Transcript Document 7142846

1450-1750 As The World
Turns:
Western Development,
Expansion, and
Colonization
Chapters 16,17,18,19
AP World History
Mr. Bartula
1450-1750: The Early Modern
Period
 The
balance of power shifted
 Western Europe took control of most
trade networks
 The Americas became part of the
world wide trade network
 New scientific, religious, and cultural
ideas developed
Consequences of These Changes
 Western
Europe moved towards
global dominance
 Exchanges of foods, peoples,
animals, and diseases increased
 Islamic, Asian,African, and Native
American societies were strained
 China remained the dominant society
Trade in 1450-1750
The world economy grew and became
genuinely global.
 The Atlantic and the western Pacific were
the two main trade centers
 Silver from the Americas and slaves from
Africa played major roles in the global
economy
 Western Europeans controlled trade
networks, but China was still at the center
of world trade.

Population Changes 1450-1750
 Population
growth in Eurasia due to
new foods, better agricultural
technology, proto-industrialization,
and medical care
 Population decline in the Americas
due to European invasions, diseases.
 Population decline in Africa due to
the Atlantic slave trade
The Military Revolution 1450-1750
Western Europeans gained an advantage:
1. Superior weaponry based on gunpowder.
2. Strong, swift, maneuverable ships
capable of sailing anywhere.
3. Navigational tools (compass, astrolabe)
derived from earlier work done by Arab
and Asian scholars
4. New sea and land fighting techniques

Land based gunpowder weaponry
 Field
Cannon (from ca 1420)
 Muskets
Close Order Drill
Consequences of Close Order Drill
 Required
years of training
 Led to establishment of permanent,
professional armies
 Soldiers’ salaries required taxes
 Taxes required bureaucracies
 Bureaucracies led to centralized
governments
Clinker Sailing Ships
A Lateen Caravel Ship
Carrack
Galleon
Consequences of the Military
Revolution
 Funding
required development of
modern taxation, banking, and credit
systems
 Concentrated political power in
centralized governments with
bureaucracies
 Large, competitive nation states led
to chronic warfare and colonial
empires.
1450: The beginning of Western
hegemony
 Western
Europe had effectively
recovered from the calamitous 14th
century.
 The Ottoman Turks captured
Constantinople in 1453
 The Ottoman Turks were militarily,
rather than economically, oriented:
“conquest over commerce”
1450: The beginning of Western
hegemony



The Ottomans now
controlled all land
trade routes through
the Middle East
The Ottomans placed
customs duties on
European merchants
using the trade routes
Europeans looked for
new trade routes to
the East (the
“potential niche”
which sparked
Western Expansion).
1450: The rest of the world
 Ming
China: sea exploration
abandoned by 1433
 Mughal India: land oriented empire
 Native Americans: isolated
 Africa: heterogeneous societies, land
oriented
 Western Europe was basically “the
only player.”
Why Europe?
Competition!:
1. Economic
2. Political
3. Social, Religious, and Ideological
The Europeans were ready to rule and
conquer, but where?

India and China?
 For
most of 1450-1750, both were
too well organized and too strong for
European domination.
 Europeans could trade with them,
but not exploit them.
Africa?
 Europeans
had the military power to
conquer Africa in 1450-1750, but
could not deal with:
 Tropical diseases (“The White Man’s
Graveyard”)
The Americas?
 Europeans
had the military and
economic power to conquer them,
and more importantly, Europeans
had:
 GERMS!
 Thus in 1450-1750 Western
Europeans gained control over and
began the exploitation of North and
South America
Western Europe’s First Expansions
Three
archipelagoes:
 Azores
 Madeiras
 Canarys

The Azores
Originally
uninhabited,
reached by
Europeans in
1300s
 First Portuguese
settlement in 1439
 Good environment
for European
plants and animals
 Quickly became a
“Little Europe”

The Madeiras






Originally uninhabited
First Portuguese
arrived in 1420s
Fought over by
Portuguese and
Spanish
Sugar cane producing,
slave economy
Environmental
problems due to
introduction of nonnative plants and
animals
Rugged, mountainous
terrain
The Canaries





Original inhabitants
called Guanches
Europeans arrived as
early as 1290s
Fought over by
Spanish, French, and
Portuguese
Good environment for
European plants and
animals
Conflict with Guanches
throughout 1400s.
The Guanches: First Branch of the
Human Race to Face Extinction





Stone Age people
facing gunpowder
weapons
European diseases
Europeans did not
consider them fully
human
Extinct by end of
1500s
Prototype for future
European/indigenous
contact
Spain and Portugal: First European
Nation-States to Begin Exploration
and Colonization
Recently unified
after the
Reconquista
 Fervently Catholic
 Powerful
monarchies
determined to
increase their
influence.

