Transcript The Impact of RoHS, WEEE, EuP and REACH GREEN MANUFACTURING

REDUCING TOXICS
The Impact of RoHS, WEEE, EuP and REACH
on the supply chain for
GREEN MANUFACTURING
Professor Y.C. Chan
PhD, FIEEE, FHKIE, FIEE, CEng,
Chair Professor of Electronic Engineering,
City University of Hong Kong
Director, EPA Centre.
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Recycling of Electrical and Electronic
Components (EEE)
E-waste treatment in (贵屿) Guiyu, (广东) Guangdong
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Green Peace China
Outline
 WEEE, RoHS, EuP and REACH
 How to decrease the usage of hazardous substances (HS)
 Recycling of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE)
 Energy saving – EuP
 Reducing the toxic materials
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What is Green Manufacturing?
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Green manufacturing is defined as the design, processing and
commercial use of materials processes and products, which are
economical and sustainable while minimizing pollution and risk
to human health and the environment.
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Green Manufacturing” refers to a set of multidisciplinary
approaches aimed at reducing:
1. Energy consumption
2. Material usage/toxics
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The issues on Green Manufacturing Processes include :
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What is Green Manufacturing?
Product Design
Process Design
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Life Cycles
Materials
Assembly & Disassembly
Quality function deployment (QFD)
Design for Desirables (DFx)
System Issues & Industrial Ecology
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System Modeling
Life Cycle Analysis
Risk Assessment and Management
Decision Making
Future Steps
Types & Wastes
Process Impacts
Plant Issues
Input-Output Analysis
Supply Chain Issues
Disposal and
recycle
Raw
Materials
Maintenance
Manufacturing
Packaging
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The Three Spheres of Sustainability
Environmental
Natural Resource use
Environmental Management
Pollution Prevention
(Air, Water, Land, Waste)
Economic
Profit
Cost Savings
Economic Growth
Research &
Development
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Need for Green Manufacturing
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Customers are environment conscious.
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Environmental protection is a top agenda for everyone.
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Reasons for environmental care
 running out of fossil fuel supply (energy crisis)
 global warming
 depletion of the ozone layer
 loss of trees and forest
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Green manufacturing is a challenge for today but as Business
opportunities for tomorrow.
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Measures for Prevention of the
Environmental Pollution Cause by E Wastes
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Establishing electronic waste management.
ROHS, WEEE, REACH, etc.
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Promoting green manufacturing design technology and proper energy saving
technology.
(Design for environment DfE), EuP, etc.
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Standardizing and developing the collection and recycling industry,
strengthening the e-waste management.
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Educating the public and disseminating information on e-waste problems.
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Restriction of Hazardous Substances
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European Union Directive -2002/95/EC- on the Restriction Of the use of certain Hazardous Substances (RoHS) in
electrical and electronic equipment (EEE).
Effective July 1, 2006, requires restricting or prohibiting the use of the following substances in electrical and electronic
equipment in covered EEE:
Lead (Pb) - found in cables and terminations, solders, PCB coatings.
- Overexposure to lead can damage blood-forming, nervous, urinary and reproductive systems.
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Cadmium (Cd) - used in rechargeable batteries (NiCd), plastic stabilizers, electroplating.
- cancer-causing agent– especially prostate and kidney cancer in humans (carcinogen).
- toxic to the respiratory system (destroy epithelium layer).
- high exposure results in severe bronchial and pulmonary irritation.
- hamper the development and function of immune system, reproductive organs and nervous system.
3. Mercury (Hg) - used in dental fillings, batteries. In electronics industry, thermal indicators, fluorescent lamp.
- Very small amount of Hg can do a significant damage to the environment. For example, 1gm of Hg per year is enough to
contaminate all the fish in lake with a surface area of 8 hectares.
4.
Hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) - Used in dyes, pigments, alloys, catalysis, plating and tanning, screws, nuts.
- Cr(VI) is a known human carcinogen, Cr(VI) is also a respiratory tract irritant.
