Transcript Development of Progressivism (3) Progressive Movement (2) Populist Party (Democrats)

Development of
Progressivism
– (1) Grange Movement
 (Plains / South Farmers)
–(2) Populist Party (Democrats)
 Farmers & Labor Unions
–(3) Progressive Movement
 1)
Organizing Farmers Protest
– The Grange Movement
(regulations of RR’s) rates
Populist Party (People’s party)
farmers & Labor Union Groups
 Printing of “Silver Coin” money
 Bi-Metalism Debate (Gold v. Silver)
 Cheap Money = Inflation
 Government
ownership of the
railroads & telegraph companies
 Graduated Income Tax
– Certain groups PAY for Others
– “From
each, according to his ability;
to each, according to his need”
Karl Marx - Communist Manifesto
2)Populist Party (People’s party)
Silver v. Gold Debate
 Printing of “Silver Coin” money
Cheap Money = Inflation
Higher prices for farmers
 Government ownership of the
railroads & telegraph companies
 Graduated Income Tax (Marx)
–progressive income tax
 RICH should pay for others
needs
PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT
GOAL is to Control Business

Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
– Railroad Rates (FAIR)
– Interstate Commerce Commision (ICC)
Sherman Anti-Trust Law (1890)
 Gov’t Regulation v. Gov’t Ownership
 SOCIALIST – PROGRESSIVES

– Government should OWN / CONTROL ALL of the
nations resources
 Eugene
V. Debs (Socialist Party)
1896 Judge cartoon shows Populist Party presidential candidate
William Jennings Bryan swallowing up the Democratic party.
Ch. 17: The Origins
of Progressivism
1) Origins of
Progressives
*Four Goals of Progressives
– Protect Social
Welfare
– Moral Improvement
– Economic Reform
– Efficiency
*Clean Up Local Gov’t
– Reform Mayors
– New Gov’t Forms
*Reform State Gov’t
– Reform Governors
– Child Labor
– Working Hours
– *Election Reform*
 Initiative
 Referendum
 Recall
 17th Amendment
2) Women in the
Work Force


Women Lead Reform
– Women in Reform
– Suffrage
3) Teddy
Roosevelt’s
Square Deal
– Roosevelt’s Rise 
– Modern Presidency
Using Federal Power
– Trust Busting
– Strikes
– RR Regulations
Health & Environment
– Food & Drug
Regulation
– Conservation &
Natural Resources
Roosevelt and Civil Rights
4)TAFT
– Taft as President
 Stumbles
 Tariff
– Republican Party Splits
 Problems
 Bull Moose Party
– Teddy Roosevelt
 Democrats Win
5)WILSON
– Financial Reforms
– Anti-Trust
 Clayton Anti-Trust Act
– New Tax System
 Federal Income Tax
PROGRESSIVE ERA
 Urban
Problems (overcrowding)
–Housing, Transportation, Crime
(police) , Water & Sanitation, Fire,
Hospitals & other social services
 Social
Problems
–Assimilation (New immigrants)
working conditions, wages,
living conditions, Racism, Political
Machines, Political Corruption
Economic Wheel
BAD
 Slow
 Less Jobs
 Less
Opportunity
GOOD
 Fast
 More Jobs
 More
Opportunity

Hands OFF v. Hands ON

CAPITALISM - individuals own the
means of production / Industries

(FREE ENTERPRISE – People Invent / Create)

Laissez-Faire (Social Darwinism)
– NO Government regulation / interference


SOCIALISM - Government owns the
LARGE industries (examples)
Belief that Capitalism: wrong, greedy, corrupt
ONLY the Government can be trusted
 COMMUNISM - Government owns ALL
means of production (individual
ownership is NOT ALLOWED
 Government will regulate businesses
Early Reformers
 Labor Unions (workers rights)
 Farmers (R.R.) “Grange Movement”
 Populist Movement
 Radical Ideas
– Laissez-Faire Capitalism / Social Darwinism
– Socialism – Gov’t own the big industries
– Communism Gov’t own ALL

Nationalize – Gov’t Regulate Industries
 “Progressive

Local (urban)
Era of Reforms”
State
National
Progressive GOALS
Protecting Social Welfare
 Promoting Moral Improvement
 Creating Economic Reform
 Fostering Efficiency (corruption)

Progressive GOALS
 Protecting Social Welfare
 Social Gospel & Settlement Houses
– YMCA
– Salvation Army
– Florence Kelly
 Illinois Factory Act of 1893
– Prohibited Child Labor
– Limited Women’s Working Hours
Progressive GOALS
 Promoting
Moral Improvement
– Improve peoples lives by uplifting
themselves by improving their behavior
Christian Women’s Temperance Union
 Carry Nation – Prohibition Movement

Progressive GOALS
 Creating Economic Reform
 Capitalism “attacked” by Radicals
– Eugene V. Debs (American Socialist Party)

Muckrakers “expose” corruption in
government and businesses
– Ida M. Tarbell “History of Standard Oil”
Progressive GOALS
 Fostering Efficiency
 Scientific Management
in business
– Time and Motion Studies
– “How quickly each task can be performed”

Henry Ford – Assembly Line Process
Progressivism is an umbrella label for a wide range
of economic, political, social, and moral reforms.
These included efforts to outlaw the sale of alcohol;
regulate child labor and sweatshops; scientifically
manage natural resources; insure pure and
wholesome water and milk; Americanize immigrants or
restrict immigration altogether; and bust or regulate
trusts.
 Drawing support from the urban,
college-educated middle class,
Progressive reformers sought to
end corruption in government,
regulate business practices,
address health hazards, improve working conditions,
and give the public more direct control over
government through direct primaries to nominate
candidates for public office, direct election - Senators,
the initiative, referendum, recall, & women's suffrage.

