Transcript Document 7144192

The Future of Nuclear Energy
Hydrogen and Electricity Production
Charles W. Forsberg
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
Tel: (865)-574-6784
Email: [email protected]
WIN Region II Conference
Oak Ridge, Tenn.
February 2-3, 2005
The submitted manuscript has been authored by a contractor of the U.S. Government under contract DE-AC0500OR22725. Accordingly, the U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the
published form of this contribution, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. File name: WIN.Feb3-05
1
Limited Energy Alternatives Are
Pushing Nuclear Energy Forward
Demand Growth
Greenhouse Gas Constraints
World Energy Demand Is Increasing
1 quad is a milelong coal train
(11,000 tons)
every 2 hours
365 days / year
Source: EIA IEO 2004
3
Temperature and Atmospheric CO2
Correlate: Limits Likely on CO2
4
Economics of
Nuclear Power
Are Improving
Westinghouse AP-1000
Evolution Over
Time Can
Dramatically
Improve A
Technology
GE ESBWR
Evolution of the GE Boiling Water Reactors
Has Reduced Complexity and Materials
The ESBWR is now in pre-certification review at
the Nuclear Regulatory Commission
ABWR (Existing)
ESBWR: >50% reduction in building
volume and number of components
(~30% reduction in capital cost)
6
Quantities of Materials For Different
Reactors Over Time
2.50
2.00
Building volume (relative to 336 m3/MWe)
Concrete volume (relative to 75 m3/MWe)
Steel (relative to 36 MT/MWe)
1.50
Non-nuclear input
Nuclear input
1.00
0.50
0.00
1970s
PWR
1970s
BWR
1000 MWe
1000 MWe
EPR
1600MWe
ABWR
ESBWR
1350 MWe
1550 MWe
GT-MHR
286 MWe
AHTR-IT
1235 MWe
7
Back to the Future
High-Temperature Reactors
New Technologies and New Needs Are
Bringing Back High-Temperature Reactors
Brayton Power Cycles May Enable
Economic High-Temperature Reactors
 Utility steam turbines are
limited to 550ºC.
 Historically, there was a
limited incentive for
higher-temperature
reactors because there no
way to efficiently convert
heat to electricity
 High-temperature highefficiency utility Brayton
cycle systems developed
in the last decade
 Efficient energy
conversion technology
supports the use of hightemperature reactors
GE Power Systems
MS7001FB
General Atomics
GT-MHR Power
Conversion Unit
(Russian Design)
9
Decreasing Oil Discoveries Worldwide
Are Driving Hydrogen Demand
(Source: Nature 17 June 2004, p.694)
We are going to a
hydrogen
transport
economy, the
questions are:
(1)the form of
hydrogen in the
vehicle (gasoline,
methanol,
hydrogen, etc.)
(2)where hydrogen
is used (refinery,
tar sands plant,
vehicle)
10
The Initial Replacements For Crude
Oil Will Be Heavy Oils And Tar Sands
Syncrude Canada Ltd.
Tar Sands Operations
 Tar sands and
heavy oils are
located in
Canada, Mexico,
Venezuela, and
the United
States
 Hydrogen is
required to
convert these
feeds to liquid
fuels
11
High-Temperature
Reactor Options
High Temperatures for Efficient Electricity
Production and Hydrogen Production
A Worldview of Nuclear Reactors
1000
Liquid Salt Systems (Low Pressure)
Temperature (°C)
800
600
•
•
•
•
•
Heat Transport Systems (Reactor to H2 Plant)
Advanced High-Temperature Reactor (Solid Fuel)
Liquid-Salt-Cooled Fast Reactor (Solid Fuel)
Molten Salt Reactor (Liquid Fuel)
Fusion Blanket Cooling
Brayton
(Helium or
Nitrogen)
Thermochemical
Cycles
Helium-Cooled High-Temperature Reactor (High-Pressure)
Liquid Metal Fast Reactor
(Low Pressure)
400
Rankine
(Steam)
Light Water Reactor (High Pressure)
200
General Electric ESBWR
European
Pressurized-Water
Reactor
Range of Hydrogen
Plant Sizes
0
0
Electricity Hydrogen
Application
1000
2000
Electricity (MW)
13
04-135
The Choice of Coolant Impacts
The Size of Reactor
Number of 1-m-diam. Pipes
Needed to Transport 1000 MW(t)
with 100ºC Rise
in Coolant Temperature
Water
(PWR)
Sodium
(LMR)
Helium
Liquid Salt
Pressure (MPa)
15.5
0.69
7.07
0.69
Outlet Temp (ºC)
320
540
1000
1000
6
6
75
6
Coolant Velocity (m/s)
14
03-258
One Type of High-Temperature
Reactor Fuel Has Been Demonstrated
Coated Particle
Graphite-Matrix Fuel
1250ºC Operation
1600ºC Accident
15
Two Coolants are Compatible with
Graphite Materials and HighTemperature Operations
Helium
Molten Fluoride Salts
(High Pressure/Transparent)
(Low Pressure/Transparent)
16
35m(115ft)
Reactor Cavity
Cooling System
GT-MHR
Plant Layout
A 600 MW(t)
Helium-Cooled
Near-Term
Option: 50 years
of HeliumCoolant
Experience
Refueling
Floor
Control Rod Drive
Stand Pipes
Generator
Reactor Pressure
Vessel
Cross Vessel
(Contains Hot &
Cold Duct)
46m(151ft)
Power Conversion
System Vessel
Shutdown Cooling
System Piping
Floors
Typical
32m(105ft)
Sketch Courtesy of General Atomics
17
The Advanced
High-Temperature
Reactor
The 2400 MW(t) Liquid-Salt-Cooled
Longer-Term Option
General Electric
S-PRISM
Passively Safe Pool-Type
Reactor Designs
GE Power Systems MS7001FB
Brayton Power Cycles
High-Temperature
Coated-Particle
Fuel
High-Temperature,
Low-Pressure
Transparent MoltenSalt Coolant
18
Advanced High-Temperature Reactor
(Newest Reactor Concept)
Passive Decay
Heat Removal
Reactor
Heat Exchanger
Compartment
Hydrogen/Electricity
Production
19
04-108
High-Temperature Reactors Have Common
R&D Needs (Fuel, Brayton Cycles, etc.)
(Existing Technology Makes Helium-Cooling the Near-Term Option;
Potential Economics Makes Salt-Cooling the Long-Term Option)
81m
70m
Both Reactors Same Scale
GT-MHR (287 MW(e))
AHTR (1235 MW(e))
Near-Term (Helium)
Longer-Term (Liquid Salt)
Per Peterson (Berkeley): American
Nuclear Society 2004 Winter Meeting
20
Conclusions and Observations
 Energy needs and environment are driving
the reconsideration of nuclear energy
 LWR evolution over decades is favorably
changing LWR economics
 High-temperature reactors are likely to
follow LWRs
 Efficient Brayton cycles for electricity
 Hydrogen generation
21
END
END
END