- Hexavalent chromium (Cr6+ ) exists in alkaline, strongly oxidizing environments.
- Trivalent chromium (Cr3+ ) exists in moderately oxidizing and reduced environments.
5.
Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) & Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE)
-Used as flame retardants in plastics TV / Display Cabinets, PCB – epoxy resin, Wire / cable insulation and connectors.
- It will react and form polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDD) and polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDF) after its
reaction to put down fire. Both are carcinogenic elements.
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Exemptions of RoHS
• Lead:
- in the glass of cathode ray tubes, electronic components, fluorescent tubes.
- in certain steel (<0.35%), aluminum (<0.4%) and copper alloys (< 4%)
- in high melting temperature type solders
- in solders for servers and Storage Arrays (Until 2010)
- in solders for network infrastructure equipment in electronic ceramic parts (i.e.
piezoelectric components)
• Mercury: in some lighting applications
• Cadmium: Cd plating
• Hexavalent chromium: in absorption refrigerators.
The proposed RoHS exemptions as proposed on January 2008 are:
• Lead in solders for the connection of very thin enameled wires with a terminal (submitted by
Siemens)
• Lead and cadmium as components of the glazes and color used to glaze or decorate lamp
bases, lamp carriers or clocks (submitted by Cérame-Unie)
• Lead in solders in a third party component of Cortex family equipment (submitted by InSnec)
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China RoHS
Measures for Administration of the Pollution Control of Electronic Information Products .
(电子信息产品污染控制管理办法)
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Issued: Feb. 28, 2006 Effective: March 1, 2007.
The Measures, regarded as Chinese RoHS, will regulate all production and distribution activities for
Electronic Information Products (EIPs) in China, as well as the import of EIPs to China. They specify
hazardous substances in EIPs and place requirements and obligations on the manufacturers and
importers.
Applicable scope:
Electronic information products (EIP), including:
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Radio and television products, Computer products, Household electronic products etc.
Regulated substances:
TS (Toxic Substance) and HS (Hazardous Substance) shall refer to the substances similar to EU RoHS
contained in electronic information products of 10 Categories as explained in the “Priority Products
Catalog”.
Key Proposed Elements:
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Environmentally friendly materials and design (Article 9, 10).
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Labeling (Article 13).
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Environment-friendly use period (Article 11).
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Obligation for dealers / sellers (Article 15).
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U.S.A
Federal – limited activity
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States – led by CA, MA, ME, NY, WA, VT, NJ, SF.
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Increasingly regional in approach.
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Enforcement is ad hoc and public.
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No judicial resolution and hence have an uncertain precedent.
California RoHS: Senate Bill 20: Electronic Waste Recycling Act of 2003
Senate Bill 50*: Emergency Amendment to SB 20
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Restricts the use of lead, mercury, cadmium, and hexavalent chromium, not flame retardants.
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“Covered electronic devices” are restricted.
Covered electronic devices is a Video display devices containing a 4” screen measured diagonally
and fit in following categories like Cathode ray tubes, Computer monitors containing CRTs,
Laptop computers with LCDs, LCD containing desktop monitors, Cathode ray tube containing
devices (CRT devices), TVs containing CRTs, TVs containing LCD screens, Plasma TVs, DVD
Players.
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Japan
Enforcement Regulation of the Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law.
• Product categories are similar to EU RoHS.
Law for the Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources.
• The objectives of the law are summarized and are sometimes referred to as Design for
Environment (DfE).
• Rationalize use of raw materials: Depending upon the industry being regulated, this could
mean adopting small or lightweight parts and materials, reducing amount of generated byproducts, and/or improving production yields.
• Use recyclable resources & reusable parts: Depending upon the industry being
regulated, this could mean using recycled materials & used parts in products, using raw
materials that can be recycled, designing products to facilitate disassembly for recycling,
labeling products to facilitate sorted collection, operating voluntary take-back of used
products, and/or processing discarded products for reuse.