Progressivism was rooted in the belief that man was
capable of improving the lot of all within society. As
such, it was a rejection of Social Darwinism, the
position taken by many of the rich and powerful
figures of the day.
 Progressivism was also imbued with strong political
overtones and rejected the church as the driving force
for change – which had been the history of change in
the United States. Specific goals included:

– The desire to remove corruption and undue influence
from government through the taming of bosses and
political machines;
– the effort to include more people more directly in the
political process;
– the conviction that government must play a role to
solve social problems and establish fairness in
economic matters.
The success of Progressivism owed much to
publicity generated by the muckrakers, writers
who detailed the horrors of poverty, urban
slums, dangerous factory conditions, and child
labor, among a host of other ills.
 The successes were many, beginning with the
Interstate Commerce Act (1887) and the
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890). Progressives
never spoke with one mind and differed sharply
over the most effective means to deal with the
ills generated by the trusts; some favored an
activist approach to trust-busting, others
preferred a regulatory approach.

A vocal minority supported socialism with government
ownership of the means of production. Other
Progressive reforms followed in the form of a
conservation movement, railroad legislation, and food
and drug laws.
 The Progressive spirit also was evident in new
amendments added to the Constitution, which
provided for a new means to elect senators, protect
society through prohibition and extend suffrage to
women.
 Urban problems were addressed by professional social
workers who operated settlement houses as a means
to protect and improve the prospects of the poor.
However, efforts to place limitations on child labor
were routinely thwarted by the courts. The needs of
blacks and Native Americans were poorly served or
served not at all — a major shortcoming of the
Progressive Movement.

Progressive reforms were carried out not only
on the national level, but in the states and
municipalities of the country as well. Prominent
governors devoted to change included Robert
M. La Follette of Wisconsin and Hiram Johnson
of California.
 Such reforms as the direct primary, secret
ballot, and the initiative, referendum and recall
were effected. Local governments were
strengthened by the widespread use of trained
professionals, particularly with the city manager
system replacing the all-too-frequently corrupt
mayoral system.

Progressive GOALS
they want the government to:
Prevent business from treating
competing companies unfairly
 improve safety & working conditions
 Improve product safety
 outlaw child labor
 create programs to help the sick, the
unemployed and the elderly
 reduce government corruption
 give women the right to vote

The Origins of PROGRESSIVISM
 Muckrakers
expose “Social Evils”
– Meat Industry
– Upton Sinclair “The Jungle”
 Ida Tarbell
(Oil Trust –Standard Oil)
 Radical Groups - SOCIALIST
– Attack / Criticize “Capitalism”
“The Jungle” was a Socialist Propaganda
Fictional Novel attacking Capitalism
 It included only eight pages describing the
sickening standards of meat packing.

"The Jungle" was the story of Jurgis Rudkus, a Lithuanian immigrant working in
fictitious Chicago. Jurgis sees his American dream of a decent life dissolve
into nightmare as his job hauling steer carcasses in the stockyards leaves
him bone-weary and unable to support his family. He loses his his job when
he beats up his boss, furious at discovering the cad seduced his wife; then
he loses the wife to disease and his son to drowning.But Jurgis finds rebirth
upon joining the Socialist Movement, and the book closes with a socialist
orator shouting: "Organize! Organize! Organize! ...
CHICAGO WILL BE OURS!"

"I aimed at the public's heart, and by accident I
hit it in the stomach," he said.
EXCERPT from “The Jungle”
“There was never the least attention paid to what was cut up
for sausage; there would come all the way back from Europe
old sausage that had been rejected, and that was moldy and
white--it would be dosed with borax and glycerine, and dumped
into the hoppers, and made over again for home
consumption. There would be meat that had
tumbled out on the floor, in the dirt and sawdust,
where the workers had tramped and spit uncounted
billions of consumption germs. There would be meat
stored in great piles in rooms; and the water from
leaky roofs would drip over it, and thousands of rats
would race about on it. It was too dark in these
storage places to see well, but a man could run his hand
over these piles of meat and sweep off handfuls of the
dried dung of rats. These rats were nuisances, and the
packers would put poisoned bread out for them; they would
die, and then rats, bread, and meat would go into the hoppers
together. This is no fairy story and no joke; the meat would be
shoveled into carts, and the man who did the shoveling would
not trouble to lift out a rat even when he saw one--there were
things that went into the sausage in comparison with
which a poisoned rat was a tidbit”
Reforming Society
 Growing
cities couldn’t provide people necessary services like
garbage collection, safe housing, and police and fire protection.
 Reformers,
many of whom were women like activist Lillian Wald,
saw this as an opportunity to expand public health services.
 Progressives
scored an early victory in New York State with the
passage of the Tenement Act of 1901, which forced landlords
to install lighting in public hallways and to provide at least one
toilet for every two families, which helped outhouses become
obsolete in New York slums.
 These
simple steps helped impoverished New Yorkers, and
within 15 years the death rate in New York dropped
dramatically.
 Reformers
in other states used New York law as a model for
their own proposals.
Reforming the Workplace
 By
the late 19th century, labor unions fought for adult male
workers but didn’t advocate enough for women and children.
 In
1893, Florence Kelley helped push the Illinois legislature to
prohibit child labor and to limit women’s working hours.
 In
1904, Kelley helped organize the National Child Labor
Committee, which wanted state legislatures to ban child labor.
 By
1912, nearly 40 states passed child-labor laws, but states
didn’t strictly enforce the laws and many children still worked.
 Progressives,
mounting state campaigns to limit workdays for
women, were successful in states including Oregon and Utah.
 But
since most workers were still underpaid and living in
poverty, an alliance of labor unions and progressives fought for
a minimum wage, which Congress didn’t adopt until 1938.
 Businesses
fought labor laws in the Supreme Court, which ruled
on several cases in the early 1900s concerning workday length.
The Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire
In 1911, a gruesome disaster in New York inspired progressives
to fight for safety in the workplace.
 About
500 women worked for the Triangle Shirtwaist Company,
a high-rise building sweatshop that made women’s blouses.
 Just
as they were ending their six-day workweek, a small fire
broke out, which quickly spread to three floors.
 Escape
was nearly impossible, as doors were locked to prevent
theft, the flimsy fire escape broke under pressure, and the fire
was too high for fire truck ladders to reach.
 More
than 140 women and men died in the fire, marking a
turning point for labor and reform movements.
 With
the efforts of Union organizer Rose Schneiderman and
others, New York State passed the toughest fire-safety laws
in the nation, as well as factory inspection and sanitation
laws. New York laws became a model for workplace safety
nationwide.
“Progress” made in problems

