Transcript Document 7141108

World History to 1500 A.D.
2nd Semester SOL Review
What is it:
• It was located on 7 hills, along the Tiber
River.
• It was protected from the north by the
Alps.
• It is a peninsula that extends into the
central part of the Mediterranean Sea, and
thus dominated trade in the region.
It is:
Rome
The Alps Mts.
What is it:
• It was based on its Greek predecessor.
• It is still used in western literature, art, and
science… such as naming plants and
planets, and explaining natural
phenomena and human behavior and
events.
• It had similar figures and characters- and
thus was polytheistic, but used different
names.
It is:
Roman Religion
Zeus
Jupiter
Hera
Juno
Apollo
Apollo
Artemis
Diana
Athena
Minerva
Aphrodite
Venus
Who were they:
• Both groups were citizens- meaning they
were responsible for paying taxes and
serving in the military.
• They were the ruling minority, and ruled
majority in Roman society.
They were:
Patricians and Plebeians
Patricians
Plebeians
Who were they:
• They often exercised power, and were
sometimes left in charge of the affairs of
powerful individuals.
• They were the lowest class in ancient
Rome.
• Their status, as in most ancient societies,
was not based on race- rather on debt and
warfare
They were:
Slaves
What were they:
• They were the main working components
of the Roman legislature.
• They were the upper house of the Roman
legislature, those who held executive
powers, and those who represented the
masses.
• They were given the power of the veto, to
block legislations that they feared would
harm those they represented.
They were:
Assemblies, the Senate, and Consuls
What is it:
• It is the type of government practiced
during the Roman Republic.
• It is different in form from the direct
democracy that was practiced in Greece.
• It involves voting for someone to make
laws for you in the legislature.
It is:
Representative democracy
What were they:
• They were given to the plebeians by the
patricians in an effort to ease their
demands for political power.
• They were placed in the Forum for all to
see, and were the defined the rights of
citizens in the Roman Republic.
• They are the source from which we draw
our ideas of equality before the law and
innocence until proven guilty.
They were:
The Twelve Tables
What were they:
• They were a series of 3 wars fought from
264 to 146 B.C.
• They were fought between Rome and
Carthage.
• Rome’s victory in these wars resulted in
it’s spread of culture, gain of land, and
control over trade in the Mediterranean
Basin.
They were:
The Punic Wars
Who were we?
• We were the two generals who fought in
the 2nd Punic War.
• One general was from Carthage, and
famously invaded the Italian Peninsula
through the Alps using war elephants.
• The other general was the Roman who
decided the way to make his adversary
leave Rome was to attack him down in
Carthage.
We were:
Hannibal
and
Scipio
What were they:
• They were the underlying cause for the
reasons why the Roman Republic
declined.
• They were large slave labor farms that put
many Roman farmers out of business,
causing unemployment, crime, and
crowding in the capital city.
• They caused the Roman currency to
devaluate (loose value).
They were:
Latifundia
Who was I?
• Along with Pompey and Crassus, I was one of the
members of the 1st Triumvirate (rule by three leaders)
that replaced the republic in Rome.
• I was a Roman General who became popular with the
people after conquering Gaul (France), and giving
land and money to the peasants.
• Because of my ambition, I was feared and hated by
the upper classes of Rome, and I eventually became
the first dictator of Rome.
• I was murdered on the floor of the Senate, on the Ides
of March, by my friend Marcus Brutus and other
Senators who plotted against me.
I was:
Julius Caesar
“Et tu, Brutae?”
Who was I?
• Following the murder of Julius Caesar, I
defeated Marcus Brutus and then Marc
Anthony for power.
• I established the Roman Empire by
instituting a civil service, rule by law, a
common coinage, and secure travel
throughout the empire.
• I was once known as Octavian.
I was:
Augustus Caesar
What was it:
• It included Northern Africa (from the Punic Wars
and from Augustus’ defeat of Marc Anthony, the
Middle East, Gaul, Spain, Asia Minor, The
Hellenistic Empire of Alexander, and parts of
Germania and Britain.
• It was secured using the powerful army of
Rome, although it became too expensive to
maintain.
• It eventually collapsed due to devaluation of
currency, foreign invasion, changes in the
military, and failure to find a peaceful way to
change emperors.
It was
The Roman Empire
What was it:
• Beginning under Augustus Caesar, it was
administered by a huge civil service that
provided for the needs of the people of Rome.
• It was characterized by peace, prosperity,
stability in the social classes, expansion of
trade and culture, and a uniform rule of law.
• It lasted 200 years, and literally means “the
Peace of Rome.”
