• Information flow limited
and controllable (mostly 1
way communication)
• Transparency on a need to
know basis
A Smart-Partnership-based
Governance Approach
M= The
Marginalized
Governance
Process
Community
Sustaining and Improving
Quality of Life
M
M
Public
The WHOLE
Greater Than
the sum of its
parts
Private
Preserving Rule of Law
Creating Value
Maintaining Order, Ensuring
Social, Economic Justice
M
Conclusion
• Local governance must change to keep pace with development and
time.
• Local authority must be at par with others with the advancement of
technology, local bureaucrats could not longer hide behind red
tapes for the inefficiency and inability to deliver a certain standard
of services to the people.
• Today, there is almost full concensus among social stakeholders:
modern public management requires implementation of good
governance principles.
• Good governance is a policy approach aimed to increase public
sector efficiency and citizens satisfaction from having responsible
and commited government.
• Good governance in global context: require learning and sharing
knowledge and practices among scientists, policymakers,
practitioners, NGOs from many countries.
Discussion
1. What do you think good governance is when you
hear that expression in everyday life?
2. Compare and contrast on the strengths and
weaknesses of the traditional and new approach to
governance.
Topic 12
Stakeholders And Sustainability
• The Stakeholders’ Roles in Sustainable Development
- The Meaning of Stakeholders
• Chapter 28 of Agenda 21 : The Local Governments Roles in
Sustainability
• The Principles of Agenda 21 : The Rights for Community
Participation
• The Roles of the NGOs, Private Sector
Agenda 21 is designed as a
bridge
The Earth Summit held in Rio De Janerio, Brazil was attended by 178
country leaders (including Malaysia) on June 1992. The Earth Summit
provides world's action plan towards sustainable development. This
action plan was known as Agenda 21 - an agenda to achieve
sustainable development in the 21st century.
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between environment and development
between the public and private sectors
between governments and civil society
between global and national goals
between current and future generations
between knowledge and action
between developed and developing countries.
Agenda 21 Consists of 40 Chapters in 4
Sections as following :1. Social and Economic Dimension
2. Maintaining and managing resources
3. Strengthen the roles of dominant groups (the women, children,
NGO,LAs)
4. Methods of Accomplishment
Under Section 3 of Agenda 21, dominant group such as the
women, children, NGO, youth, employee, business and industrial
sectors including aborigines hold major role implementing Agenda
21 towards sustainable development at local level. Thus, it was
known as Local Agenda 21 - Local Action Plan towards
sustainable development in 21st century.
LOCAL AGENDA 21 (LA 21)
• Local Agenda 21 is Agenda 21 at the local level.
• Agenda 21 is an action plan towards global sustainable
development in the next millennium and was endorsed by more
than 178 heads of state and ministers at UNCED.
• LA21 is a program to forge partnerships between local
authorities and the communities, they serve to work together to
plan and care for their surroundings towards sustainable
development.
• Local communities with local authority, identify and analyze local
sustainable development issues, formulate and implement action
plans to address them.
• LA21 adopts a "bottom up" approach.
Chapter 28 of Agenda 21
• Chapter 28 of Agenda 21 also contains a direct call to all local
governments to create their own action plans for sustainable
development. These “Local Agenda 21” action plans translate
the principles and mandates of Agenda 21 into concrete service
strategies for each local community.
• Chapter 28 states that:
By 1996, most local authorities in each country should have
undertaken a consultative process with their populations and
achieved a consensus on a “Local Agenda 21” for the community.
LA 21 PRINCIPLES
• Holistic perpective in thinking and action among sectors
• Active participation from all partnership to create togetherness
and love feeling
• Community thinking and action in lifecycle
• World perspective in local issues “think globally act locally”
• Long term perspective for local issues
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Characteristics of LA 21
The following are some characteristics of an LA21 program:
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It addresses economic, social and ecological needs together.
It includes a consensus on a vision for a sustainable future.
It includes a participatory process with local residents.
It establishes a Stakeholders Group, Forum or equivalent
multi sectoral community group to oversee the process.
It contains an Action Plan with concrete long-term targets.
It has a monitoring and reporting framework.
It has indicators to monitor progress.
It has tangible activities and programs to actualize its Action
Plans.
LA 21 Process
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Organize / prepare local authority
Partnership and participation
Develop a vision
Identity problems and issues
Develop objectives / set priorities
Action plan
Implement
Monitor and evaluate
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Local Agenda 21
Resource: http://www.kpkt.gov.my/jkt/la21
Definitions
Participation is defined as:
A process through which stakeholders influence and share
control over development initiatives and the decisions and
resources which affect them
(World Bank)
A Stakeholder can be defined as:
Any individual, community, group or organisation with an
interest in the outcome of a programme/project, either as a
result of being affected by it positively or negatively, or by
being able to influence the activity in a positive (+) or negative
(x) way
(DFID)
Stakeholder participation is important in
plan-making because it helps
implementation
 Taking stakeholders’ views into account - particularly in relation to
project/strategic objectives and how they are to be achieved - helps
in achieving the plan’s aim
 Enhancing stakeholder participation aims to strengthen local
ownership of a plan.
 From a planners’ perspective, it increases the likelihood that plans
will be effective and sustainable:
• More effective – in drawing on a wide range of interested parties, the
prospects for appropriate project design and commitment are likely to
be maximised
• More sustainable – people are more likely to be committed to carrying
on an activity after aid stops and are more able to do so since
participation builds their skills and confidence
Roles of Development Players
Government
• Vision & direction
• Enabling conditions
• Set rules/regulations
• Public services
• Resources
CIVIL SOCIETY
• Advocacy
• Represent the
marginalized
• Community enabler
• Link to grassroots
Sustainable
Development
Business
• Create wealth
• Set sustainability of
production
• Influence
consumption patterns
Resource
Providers/Devt
Institutions
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Financial assistance
Technical assistance
Participant Roles
 Community/CBOs
• Set the agenda, development needs; set ground rules for
interaction and change; set pace of development
• Knowledge, staff, other funding
 Government
• Create enabling environment, provide link to wider
development goals and planning, management, staff, funding
 Private Sector
• Funding, technical and managerial expertise, planning,
finance, training, skills, access to markets, wider network
 Facilitator
• create trust, build cultural bridges, provide capacity building,
training and education, access to wider network
Optimizing Participation of Stakeholders in
Developing and Implementing Sustainability
Strategies
NGOs, Private Sector and the Government
Thank You