Local Level - attacked corruption
(1) throw them out (2)make changes

New Forms of City Government
– Commission of experts (Galveston,Texas)
– Council-manager (Trained to run Department)
Dayton, Ohio
Reforming Government
State Government
City Government

Reforming government meant
winning control of it:

– Tom Johnson of Cleveland was
a successful reform mayor who
set new rules for police,
released debtors from prison,
and supported a fairer tax
system.

Progressives promoted new
government structures:
– Texas set up a five-member
committee to govern
Galveston after a hurricane,
and by 1918, 500 cities
adopted this plan.
– The city manager model had
a professional administrator,
not a politician, manage the
government.
Progressive governor Robert La
Follette created the Wisconsin
Ideas, which wanted:
– Direct primary elections; limited
campaign spending
– Commissions to regulate
railroads and oversee
transportation, civil service, and
taxation

Other governors pushed for reform,
but some were corrupt:
– New York’s Charles Evan
Hughes regulated insurance
companies.
– Mississippi’s James Vardaman
exploited prejudice to gain
power.
“Progress” made in problems
Reform Mayors (Detroit, Cleveland,
Toledo) -What did they do?
 19 Socialist Mayors – Public Utilities
– Public Owned Enterprise (SOCIALISM) for
 Water, Electricity, Gas, Transit Lines

“Progress” made in problems

Reform Governors (Wisconsin)
– Robert La Follette (attack Business)
 Railroads

Social Legislation by many states
– Child Labor Laws
 1904 National Child Labor Committee
 Keating-Owen Act of 1916 (Unconstitutional)
– Limiting Work Hours
 1908 Muller v. Oregon

Fire Safety Codes and Laws
Election Reforms
 Progressives
to voters.
wanted fairer elections and to make politicians more accountable
– Proposed a direct primary, or an election in which voters choose
candidates to run in a general election, which most states adopted.
– Backed the Seventeenth Amendment, which gave voters, not state
legislatures, the power to elect their U.S. senators.
 Some
measures Progressives fought for include
Direct Primary: voters
select a party’s
candidate for public
office
17th Amendment:
voters elect their
senators directly
Secret Ballot: people
vote privately without
fear of coercion
Initiative: allows
citizens to propose new
laws
Referendum: allows
Recall: allows voters to
citizens to vote on a
remove an elected
proposed or existing law official from office
INITIATIVE-people initiate a law
REFERENDUM-people vote on laws
RECALL-”fire”elected officials
DIRECT PRIMARY- candidates
decided
– Special Popular Election
Secret Ballot in Voting / Unions
Federal Reforms – 17th Amendment
WOMEN’S ACTIVIST REFORMERS
 Social Reform Leaders
– Social Gospel Movements
– Hull House (Jane Addams)
Women’s Clubs
 Women Became Labor Organizers

– Mother Jones of the Mines/Mills
 “children’s march on Washington”
– Pauline Newman of Garment Trade
 “Triangle Company Fire” (NY City
Two Suffrage Organizations Merge
• In 1890 the National Woman Suffrage Association and the
American Woman Suffrage Association merged to form the
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA).
• NAWSA operated under the leadership of Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
and Susan B. Anthony was its President from 1892–1900.
• Anthony died in 1906, and her final words were “Failure is
impossible.”
• Like Susan B. Anthony, most of the early suffragists did not live
long enough to cast their ballots.
• When women nationwide finally won the vote in 1920, only one
signer of the Seneca Falls Declaration—the document written at
the first Women’s Rights Convention in 1848—was still alive.
– Her name was Charlotte Woodward, and she was a glove maker.
Suffrage at Last
 Susan
B. Anthony -
Seneca Falls Convention 1848
 Strategies to win Suffrage:
-amending the Constitution
-pushing individual states to pass laws
permit women the right to vote
*Wyoming 1869 – other Western States
 World War I helps “new view” of women
and men’s separate spheres.
 Aug. 24, 1920 “19th Amendment”
– Pres. Woodrow Wilson will Support
Prohibition

Progressive women also fought in the Prohibition movement, which
called for a ban on making, selling, and distributing alcoholic beverages.