It was:
The Pax Romana
What was it:
• It gave birth to all the romance languages
(Spanish, French, Italian, etc…)
• It was the language of Rome.
It was:
Latin
This says “If you can read this, you are overeducated.”
Roman Architecture you need to
know about for the SOL:
The Colosseum- home of brutal gladiatorial
games and execution of Christians.
The Forum- the Roman government and
religious center. Where the 12 Tables
were placed.
The Pantheon – from
pan meaning “all” and
theos meaning “gods.”
Roman Technology you need to
know about for the SOL:
Roman Arches – provides strength for the
structure while using less building materials.
All weather roads - such as the
Appian Way.
Roman aqueducts – that carried fresh water into
Rome, and are still in use today.
Who was I:
• Although I was a Roman citizen, I was
from Egypt, which was then a part of the
Roman Empire.
• I was the most prominent Roman scientist
and mathematician.
• I came up with the geocentric theory or
“earth centered” theory of the universe,
which would be the prominent idea of the
universe until the Renaissance.
I was:
Ptolemy
What were they:
• They were proof that hygiene was
important to the Romans.
• They included technology as well as
studies.
They were:
Medical schools, public
baths, and public
water systems
brought in by
aqueducts.
Who was I:
• I am considered by many to be the
composer of Rome’s greatest work of
literature.
• My work was about a Prince of Rome
(Aeneas) who had a tragic love with a
Princess of Carthage (Dido).
• My work was called the Aeneid.
I was:
Virgil
What is it?
• It occurred during the middle of the Roman
Empire in the province of Judea.
• It is the event around which modern time
is measured.
• It was the event that marked the beginning
of a new Jewish sect in the middle east
that would become one of the biggest
religions in the world.
It is:
The Birth of Jesus of Nazareth
What was it:
• It conflicted with the polytheistic religion of
the Roman Empire.
• It had its roots in Judaism.
• It was centered around the belief that a
Messiah “or savior” had come to redeem
the souls of man.
It is:
Christianity
Key beliefs of Christianity you must
know for the SOL:
-monotheism
-Jesus as God, son of God, and man
-life after death
-New Testament contains account of
Jesus’ life and his teachings
-Christian doctrine (official beliefs) was
established by early church counsels
What was it:
• It was carried by Apostles, like Paul,
throughout the Roman Empire.
• Roman persecution, designed to slow it
down, ended up creating martyrs.
• It was eventually adopted as the official
religion of Rome.
It was:
The Spread of Christianity
Saul of Tarsus who
became St. PaulAuthor of the Epistles
What was it:
• It was issued in 330 A.D.
• It was issued by the Emperor Constantine.
• It was the law/proclamation that legalized
Christianity in the Roman Empire.
It was:
The Edict of Milan
What was it:
• It became an example of moral authority in the
late Roman Empire, and after its fall.
• It was the first and only church in Western
Christendom for the first 1500 years of
Christianity.
• After the fall of Rome, loyalty to it became more
important than loyalty to the government.
• It became the unifying force of Western Europe,
under the Pope (Bishop of Rome).
It was:
The Roman Catholic Church
Why did it happen:
• The Fall of Rome
It happened because:
• Economic reasons- the cost of defense and
devaluation of Roman currency.
• Military reasons- Army membership started
to include invaders and discipline broke
down.
• Moral decay- people’s loss of faith in Rome
and the breakdown of the family unit.
• Political reasons- civil conflict and weak/
crazy leaders.
• Invasions
Who am I:
• I was the Emperor of Rome who moved
the capital of the Empire to the Greek City
of Byzantium, and then named it after
myself.
• I was the first to legalize Christianity with
the Edict of Milan.
I am:
Constantine
the Great
What was it:
• It was located in Greece along the
Bosporus Strait between the
Mediterranean and Black Seas
• It was once the Greek city of Byzantium.
• It became the new Capital of the Roman
Empire in the 300s AD.
• One of its greatest accomplishments was
the preservation of Greek and Roman
works of knowledge and literature.
It was:
Constantinople
Who was I:
• I was a Byzantine Orthodox Christian
missionary.
• I spread Orthodox Christianity to the Russians
(Slavs).
• I created the Cyrillic Alphabet, still used in
Russia and Eastern Europe today, in order to
aid their conversion.
I was:
Saint Cyril
What were they:
• They were the reason(s) The Byzantine
Empire was influential in Eastern Europe
and Russia.
• They ran between the Black and Baltic
Seas, and the Black and Mediterranean
Seas.
They were:
trade routes
Black Sea to Baltic Sea
trade route
.