• Promote long term use of products: Depending upon the industry being regulated, this
could mean making parts of durable materials, designing products that can be repaired or
upgraded, and/or using universal parts to facilitate repair.
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Green Manufacturing
Source: Philips Medical
Systems
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Green Manufacturing
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Green Manufacturing
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Waste Electrical and Electronic
Equipments (WEEE)
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European Union Directive -2002/96/EC- on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE).
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Promote re-use, recycling and recovery of electronic waste to reduce quantities of such waste
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Improve environmental performance of producers, distributors and consumers)
Register of Producers
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If you are a ‘producer’ then you will have to register with the Environment Agency.
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Declaration of types of products sold, weights and b2c / b2b split.
Marking and information. (Articles 10, 11 and 12)
Collection arrangements. (Article 5)
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Retailer or final user can take back depending on the written agreement between them.
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In-store collection, collection points.
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‘Producers’ to pay for recover and recycling of both ‘historic’ and ‘new’ WEEE
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A visible fee can be charged on the sale of products.
Treatment after recovery and recycling. (Article 6)
Product design. (Article 4)
Producer allocation and financing. (Article 8 and 9) and penalties.
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What does WEEE Cover?
Dependent on electric currents or electromagnetic fields to work and generate, transfer and measure fields.
Voltage rating <1000 Volts AC or < 1500 Volts DC
Covers 10 categories of equipment (Annex IA):
1- Large and small household appliances. 2- IT and telecommunications equipment.
3- Consumer equipment. 4- Lighting equipment. 5- Automatic dispensers.
6- Electrical and electronic tools (not large-scale stationary industrial tools).
7- Toys, leisure and sports equipment. 8- Medical devices. 9- Monitoring and control instruments.
General Exemptions for WEEE:Equipment that operates over 1000v AC or 1500v DC.
Military equipment (specific use).
Implanted and infected medical equipment.
Fixed installations.
Large scale stationary industrial tools.
Equipment that is part of another type of equipment that is not within the scope of the Directive.
Equipment that does not rely on electricity to perform its primary function.
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China WEEE
Administrative Regulations on the Recycling and treatment of Waste and Used household Electronic Products and
Electronic Products. (废旧家电及电子产品回收处理管理条例)
“Regulations on Recycling and Disposal of Waste and Used Household Electrical Appliances”.
Applicable scope
The scope of China WEEE is broad that it covers “household electrical and electronic products.”
Currently, the products categories listed in China WEEE include: 1. Air conditioners; 2.Computers; 3.Refrigerators;
4.Televisions; 5.Washing machines
Funding Mechanism: National special funds to subsidize WEEE
•National special funds to subsidize WEEE recycling and disposal will be established.
Producers’ Responsibility:
•Producers of electrical and electronic products shall Design products that favor recovery and reuse, select non- or low
hazardous and toxic substances, and provide information on major material composition in the product manual.
•Conduct WEEE treatment on their own or consign it to qualified treatment entities.
•Provide to Provincial relevant authorities with information on product category, quantity that produced, sold and exported.
Collection:
•Dealers and post-sale service organizations are liable to the collection, and deliver the collected products to qualified
treatment organizations.
•WEEE Treatment Companies shall be qualified by relevant authorities at provincial level, and undertake testing, repair,
labeling, and disposal of covered WEEE and sell the used products for resale. Reused
•WEEE must meet certain “security and performance” standards (Article 13).
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EEE Recycling and Related Legislation in
China
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Electronic waste recycling has already been embodied in some related laws and regulations in
China
Cleaner Production Promotion Law.
(清洁生产促进法)
Issued: June 29, 2002 Effective: January 1, 2003.
Article 20:
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“When products and packaging are designed, their influences on mankind and natural environments during
their life-cycle must be considered and priority accorded to selecting toxin-free, nonhazardous, easily
degraded and easily recycled options.”
Article 27:
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“If any product or package is listed in the compulsory recycling directory, enterprises engaged in their
production or sale shall recycle the discarded product or used packaging.” (translated by NDRC)
Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by
Solid Waste.