Reformers thought alcohol was responsible for crime, poverty, and
violence.

Two major national organizations led the crusade against alcohol.
– The Anti-Saloon League
– The Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), headed by
Frances Willard, which was a powerful force for both temperance
and women’s rights

Evangelists like Billy Sunday and Carry Nation preached against alcohol,
and Nation smashed up saloons with a hatchet while holding a Bible.
Congress eventually proposed the Eighteenth
Amendment in 1917, prohibiting the manufacture,
sale, and distribution of alcohol. It was ratified in
1919, but was so unpopular that it was repealed in
1933.
MORAL IMPROVEMENT
Temperance Crusade Grows
into PROHIBITION
 Carry Nation
 1916
– 19 states pass
Prohibition Laws
 1917 – 18th Amendment
–PROHIBITION
Roosevelt’s Upbringing

Theodore Roosevelt was a sickly, shy youth whom doctors
forbade to play sports or do strenuous activities.

In his teenage years, Roosevelt reinvented himself, taking up
sports and becoming vigorous, outgoing, and optimistic.

Roosevelt came from a prominent New York family and
attended Harvard University, but he grew to love the outdoors.

He spent time in northern Maine and in the rugged Badlands of
North Dakota, riding horses and hunting buffalo.

In 1884, when Roosevelt was 26, both his mother and his
young wife died unexpectedly.

Trying to forget his grief, he returned to his ranch in Dakota
Territory, where he lived and worked with cowboys.

He returned to New York after two years and entered politics.
Roosevelt’s View of the Presidency
From Governor
to Vice
President
Unlikely
President
View of
Office

Roosevelt’s rise to governor of New York upset the
Republican political machine.

To get rid of the progressive Roosevelt, party bosses
got him elected as vice president, a position with little
power at that time.

President William McKinley was shot and killed in 1901,
leaving the office to Roosevelt.

At 42 years old he was the youngest president and an
avid reformer.

Roosevelt saw the presidency as a bully pulpit, or a
platform to publicize important issues and seek support
for his policies on reform.
Ch. 17: The Origins
of Progressivism
3)Teddy Roosevelt’s Square
Deal
– Roosevelt’s Rise
– Modern Presidency
Using Federal Power
– Trust Busting
– Strikes
– RR Regulations
Health & Environment
– Food & Drug Regulation
Conservation & Natural Resources
Roosevelt and Civil Rights
“Theodore Roosevelt
Becomes Progressive Leader”
Roosevelt’s Personal History
out-doors, conservationist,
protecting natural resources
(nature lover)
 -Republican Governor (NY)
-V-Pres (McKinley- “assassinated 1901”)
 Roosevelt’s SQUARE DEAL

– Regulate Business (Trust Buster)
– Conservation (National Resources)

Labor Crisis
– United Mine Workers Strike
 Forced
Arbitration
– Labor and Owners
MUST DEAL FAIRLY
with each other
– Gov’t ARBRITRATION
The Coal Strike of 1902

Soon after Roosevelt took office, some 150,000 Pennsylvania coal miners
went on strike for higher wages, shorter hours, and recognition of their
union.

As winter neared, Roosevelt feared what might happen if the strike was not
resolved, since Eastern cities depended upon Pennsylvania coal for heating.

Roosevelt urged mine owners and the striking workers to accept
Arbitration, and though the workers accepted, the owners refused.

Winter drew closer, and Roosevelt threatened to take over the mines if the
owners didn’t agree to arbitration, marking the first time the federal
government had intervened in a strike to protect the interests of the public.

After a three-month investigation, the arbitrators decided to give the
workers a shorter workday and higher pay but did not require the mining
companies to recognize the union.

Satisfied, Roosevelt pronounced the compromise a “SQUARE DEAL.”
The Square Deal

The Square Deal became Roosevelt’s 1904 campaign
slogan and the framework for his entire presidency.

He promised to “see that each is given a square deal,
because he is entitled to no more and should receive no
less.”

Roosevelt’s promise revealed his belief that the needs of
workers, business, and consumers should be balanced.

Roosevelt’s square deal called for limiting the power of
trusts, promoting public health and safety, and improving
working conditions.
The popular president faced no opposition for the nomination in
his party. In the general election Roosevelt easily defeated his
Democratic opponent, Judge Alton Parker of New York.
Trust Buster
– Make corporations
serve the public good
– Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Regulating Big Business

Roosevelt believed big business was essential to the nation’s growth but also
believed companies should behave responsibly.

He spent a great deal of attention on regulating corporations,
determined that they should serve the public interest.

In 1901, when three tycoons joined their railroad companies together to
eliminate competition, their company, the Northern Securities Company,
dominated rail shipping from Chicago to the Northwest.