Constantinople
- along the
Bosporus Strait
Med Sea to Black Sea
trade route
Who was I:
• I expanded trade in the Byzantine Empire.
• I re-conquered Roman lands lost to barbarian
invasions.
• I codified Roman Law (Corpus Jurius Civillis)
• My wife, Theodora was one of my closest
advisors, despite her questionable
background.
I was:
Justinian
Byzantine mosaic depicting the Emperor Justinian and his wife Theodora.
What is it:
• It was destroyed during the Nika Riot, and
rebuilt by the Emperor Justinian.
• It was the domed Byzantine “church of
holy wisdom.”
• It was considered so beautiful by the
invading Muslims, that it was made into a
mosque, and future mosques were built to
resemble it.
It is:
The Hagia Sophia
What were they:
• They an art form that combined eastern
and western influences.
• They were created using small pieces of
colored pottery or glass put together into a
larger picture.
• They often told stories or depicted historic
events and figures.
They were:
mosaics
What was it:
• Use of these was a major reason for the split
between the Roman Catholic and Eastern
Orthodox Churches.
• They often took the form of statues, mosaics,
pictures, etc.
• It was a depiction of a religious figure or event.
It was:
an Icon
What was it?
• It was the first major split within Christianity.
• It was a split between the Pope’s Roman
Catholic Church and the Patriarch’s Eastern
Orthodox Church.
• The split occurred over the use of icons, the
marriage of priests,
It was:
The Schism
Roman Catholic Church
-Pope (Bishop of Rome) was head of
church and dominated politics.
-no marriage for priests (celibacy)
-use of icons
-uses Latin in liturgy (church services)
Eastern Orthodox Church
-Patriarch (Bishop of Constantinople)
was head of church but dominated by
the Emperor.
-marriage for priests (not celibate)
-no use of icons
-uses Greek in liturgy (church services)
Who am I:
• I am from the Saudi Arabian Peninsula.
• I was driven from my home city of Mecca,
to the city of Medina, but returned in
triumph to Mecca.
• I received a revelation from the Angel
Gabriel sent from Allah, and became the
prophet of Islam.
I am:
Muhammad
What is it:
• It is one of the three major monotheistic
religions that accepts the Judeo-Christian
prophets, such as Moses and Jesus.
• It originated on the Arabian Peninsula, in
the city of Mecca- approximately 622 AD.
• It is based on the revelations of the
Prophet Muhammad-and its followers are
called Muslims- literally meaning, “one
who submits to Allah.”
It is:
Islam
What is it:
• It is composed of versus called surahs.
• The word literally means recitation.
• It is the holy book of Islam.
It is:
The Holy Koran (also spelled Quran)
What are they:
• They are Shahadah, Salah, Saum, Zakah,
and Hajj.
• They include a declaration of faith, alms to
the poor, prayer 5x a day, fasting during
Ramadan, and a pilgrimage to Mecca.
They are:
The Five Pillars of Islam
Declaration of Faith,
Fasting for Ramadan,
Prayer 5X A Day,
Alms to the poor,
Pilgrimage to Mecca
What is it:
• It is a uniting force for Muslims worldwide.
• It was the language in which Muhammad
received the revelation from Allah.
• It is the language of the Holy Koran.
It is:
Arabic
What are they:
• They are groups based on who Muslims chose to
follow following the death of Muhammad.
• It is divided into two sects, one more moderate, and
one more fundamental.
• One group believe that the successor of Muhammad
must be a direct descendent of his daughter and son
in law who were divinely inspired by Allah
(fundamentalists), one believes that Muhammad’s
successor can be anybody because he is only a
religious leader (moderate).
They are:
Shia and Sunni Muslims
Light Green: Sunni Muslims (moderate)
Dark Green: Shia Muslim (fundamentalist)
What was it:
• It was the result of cultural diffusion.
• It was the result of the weakening and
eventual fall of the Byzantine Empire.
• It moved into the Fertile Crescent, Iran,
and Central Asia… although a united
Muslim Empire was short lived.
It was:
The spread of Islam
What was it:
• It was a battle that was fought in 732 AD.
• The victorious forces in the battle were led
by Charles “The Hammer” Martel.
• It was the battle in which the spread of
Islam into Europe was halted.
It was:
The Battle
of Tours
Who am I:
• I was king of the Franks, and grandson of
Charles “The Hammer” Martel.
• On Christmas Eve in the year 800 AD, I was
crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope.
Thus, I formed an alliance between the Pope
and the Frankish kings, that made the Pope a
political power in Western Europe.
• I sought to revive the glory of the Roman
Empire.
• I am also known as Charles the Great.