Mercantilism: The Economic Basis
of Exploration and Colonization
 Early
form of capitalism
 National governments sought to
encourage exports and discourage
imports
 Internal improvements (roads,
canals) to improve national trade
 Colonies needed for two reasons:
1. sources of raw materials
2.markets for finished goods
Portugal: Find a sea route to the
East by sailing around Africa



Prince Henry the
Navigator established
a school for sailors in
early 1400s
Sailors learned to sail
caravel ships and use
the new instruments
By 1488, Portuguese
sailors had reached
the Cape of Good
Hope, and in 1498,
they reached India
Spain: Find a route to the East by
going West



1492: Christopher
Columbus
“discovered” islands to
the West.
Columbus and other
explorers claimed the
territories for Spain
By 1500, it was clear
that this was a “New
World”
The Line of Demarcation and
Treaty of Tordesillas
Drawn by the Pope
to divide the world
between Spain and
Portugal
 Brazil placed within
Portugal’s lands

Other European Nations and
Exploration
 By
late 1500s, Spain and Portugal
lost their naval dominance
 Britain, France, and Holland used
narrow beam ships to gain colonial
leadership in North America, the
Cape of Good Hope, India, and the
Indies
Impact of the European
Colonization of the Americas
 Europeans
were interested in
exploitation of the wealth of the New
World.
 The Native Americans were regarded
as inferior, expendable people to be
used as slaves
 Spain exploited the mineral wealth of
Mexico, Central and South America,
especially silver
Impact of the European
Colonization of the Americas
 Portugal
established Brazil as a sugar
cane growing area
 Sugar cane was also established in
the Caribbean
 Plantations were established
throughout the Americas to produce
agricultural goods
Impact of the European
Colonization of the Americas
 The
Native American population,
especially in Latin America, declined
due to disease (virgin soil epidemics)
and overwork
 Africans were imported, beginning in
the early 1500s, as replacements for
Native Americans.
Alfred W. Crosby


Author of “The Columbian Exchange” and
“Ecological Imperialism”
Developed the term Columbian Exchange to
describe the transfer of people, plants, animals,
and diseases between the Old and New Worlds
after 1492
Forms of Biological Life Going From:
Old World to New World:
New World to Old World:
Disea
ses:
Smallpox
Measles
Chicken Pox
Malaria
Yellow Fever
Influenza
The Common Cold
Syphilis
Anim
als:
Horses
Cattle
Pigs
Sheep
Goats
Chickens
Turkeys
Llamas
Alpacas
Guinea Pigs
Plant
s:
Rice
Wheat
Barley
Oats
Coffee
Sugarcane
Bananas
Melons
Olives
Dandelions
Daisies
Clover
Ragweed
Kentucky Bluegrass
Corn (Maize)
Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties)
Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima Varieties)
Tobacco
Peanuts
Squash
Peppers
Tomatoes
Pumpkins
Pineapples
Cacao (Source of Chocolate)
Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum)
Papayas
Manioc (Tapioca)
Guavas
Avocados
The “Columbian Exchange”

Squash

Avocado

Peppers

Sweet Potatoes

Turkey

Pumpkin

Tobacco

Quinine

Cocoa

Pineapple

Cassava

POTATO

Peanut

TOMATO

Vanilla

MAIZE

Syphilis

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

Olive

COFFEE BEAN

Banana

Rice

Onion

Turnip

Honeybee

Barley

Grape

Peach

SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits

Pear

Wheat

HORSE

Cattle

Sheep

Pigs

Smallpox

Flu

Typhus

Measles

Malaria

Diptheria

Whooping Cough
Smallpox in the Americas
Food Exchanges Between Old and
New World
 Corn
and potatoes were the two
most important American foods
transferred to Europe.
 Tobacco became an important
American export to Europe
 Coffee and sugar were two “Old
World” crops transferred to the
Americas.
Present Day (Negative) Exchanges
Changes in Western Europe
The Renaissance had encouraged scientific
inquiry and curiosity
 The “discovery” of the New World and the
importation of gold and silver led to the
Price Revolution (inflation) and economic
instability
 Johann Gutenberg’s printing press made
books available to more people
 Nation-state competition led to conflict

The Reformation
 Martin
Luther advocated “the
priesthood of all believers”
 Jean Calvin developed the theory of
predestination
 These and other reformers caused a
split between Roman Catholics and
Protestants
 Religious wars were fought from
1517-1648
Spain’s “Century of Gold”
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

1550-1650 “El Siglo
de Oro” Spain was the
greatest power in
Europe
Under King Philip II,
Spain used its wealth
and power to fight the
Reformation and
restore Catholicism
Spain persecuted nonCatholics with the
Inquisition and fought
to maintain control of
its American empire.
Spain vs The Netherlands