(中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法)
Issued: December 29, 2004 Effective: April 1, 2005.
Article 5:
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“producers are responsible for prevention and treatment of their own solid waste.”
Article 18
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“requests that the design of products and packages must be complied with the national clean production
related regulation, and that the companies which produce, sell or import the products and packages that
are listed in the compulsory recycling directory, must take back their products and packages in compliance
with the related regulation.”
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Green Recycling
Coasters - Cutouts
(made from recycled circuit boards)
Rain Saver - Blackwall (Even Greener)
(Made from recycled plastic)
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Caddies - CAT
(Made from recycled plastic)
Chair - Blue Marmalade Ltd.
(made from recyclable plastic)
Doormat - Lakeland Limited
(made from recycled rubber)
Leather Bound Journal – Natural
History Museum
(made from reclaimed leather & recycled
paper)
Green Production and Process
Green concept in design
Greener Production Management:
- Resource saving
- Utilize Green production process
- Selection of proper tools and equipment
- Recyclable constructions
- Choice of components – non-toxic, recyclable
- Minimize the number of components
- Vendor selection
 Component compliance
 Materials control
 Vendor commitment and monitoring
 Process control
 Tools and equipment selection
 Storage management
 Packing materials
Green manufacturing process :
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Lead-Free Soldering for electronics
“No Clean” PCB Assembly
Reduce Emission of Pollutants
Use of environment-friendly chemicals
JEDEC
JEIDA
EUELVD
< 0.2wt%Pb (Joint Electron Device Eng. Council)
< 0.1wt%Pb (Jap. Elec Ind. Development Ass.)
< 0.1wt%Pb (EU End of Life Vehicles Directive)
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Use the lead-free solders to manufacture the products and don’t allow any intentionally added Pb in the
products, then the products can be defined as lead-free products!
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Packaging Materials – Disposal and Environment-friendly
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No release of toxic substances in product life
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End of Life Treatment – Recycling of Components, Collection of equipment
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Use of Biodegradable materials
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Green Designs
Some landmarks in the company’s green product development
Source: Canon, Japan.
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Alternatives in Material Selection
Age of Plastics
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The worldwide production of synthetic plastics reaches 260 billion pounds/year (50 lbs/person/per year).
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Approximately 30% of the plastics produced used for packaging.
Plastics and Environment
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Feedstock's for most synthetic polymers are petroleum (crude oil), natural gas and coal-natural
resources that have taken millions of years to be formed and are nonrenewable.
Recycling of Plastics
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Plastic drink containers to make up every pound of toys can help to keep at least ten out of the dump.
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Utilization of recycled materials in product design enhance the recyclability of components at the end of
useful life
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Alternatives in Material Selection
Bio-based/biodegradable Plastics
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Bio-plastics
Petroleum based synthetic biodegradable plastic
Biopolymer: Life Cycle
Biopolymers are naturally recycled by biological processes.
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Performance polymers (e.g., PLA) from annually renewable
resources (corn, plants, milk byproducts)
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With proper structure, biopolymers can be decomposed and
recycled
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Applicable to extrusion, thermoforming, and blow molding
packaging solutions.
Major Advantages with Biopolymers
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Renewable (sustainable)
Biodegradable
Biocompatible
Environmental friendly
Source: R. A. Gross and B. Kalra, Science, V.297, p.803 (2002).
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Energy Using Products (EUP)
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On July 6, 2005, the European Parliament issued a directive “establishing a
framework for the setting of eco-design requirements for energy-using products”.
 On establishing a framework for the setting of Eco-design requirements for Energy-
Using Products and amending Council Directive 92/42/EEC
 Currently covers Boilers, fridges/freezers and ballasts for fluorescent lights
 Very wide scope – all products with an energy source, except for forms of transport.