I am:
Charlemagne
What was it:
• It was the result of a need for protection from
invasion during the Medieval period.
• It was based on a relationship between
landowning lords, those who they gave land (or
fiefs) to, who became their vassals, those who
provided protection (knights), and those peasant
laborers/ farmers who were bound to the land
(serfs).
• It entailed obligations (or duties) that each
member of the system exchanged, called feudal
obligations, or feudal duties.
It was:
The Feudal System
(Feudalism)
What were they:
• They were a part of the Roman Catholic
Church that preserved the classical
heritage of Greece and Rome.
• Through reading and writing Latin, they
sent out missionaries to convert Germanic
Tribes.
• They were one of the main reasons the
Catholic Church grew in importance during
the Medieval Period.
They were:
Monasteries
What was it:
• It was a system that became popular and
necessary during the Medieval period in
Europe.
• It was a totally self sufficient system.
• It was based on a rigid class structure.
It was:
The Manorial System
(a.k.a. The Feudal Manor)
What were we:
• Our invasions disrupted the social,
economic, and political order of Europe.
• We came from Scandinavia, Central Asia,
and continental Europe.
• We settled in Russia, Hungary, and
England.
We were:
The Angles and
Saxons
(from continental Europe
to England)
The Magyars
(from Central Asia to
Hungary)
and
The Vikings
(from Scandinavia to
Russia)
What were they:
• They were carried out by Western
European political and religious leaders.
• They ended up weakening the power of
the Pope and nobles, and increasing the
power of Monarchs.
• They were an unsuccessful effort to take
control of the “Holy Land” from the
Muslims.
They were:
The Crusades
Big Results of the Crusades that you
MUST KNOW for the SOL Test!
1. They increased demand for Middle Eastern
products (spices and textiles), and it
stimulated production of goods to trade in
the Middle Eastern markets.
2. The Catholic Church changed its idea about
the usury / charging interest, and stimulated
banking and credit to begin trade.
3. Arabic numerals were introduced to the west
along with new banking practices.
Who was I:
• I was the leader of the Roman Catholic
Church in a time when Muslim invasions
conquered many parts of Asia, and limited
trade opportunities for the West.
• I referred to Islam as an “accursed race.”
• I was the Pope who called for the 1st
Crusade- saying that it was “God’s will.”
I was:
Pope Urban II
Who were we
• We were an Asiatic group of nomadic warriors.
• We invaded Russia, China, and Muslim states
in Southwest Asia destroying cities and creating
an empire.
• We rode war ponies that were our food source
as well as a means of carrying supplies and
serving as transportation, and were rarely
defeated in combat. However we were tamed
by the religion of Islam.
We were:
The Mongols
The Mongol Empire
Who was I:
• I was one of the greatest Muslim Sultans
in the history of the Arab world- I was
portrayed in the movie Kingdom of
Heaven.
• I was the leader who confronted King
Richard the Lionhearted when he went on
crusade to the Holy Land.
• The west lost Jerusalem to me.
I was:
Saladin
(the Great)
Saladin confronts Richard the Lionhearted
What was it:
• It was largely unexpected, as the victim of
the crime had protected the one who
committed it for centuries.
• It was largely a result of the failure of the
crusades to free the holy land, and the
failure to gain money and riches.
• It weakened Constantinople to the point
where it was vulnerable to invasion and
conquest.
It was:
The Sack of Constantinople
(by Western Christian Crusaders)
Who were we:
• We were a Muslim group that came from Asia
Minor/ Turkey.
• We changed the name of Constantinople to
Istanbul, and made it the capital of our empire.
• We conquered the Byzantine Empire in 1453.
They were:
The Ottoman Turks
Who was I:
• I invaded England, won a victory at the
Battle of Hastings in 1066.
• I was the leader of the Norman Conquest
of England.
• I united most of England under my rule.
I was:
William the Conqueror
(a.k.a. William of Normandy)
What was it:
• It started when France attempted to confiscate
the English territories located in Southwestern
France. It ended when the French finally
expelled the English from the continent.
• It was a series of Wars fought from 1337 until
1453- it saw many changes of the map of
Europe, and control of land on the continent.
• It defined England and France as NATIONS.
It was:
The Hundred Years War
Who was I:
• I was a unifying factor for the French, who
finally kicked the British off of our lands.
• I was a small girl who claimed divine
inspiration from God… I led the French
army to victory.
• I was eventually burned at the stake.
I was:
Joan of Arc
What was it:
• It was signed by King John in 1215, and
literally means “Great charter.”
• It was forced on the king by his nobles.