The following year, Roosevelt directed the U.S. attorney general to sue the
company for violating the Sherman Antitrust Act, and the Court ruled that
the monopoly did, in fact, violate the act and must be dissolved.
After this ruling, the Roosevelt administration launched a
vigorous trust-busting campaign. Size didn’t matter;
the administration went after bad trusts that sold inferior
products, competed unfairly, or corrupted public officials.
Regulating the Railroads
• Another way to ensure businesses competed fairly was through
regulation.
• Railroads often granted rebates to their best customers, which
meant large corporations paid much less for shipping than small
farmers or small businesses.
• To alleviate this problem, Congress passed two acts.
The Elkins Act
 Passed
in 1903
 Prohibited
railroads from
accepting rebates
The Hepburn Act
 Passed
in 1906
 Strengthened
the Interstate
Commerce Commission
(ICC), giving it the power to
set maximum railroad rates
that all customers Gave the ICC power to
regulate other companies
paid the same rates for
engaged in interstate
commerce
shipping their products
 Ensured

Regulating Transportation

Protecting Health (1906)

Conserving Natural Resources
-Elkins Act of 1903 (R.R. rates & rebates)
-Hepburn Act of 1906 (ICC set R.R. rates)
-Federal Meat Inspection Act
-Pure Food & Drug Act
-Misleading Labels (1911)
-U.S. Forest Service
-148 million acres of forest from public sale
-1.5 mill. Of 2,500 water power sites
-over 50 Wildlife Preserves,
-5 national parks, -18 monuments
Unregulated Food and Drug Practices
Drugs
Food
 Food
producers used clever
tricks to pass off tainted foods:
•
 Drug
companies were also
unconcerned for customer
health:
– Dairies churned fresh milk
into spoiled butter.
– Some sold medicines that
didn’t work.
– Poultry sellers added
formaldehyde, which is
used to embalm dead
bodies, to old eggs to hide
their smell.
– Some marketed
nonprescription medicines
containing narcotics.
Unwary customers bought the
tainted food thinking it was
healthy.
 Dr. James’ Soothing Syrup,
intended to soothe babies’
teething pain, contained
heroin.
 Gowan’s Pneumonia Cure
contained the addictive
painkiller morphine.
Upton Sinclair and Meatpacking

Of all industries, meatpacking fell into the worst public disrepute.

The novelist Upton Sinclair exposed the wretched and unsanitary
conditions at meatpacking plants in his novel The Jungle, igniting a firestorm
of criticism aimed at meatpackers.

Roosevelt ordered Secretary of Agriculture James Wilson to investigate
packing house conditions, and his report of gruesome practices shocked
Congress into action.

In 1906 it enacted two groundbreaking consumer protection laws.
The Meat Inspection Act required federal government
inspection of meat shipped across state lines.
The Pure Food and Drug Act outlawed food and drugs
containing harmful ingredients, and required that
containers carry ingredient labels.
1911 - Misleading Labels Court Case leads to
further increases in standards on manufacturers

Regulating Transportation

Protecting Health (1906)

Conserving Natural Resources
-Elkins Act of 1903 (R.R. rates & rebates)
-Hepburn Act of 1906 (ICC set R.R. rates)
-Federal Meat Inspection Act
-Pure Food & Drug Act
-Misleading Labels (1911)
-U.S. Forest Service
-148 million acres of forest from public sale
-1.5 mill. Of 2,500 water power sites
-over 50 Wildlife Preserves,
-5 national parks, -18 monuments
Environmental Conservation
In the late 1800s natural resources were used at an alarming rate, and foresting,
plowing, polluting, and overgrazing were common.
Roosevelt’s Thoughts
• Recognized that natural
resources were limited and that
government should regulate
or manage resources
• Disagreed with naturalist John
Muir, who helped protect
Yosemite Park and thought the
entire wilderness should be
preserved
Roosevelt’s Solution
• The Newlands Reclamation
Act of 1902 reflected
Roosevelt’s beliefs.
• The law allowed federal
government to create
irrigation projects to make
dry lands productive.
• The projects would be funded
from money raised by selling
off public lands.
• Believed that conservation
involved the active management • During Roosevelt’s presidency,
of public land for varied uses:
24 reclamation projects were
some preservation,
launched.
some economical

Regulating Transportation

Protecting Health (1906)

Conserving Natural Resources
-Elkins Act of 1903 (R.R. rates & rebates)
-Hepburn Act of 1906 (ICC set R.R. rates)
-Federal Meat Inspection Act
-Pure Food & Drug Act
-Misleading Labels (1911)
-U.S. Forest Service Created
-148 million acres of forest from public sale
-1.5 mill. Of 2,500 water power sites
-over 50 Wildlife Preserves,
-5 National Parks, -18 National Monuments
Progressivism under Taft

President Roosevelt didn’t run for a third term, instead
supporting William Howard Taft, a friend and advisor who,
despite a more cautious view on reform, pledged loyalty to the
Roosevelt program.

Upon his election, Taft worked to secure Roosevelt’s
reforms rather than build upon them.

Taft worked to secure several reforms, such as creating a
Labor Department to enforce labor laws and increasing
national forest reserves.

Taft’s administration is also credited with the passage of the
Sixteenth Amendment, which granted Congress the power
to levy taxes based on individual income.
Progressives supported a nationwide income tax as a way to pay for government
programs more fairly. During WILSON’S administration, the tax will be changed
into a GRADUATED INCOME TAX (or Progressive Tax)
Trouble in Taft’s Presidency
President Taft lost the support of most of the Progressive Republicans, despite the
reforms he helped secure, mostly because of the way in which he handle issues.
Tariff Trouble
Conservation Trouble
• In April 1909, Congress passed
a bill on tariffs, or taxes charged
on import and export goods.
• 1910: Secretary of the
Interior Richard Ballinger let
business leaders illegally buy
millions of acres of protected
public land in Alaska.
• The House passed a version that
lowered tariffs on imports, but
the Senate added so many
amendments that it became a
high-tariff bill instead.
• Taft nevertheless signed the
Payne-Aldrich Tariff into law.
• Progressives were outraged
because they saw tariff
reduction as a way to lower
consumer goods prices.
• When Gifford Pinchot, head
of the U.S. Forest Service,
accused Ballinger, Taft fired
Pinchot, not Ballinger.
• Progressives thought this
showed Taft was not
committed to
conservation, and
Roosevelt refused to
support Taft from that
point on.
1908 Election- picks William H. Taft
 Issues ( Lower Tariff – Conservation )

cautious, hesitant to bring up issues to the public, “2 left feet”