Spain also ruled The
Netherlands, which
was primarily Calvinist
By late 1500s The
Netherlands had won
its independence and
became the nation of
Holland, practicing full
religious toleration.
Because of its
religious stability,
Holland became a
wealthy banking and
trading center and
developed its own
colonial empire.
Spain’s decline
 Spain’s
many wars drained its
treasury.
 The Price Revolution struck first and
hardest in Spain, creating inflation
and ruining the economy
 Out of date business methods
 Lack of a middle class
 By 1650, Spain’s glory days were
over.
France





In the 1500s France was
torn by conflict between
Catholics and Protestants
(Huguenots)
In 1589 the leader of the
Huguenots became King
Henry IV, who believed in
the policy of Politique
Henry IV converted to
Catholicism
He then issued the Edict of
Nantes guaranteeing
religious freedom for
Protestants.
France became a
prosperous, stable nation
France



After Henry IV’s
assassination, France
was governed by
Cardinal Richelieu,
another advocate of
Politique
Under Richelieu,
France became the
strongest state in
Europe
France intervened in
the Thirty Years War
to ensure a Protestant
victory
France




Shortly after the death of
Richelieu, Louis XIV 16451715 became King of
France
Louis was an advocate of
the divine right of kings
and absolute monarchy
Louis cancelled the Edict of
Nantes, fought several
wars to gain “natural
frontiers” for France, and
spent money lavishly on
the palace of Versailles.
By 1715, France was in
decline
Versailles Today
Palais de Versailles
Palais de Versailles
Hall
of
Mirrors
England



Torn by religious
controversy under
King Henry VIII and
his successors
Queen Elizabeth I
introduced limited
tolerance of
Catholicism
Under the House of
Stuart 1603-1714,
conflict between
advocates of divine
right/absolute
monarchy and
parliamentarians.
England
1642-1649 English
Civil War ended
with beheading of
King Charles I
 1688 Glorious
Revolution
established
parliamentary
supremacy and
made monarchy a
figurehead.

The Enlightenment



18th century, started
in France
Enlightenment
thinkers (philosophes)
advocated liberty,
religious toleration,
progress, social
reform
Enlightened Despots
like Frederick the
Great practiced some
Enlightenment
principles
Europe in 1750
 Constant
conflict
 Proto-industrial, capitalist nationstates with expanding economies
 Absolute monarchies (except
England)
 Limited religious toleration in most
areas
 Rapidly expanding colonial empires
Russia 1450-1750
 Mongols
driven out during 1400s by
Princes from Moscow
 Isolated from Western Europe,
primarily peasant/agricultural
 Eastern Orthodox, Moscow seen as
“Third Rome”
 1480 Ivan III (the Great) became
first Russian “Tsar”
The Kremlin
The Pendulum
of Russian History
Pro-West
For Progress & Change
Encourage New Ideas,
Technologies, etc.
Anti-West
Isolationist
Xenophobic
Ultra-Conservative
 A few Tsars
 Most Tsars
 Intellectual elites
 Russian Orthodox
Church
 Merchants/businessmen
 Young members of the
middle class.
 Military
 Boyars
 peasants
REFORM-MINDED
LEADER
DEMAGOGUE
Ivan The Terrible 1533-1584
Established trade
with Western
Europe
 Fully unified the
Russian state
 Rebuilt Moscow
(St. Basil’s
Cathedral)
 Insane

The Time of Troubles 1584-1613
After Ivan the
Terrible’s death,
Russia was ruled
by a series of weak
Tsars and torn by
civil war
 In 1613, the
boyars (nobles)
named Michael
Romanov the Tsar

Peter The Great 1684-1725
Michael’s grandson
became the first
great modernizing
Tsar
 Undertook a series
of journeys to the
West to observe
the modern world
 Forced Russia to
modernize (on the
surface)
 Serfdom continued

St. Petersburg, the new capital
Catherine The Great 1762-1796

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
Second great
modernizer
Married to Peter the
Great’s grandson
Seized power in 1762
Enlightened Despot
Surface
modernizations only
Serfdom continued
Little industry, small
middle class
Latin America Under Colonial Rule


1.
2.
3.
4.
Spanish territories divided into four
viceroyalties: New Spain, Granada,
Peru, La Plata
Race based social hierarchy:
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos and Mulattos
Native Americans and African slaves
Encomienda System
 Grants
of land from King or Viceroy
to encomendaro
 King received one-third of the profits
 Sparked historic debate: Bartolome
de las Casas vs Juan Gimes de
Sepulveda
 Based on the mercantilist view of
colonies
Las Casas vs Sepulveda
Treasures
from the Americas!
Mexico City’s Cathedral
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Lima’s Cathedral
Silver!




The most desirable of
all metals from the
New World
Potosi was the largest
silver mine in the
world
Manila in the
Philippines became a
large entrepot as a
result
Contributed to the
Price Revolution in
Europe
Brazil: The sugar colony
The first of the
sugar plantation
colonies
 Sugar was labor
intensive and
required huge
numbers of slaves
 The Caribbean
Islands also
became great
sugar producers

Slaves Working in a
Brazilian Sugar Mill