• It was the first attempt of a nation-state to
limit the power of its monarch (king).
It was:
The Magna Carta
Who was I:
• I was the Russian Ruler who threw off the
rule of the Mongols.
• I centralized power in Moscow, and
expanded Russian power.
• It was my grandson, whom many people
called Ivan the Terrible who became the
first czar of Russia.
I was:
Ivan the Great
(Ivan III)
Ivan the Great expels the Mongols from Russia, and centralizes power in Moscow.
Who was I:
• I established the French throne in Paris.
• I eventually expanded my royal power
over the rest of France from Paris.
• I established a hereditary dynasty of
French kings called the Capetians, or
Capetian Dynasty.
I was:
Hugh Capet
What was it:
• It spread in 1347.
• It resulted in decline in population, decline
in trade, scarcity of labor, people being
freed from feudal obligations, and
disruption of trade.
• It was also know as the Bubonic Plague.
It was:
The Black Death
Who were they:
• They translated Greek and Arabic works
into Latin.
• They were responsible for new knowledge
in philosophy, medicine and science in
Europe.
• They were among the few people who
could read or write during the Middle Ages,
and they laid the foundation for the rise of
universities in Europe.
They were:
Church scholars/ monks
Big Results of the Crusades that you
MUST KNOW for the SOL Test!
-Again, because it is important!
1. They increased demand for Middle Eastern
products (spices and textiles), and it
stimulated production of goods to trade in
the Middle Eastern markets.
2. The Catholic Church changed its idea about
the usury / charging interest, and stimulated
banking and credit to begin trade.
3. Arabic numerals were introduced to the west
along with new banking practices.
What was it:
• It was a movement that began in Northern Italian port
cities (who had contact with the Middle East through
trade) and spread to the rest of Europe.
• It was a movement to revive the ancient teachings
and art forms of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.
• It involved humanism, or the idea that people were
good, and could help their own redemption and
salvation. Thus it emphasized humanistic themes,
not just religious ones, as in the Middle Ages.
It was:
The Renaissance
Who was I:
• I wrote a book during the Renaissance for my
patron, in which I discuss rulers gaining and
keeping power.
• I advise leaders to do good if possible, but also
to do evil when necessary.
• My book, The Prince, supported the idea of
absolute power and the end justifying the
means – my name became the root for a word
that means leadership by any means
necessary.
I was:
Niccolo Machiavelli
Who was I:
• I was a Renaissance humanist, artist,
painter, scholar. Many considered me the
ultimate “renaissance man.”
• I was persecuted by the Catholic Church
for sodomy and necromancy (worship of
the dead) despite being one of its greatest
artists.
• I painted the Mona Lisa, and The Last
Supper.
I was:
Leonardo da Vinci
Who was I:
• I was a contemporary of Leonardo da Vinci,
yet was darker in my themes… besides, I
thought of myself more as a sculptor than a
painter.
• I painted biblical scenes on the ceiling of the
Sistine Chapel for my patron, Pope Julius II.
• I sculpted the David of Florence.
I was:
Michelangelo
Who was I:
• I was an Italian poet who lived from 1304-1374.
• I wrote sonnets and other humanist scholarship,
or works that celebrated man and human
topics.
• Many consider me the “father of humanism.”
I was:
Francisco Petrarch
“True, we love life,
not because we are used to living,
but because we are used to loving.
There is always some madness in love,
but there is also always some reason in
madness.”
-Petrarch
Where was it:
• The Renaissance spread from Italy, with
themes of humanism, to here.
• The themes of the Renaissance shifted to
reform of religion when it spread to here.
• Movable type, invented by Gutenberg,
made this the logical place for the
Renaissance to spread to.
It was:
Northern Europe
Who was I:
• I was a Dutch teacher and theologian.
• I was exiled for poking fun at the Church,
although I called for church reform, rather
than doing away with the church.
• I wrote In Praise of Folly (1511).
I was:
Erasmus
Who was I:
• I was the Archbishop of Canterbury, who
criticized Henry VIII for his behaviors, and
was later assassinated for it.
• I wrote a book about a perfect society.
• My book was called Utopia.
I was:
Sir Thomas More
What were they:
• They were 3 ancient kingdoms in the
Americas. They were whipped out by disease
and colonization when Europeans came in the
late 1400s and early 1500s.
• They were known for pyramidal architecture
and agricultural advancements.
• They were robbed of massive amounts of gold
and silver by the Spanish Conquistadores.
They were:
The Maya (Yucatan
Peninsula of Mexico),
The Aztec (Central
Valley of Mexico),
and the Inca (Andes
Mountains in Peru).