Unsuccessful fighting for Lower Tariff
Payne-Aldrich Tariff (compromise)

Carelessness over Natural Resources
(Ballinger-Pinchot Affair)
 16th Amendment – Income Tax
– Later regulations set “how” taxes were done
 Supported Unpopular Officials, and this will
drive his popularity down even more
 by 1910 (GOP - Republican) is Losing Power
The Republican Party Splits
• In the 1910 congressional elections, Roosevelt campaigned for the
Progressive Republican who opposed Taft.
• Roosevelt proposed a program called the New Nationalism, a set of laws
to protect workers, ensure public health, and regulate business.
• Reformers loved the New Nationalism, but Roosevelt’s help wasn’t enough
to secure a Republican victory.
• Republicans lost control of the House of Representatives for the first time
in 16 years.
• By the presidential election of 1912, the Republican Party was split.
• The Republican party
nominated President Taft
as its candidate, outraging
Progressive Republicans.
• The Progressives split to form
their own party, the New
Progressive (“Bull Moose”)
Party, with Roosevelt as its
candidate.
• With the Republicans split, Democrat Woodrow Wilson easily took the
election, receiving almost 350 more electoral votes than Roosevelt and over 400
more than Taft. First Democratic President since the Civil War
Roosevelt - Again!!!
-Returns in 1910 to “Huge Cheers”
Republican National Convention Showdown

-Republican Nominee – TAFT or TEDDY
1912 ELECTION
Republican Party “Split” over who to elect
 Roosevelt forms (3rd) Bull Moose Party
or Progressive Party
 Results of the “Republican Party Split”
Since the Civil War Republican Party was:
-the party of new ideas - Progressives
( ideas went to Bull Moose Party )
Democrats have chance to win Presidency

Woodrow Wilson
WINS Presidency
Declares a
“New Freedom”
“Attacking the Triple Wall of Privilege”
– 1) The Tariffs
– 2) The Banks
– 3) The Trusts
Woodrow Wilson
WINS Presidency
Declares a
“New Freedom”
 Tariff
Reduction
– New Taxes
 Banking
Reform
 Anti-Trust Laws
& Enforcement
Woodrow Wilson
WINS Presidency
Declares a
“New Freedom”
1) TARIFF REDUCTION
– Underwood Tariff
– Federal Income Tax
 Graduated Tax
 Redistribute the Wealth
Wilson’s New Freedom

Wilson, former governor of New Jersey, was a zealous reformer who had
fought political machines, approved of direct primaries, and enacted a
compensation program for injured workers.

During his presidential campaign, Wilson proposed an ambitious plan of
reform called the New Freedom, which called for 1)Tariff Reductions,
2) Banking Reform, and 3) Stronger Antitrust Legislation.

Wilson’s first priority as president was to lower tariffs, and he even appeared
at a joint session of Congress to campaign for this, which no president had
done since John Adams.

In October 1913, Congress passed the Underwood Tariff Act, which
lowered taxes to their lowest level in 50 years.

Tariff reduction meant the government had less income, so to make up for
it, the act also introduced a graduated income tax. 16th Amendment

This taxed people according to their income, and wealthy people paid more
than poor or middle-class people. Some people will pay nothing and
receive benefits that are paid for by other groups. (Taxing Success)
“From each according to his abilities, to each according to their needs”
Karl Marx
Woodrow Wilson
Declares a “New Freedom”





Federal Income Tax replaces a High Tariff
Underwood Tariff (1913) Tariff dropped41% < 29%)
< $20,000 > $20,000 tax 2% > $100,000 tax 6%
The UNDERWOOD TARIFF and the Income Tax attached to it
marked the beginning of a transformation from taxation based
upon the need to consume (sales taxes) or equal responsibility
(Flat Income Tax) to taxation based upon the ability to pay
(Graduated Income Tax).
It also provided the vehicle for a rapid expansion of the federal
government over the next thirty years.
Proponents advocated steeply progressive rates as a
method of “Redistributing Wealth”. In the most extreme
example, Representative Ira Copley proposed an income tax
with a top marginal rate of 68 percent on incomes exceeding
one million dollars. Others, such as Senator Robert La Follette
of Wisconsin, proposed rates as high as 11 percent to reach
what he called the “menace” of "great accumulation of wealth."
Woodrow Wilson
WINS Presidency
Declares a
“New Freedom”
2) BANKING REFORM
– Federal Reserve Act
 Federal Reserve Board
 12 Regional Banks to
serve Banks
 Loan money to banks
 Set the Prime Rate of Interest
Banking Reform
• President Wilson’s next target was the banking system.
• At that time, banking failures were common, and banks collapsed when too
many people withdrew their deposits at the same time.
• People needed access to their money without fear of bank failure.
• Wilson’s answer was the 1913 - Federal Reserve Act, which created a
central fund from which banks could borrow to prevent collapse during a
financial panic.
• The Act created a three-tier banking system.
1. At the top, the
president- appointed
Federal Reserve
Board members ran
the system.
2. On this level, 12
Federal Reserve
banks served other
banks instead of
individuals.
3. On the last level,
private banks
served people and
borrowed from the
Federal Reserve as
needed.
• The Federal Reserve Act put the nation’s banking system under
the supervision of the federal government for the first time.
Woodrow Wilson
Declares a “New Freedom”
Banking System is Improved
-Federal Reserve System
(8-12 regional banks-members)
 Federal Reserve Board (supervise)
 Federal Reserve Banks lend money
(prevent bank failure)