 The initial focus will be on electric motor systems, HVAC equipment, water
heaters, domestic appliances, consumer electronics, office equipment, and
lighting except for all means of transportation . Over time, expand to include all
energy-using products.
 Those which represent a significant volume of sales and trade more than 200,000
units a year within the EU.
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Full List of Product Group
• Boilers and combo boilers
• Electric motors, water pumps
• Water heaters
• Commercial fridges and freezers
• PCs and monitors
• Domestic refrigerators and freezers
• Imaging equipment
• Domestic dishwashers and washers
• Consumer electronics (TVs)
• Solid fuel small combustion
• Stand-by losses
• Battery chargers and external
power supplies
installations
• Vacuum cleaners
• Laundry dryers
• Office lighting
• Complex set-top boxes
• Public lighting
• Domestic lighting
• Residential room conditioning
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Green – Energy Saving
Energy Efficient Solutions for Electronics
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Vitesse's Ethernet devices help consumers save up to 80% of unnecessary energy consumption
Energy Advantage 25W T8
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Lowest energy consuming 4ft T8
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Lower Energy Cost
Easy to Experience:
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Change existing 32w T8
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Save 25% energy, instantly!
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No ballast change required!
Advanced:
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Low Mercury - Better for the environment
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Exceeds LEED requirements
Source: Vitesse Ethernet Solutions, US.
Source: Philips Electronics.
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What is REACH?
REACH stands for Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals adopted in December
2006.
REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 and Directive 2006/121/EC amending Directive 67/548/EEC were
published in the official Journal on 30 December 2006.
Enterprises which manufacture or import more than one tonne of a chemical substance per year will be
required to register it in a central database administered by the new EU Chemicals Agency.
Registration:
 Around 30000 estimated substances produced or imported into the EU at >1 tonne /year has to be registered.
 Registration deadlines for substances produced or imported to EU:
First year of entry into force (1 June 2007) to year 3: Substances of greater hazard which are produced or
imported to EU at the rate > 1000 tonnes and CMR (carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic to reproduction )> 1
tonnes have to be registered along with relevant testing documents.
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From year 3 to year 6: Substances produced or imported to EU at rate of 100 tonnes – 1000 tonnes have
to be registered .
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From year 6 to year 11: Substances produced or imported to EU at rate of < 100 tonnes will be registered.
 A non phase-in substance is a completely new substance that has neither been used nor registered in
the market before the entry of force of REACH.
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Definition of REACH
Evaluation:
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Will require the submission of additional data – could be substantial.
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Prioritization criteria to take account of Tonnage.
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Hazard and exposure.
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Potential risk to human health or the environment.
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Dossiers for substances with volumes >100 tonnes will be subjected to an evaluation by the
relevant national authorities.
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Where an authorities believes that the risk of using a substances is expected to
be high
e.g. due to the structure of the substance, they can carry out a more detailed assessment.
Authorization:
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Substances of high concern must be authorized for use at an EU or national level, e.g.
CMR’s(carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic to reproduction), PBT’s(persistent, bioaccumulative
and toxic), vPvB’s ( very persistent and very bioaccumulative), POP’s(persistent organic
pollutants) endocrine disruptors
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Authorization of specific uses
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Development of a data file and preparation of a risk assessment
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Can obtain a conditional authorization on socio- economic grounds
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Summary
Impact on Industries:
To comply with the regulations, we need to invest in:
Control the Wastage of resources develop systems to monitor.
Monitoring the supply of materials.
New production equipments and process technologies, e.g. lead-free soldering.
Quality and reliability enhancement.
Testing of components.
Best Management practice and Enterprise resource planning (ERP) upgrade
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Summary
Positive impact of green manufacturing
 Testing ground to competitors on the basis of knowledge, technologies,
investment and management.
 Higher quality of products in the market.
 Greater market share due to better product image
 Cost reduction on a long term basis by controlling process, energy and
resources
 Global companies partnership among “green” suppliers and manufacturers
only.
 Enhance company name and image by way of better products.
 Healthy and competitively clean working environment.
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