– Set the PRIME RATE
(Interest Rates on Loans)
– Made money for available

New
National
Currency
Woodrow Wilson
WINS Presidency
Declares a
“New Freedom”
3) Stronger ANTI-TRUST LAWS
– Clayton Anti-Trust Act
 Extended Sherman Anti-Trust
 Supported Labor Unions
– Federal Trade Commission
 Investigate & Prosecute
Stronger Antitrust Laws
• Though Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890 to limit the
power of monopolies, lax enforcement and loopholes allowed many unfair
business practices to go on.
• Wilson had two solutions to these problems.
Clayton Antitrust Act
• Clarified and extended the
Sherman Antitrust Act
• 1914 - Prohibited companies
from buying stock in competing
companies in order to form a
monopoly
• Supported workers &
Unions by making strikes,
boycotts, and peaceful
picketing legal for the first time
*Unions Legal Monopoly
The FTC
• The Federal Trade
Commission, created by
Congress in 1915 and
supported by Wilson
• Enforced antitrust laws and
was tough on companies that
used deceptive advertising
• Could undertake special
investigations of
businesses
Woodrow Wilson
Declares a “New Freedom”
Clayton Antitrust Act Clayton Antitrust Act
 Roosevelt attacked
• Clarified and extended the
the “bad” Trusts
Sherman Antitrust Act
 Wilson = ALL TRUSTS • 1914 - Prohibited companies
from buying stock in competing
ARE BAD!

companies in order to form a
monopoly
• Supported workers &
Unions by making strikes,
boycotts, and peaceful
picketing legal for the first time
*Unions Legal Monopoly
Woodrow Wilson
Declares a “New Freedom”

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
The FTC
•The Federal Trade
Commission, created by
Congress in 1915 and supported
by Wilson (Watch Dog Agency)
•Enforced antitrust laws and was
tough on companies that used
deceptive advertising
•Could undertake special
investigations of businesses

Trusts are Brought into Line
 Clayton Antitrust Act
– Strengthens SHERMAN Anti-Trust Act
– labor unions are legal and are not trusts
– they are free from Anti-Trust Laws to create
“monopoly” and exert power

Federal Trade Act (FTC)
– “Watchdog Agency” power to investigate

19th Amendment
– WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE
Woodrow Wilson
WINS Presidency
Declares a
“New Freedom”
CIVIL RIGHTS ISSUES
– Booker T. Washington
– W.E.B. DuBois
– NAACP
– Jim Crow Laws
– Women’s Suffrage
Progressivism and African Americans
Though the Progressive movement achieved much, African American
rights were still extremely limited, as even Progressive presidents
were shaky on supporting civil rights laws.
President Roosevelt
Woodrow Wilson
• 1901: Invited Booker T.
Washington to the White
House
• Opposed federal antilynching laws, saying the
states should deal with it
• Appointed an African
American collector of tariffs
in South Carolina
• Allowed cabinet members to
segregate offices, which had
been desegregated since
Reconstruction
• Discharged African
American soldiers accused
of going on a shooting
spree in the Brownsville
Incident, though it turned
out later that they were
wrongly accused
• Let Congress pass a law
making it a felony for black
and whites to marry in
Washington, D.C.

Booker
World TofWashington
Jim Crow…………….
Tuskeegee Institute
Pattern of Segregation
 W.E.B.
Dubois - Harvard
(Niagara Movement)
 1910 -N.A.A.C.P. “the Nation”
 NAACP fights inequality
(Anti-Lynching laws Segregation)
 JIM CROW Laws/Segregation
 Literacy Test /Poll Tax / G. Clause
 Plessy
v. Ferguson
“Separate but Equal is Legal”
TURN of the CENTURY AMERICA
Chapter 14 – 15 - 16
Industrialization, Urbanization,
Immigration, and Imperialism
 AKS 40. Describe the economic, social and
geographic impact of the growth of big
business and technological innovations
after Reconstruction.
 AKS 41. Analyze important consequences
of American industrial growth.
Explain the impact of the railroads on other industries, such as
steel, and on the organization of big business.
 Describe the impact of the railroads in the development
of the West; include the transcontinental railroad, and
the use of Chinese labor.
 The growth of the western population and its impact on
Native American Populations
 Identify John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Company and
the rise of trusts and monopolies.
 Describe the inventions of Thomas Edison; include the electric
light bulb, motion pictures, and the phonograph, and their
impact on American life.
 Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to
southern and eastern Europe and the impact of this change on
urban America.
 Identify the American Federation of Labor and Samuel
Gompers.
 Describe the 1894 Pullman Strike, and Haymarket Riot as
examples of industrial unrest.

PROGRESSIVE ERA
Chapter 17
Progressive Goals, Reforms and laws,
Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson
AKS 42. OBJECTIVE: Identify major efforts to
reform American society and politics in the
Progressive Era.
 The progress of business and industry inspired
reformers to make important improvements in
America’s political and social environment. These
reformers were known as Progressives. Progressive
reforms strengthened American democracy in ways we
carry forward into our own time. Meanwhile, African
Americans found themselves left out of reform efforts
when southern whites denied basic rights to black
citizens.





Explain Upton Sinclair’s “The Jungle” and
federal oversight of the meat packing industry.
Identify Jane Addams and Hull House and describe
the role of women in
reform
movements.
Describe the rise of Jim Crow, Plessy v. Ferguson,
and the emergence of the NAACP.
Explain Ida Tarbell’s role as a Muckraker.
Describe the significance of progressive reforms such
as the initiative, recall, and referendum; direct
election of senators; reform of labor laws; and
efforts to improve living conditions for the poor in
cities.
The modern United States was created by
social changes associated with the growth of
big business and advances in technologies.
After Reconstruction, railroad companies and
the steel and oil industries expanded and major
inventions changed how people lived.
 As the United States became the world’s
leading industrial power, American society
changed in many ways.
 Immigrants found themselves competing for
jobs and banding together to fight for decent
working conditions. Factory workers began to
organize unions that challenged the ways
factory owners treated them.

The years after the Civil War were a time of political
corruption in which the reputations of both
Congress and the presidency were tarnished.
Reformers sought to end abuses in government and
industry. Although they achieved the passage of
some important legislation, industries such as
railroads and the giant trusts were hardly touched.
 American farmers, facing increasing economic
hardship, organized their own movements which
eventually coalesced into the new Populist Party.
Seeking cheaper money (inflated prices) and
Graduated Income Tax to Redistribute the Wealth.
The Populists and the Democrats argued for the
coinage of silver. The silver issue ended with the
election of William McKinley over William Jennings
Bryan in 1896.

Populism, the farmer’s crusade for change, marked
the beginning of the widespread interest in reform
which became the Progressive Movement.
Muckraker Journalists roused public support
against political and social injustice, spurring
changes in industry and government on the local
and state levels. Eventually, progressivism reached
the federal government.
 President Theodore Roosevelt filed lawsuits against
the major trusts and supported laws to regulate a
number of industrial practices. He also supported
efforts to conserve American’s natural resources.
Presidents Taft and Wilson extended these activities
during their tenures office. Under these Republican
and Democratic presidents, the federal government
assumed more responsibility than ever before for the
orderly development of modern industrial America.

TURN of the CENTURY AMERICA
Industrialization, Urbanization,
Immigration, and Imperialism



AKS 40. Describe the economic, social and geographic
impact of the growth of big business and technological
innovations after Reconstruction.
AKS 41. Analyze important consequences of American
industrial growth.
The modern United States was created by
social changes associated with the growth of
big business and advances in technologies.
After Reconstruction, railroad companies and
the steel and oil industries expanded and major
inventions changed how people lived.
As the United States became the world’s
leading industrial power, American society
changed in many ways.
 Immigrants found themselves competing for
jobs and banding together to fight for decent
working conditions. Factory workers began to
organize unions that challenged the ways
factory owners treated them.
 Your knowledge of these changes and the
factors that brought them about is important.

Although the North experienced a recession at the end of the
Civil War, by the late 1860’s, factories that made war goods
shifted to consumer goods. Improvements in transportation,
communications, and the availability of natural resources
sped the industrial movement. Factories were built, and the
demand for workers led to a flood of immigrants from all
over Europe
 As the U.S. population grew, so did the move to urban areas
to seek new opportunities. The rapid growth of cities created
an environment still familiar today: mass transportation,
sky scrapers, public libraries and parks, department stores,
theatres, sporting events, etc. By the turn of the century,
women were firmly entrenched in the working world,
especially in the helping professions, offices, and sales The
concept of free public education for all was widely accepted,
and educational reform was underway. Mass circulation of
newspapers reflected a more literate population.

The flood of people into the cities also created many problems.
Urban planning and city services were slow in developing.
Central city areas turned into slums. Ethnic neighborhoods
develop and corruption in the explosive neighborhoods
became widespread. Working conditions in the new factories
were very poor; the exploitation of workers led to the
formation of the first labor unions.
 The period from 1870 – 1910 brought many new minority
groups to America as immigrants, mostly from southern and
eastern Europe. Their stories were similar in many ways: the
economic, political, and religious reasons for leaving home;
the hardships of the travel; the shock and disillusionment of
the new land were all common themes. Minority groups such
as Native Americans, African Americans, Asian Americans,
and Spanish-speaking Americans, already established in the
United States were struggling against racism, prejudice, and
specific legislation aimed at restricting freedoms and rights
will challenge leaders to develop strategies for accommodating
to the situation or working toward change.

– Explain the impact of the railroads on other
industries, such as steel, and on the organization of
big business.
– Describe the impact of the railroads in the
development of the West; include the
transcontinental railroad, and the use of Chinese
labor.
– Identify John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil
Company and the rise of trusts and monopolies.
– Describe the inventions of Thomas Edison; include
the electric light bulb, motion pictures, and the
phonograph, and their impact on American life.
– Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’
origins to southern and eastern Europe and the
impact of this change on urban America.
– Identify the American Federation of Labor and
Samuel Gompers.
– Describe the 1894 Pullman Strike, and Haymarket
Riot as examples of industrial unrest.
YOUR GRADE
“Where Does It GO”
Unit
Test40%
HW/Class 20%
Quizzes
20%