Transcript Document 7132763

Eco-cities
An eco-city is a human settlement that enables its
residents to live a good quality of life while using
minimal natural resources.
History of City:
Stage I: Pre-modern quasi-sustainable settlements: prior to
industrial revolution. Characterized by systems of cities whose size
and spacing depended on each center’s territorial span of control
(carrying capacity region or hinderland) and its technological and
political ability to increase yields of food and other resources from
its hinterland without long-term environmental degradation.
The span of control (and the size of hinderland) dependent on the
nature of the surrounding terrain and the existence of natural routes
like rivers. It also depended on the technological and economic
ability of a center to recycle its wastes and to overcome:
transportation costs.
Stage II: the colonial/industrial revolution unsustainable stage.
The powerful settlement has appropriated the carrying capacities
of nearby smaller settlements, artificially expanding its own. The
powerful mega settlement cannot sustain without the support from
these nearby hinderlands, yet they have to support their
population from reduced carrying capacity resources, and thus
unsustainable.
The agricultural and industrial revolution of the late 18th and 19th
centuries some settlements were able to accumulate
disproportionate amounts of wealth and power, enabling them to
increase the carrying capacity of their regions and to appropriate
the hinderlands of neighboring centers, causing the latter to
contract or atrophy.
Stage III: sustainable cities of the future.
The mega settlement has reached the limits of its carrying
capacity with the best available technology of the time and is
now appropriating the surplus carrying capacity of neighboring or
distant hinterlands. Assuming that such appropriation involves
no degradation of the environment, then the mega center should
compensate nearby supporting centers for the benefits foregone
as a result of the appropriation of part of their carrying capacity.
If damage has occurred to the latter, then in addition to the
compensation for benefits forgone, the replacement costs of
rehabilitating the damaged environmental system should be paid.
For example, direct air or favorable terms of trade and relaxed
immigration policies. (equalizing wealth among these centers).
Ecocity (sustainable city): an ecologically healthy city. It is
to enhance the health and quality if life of their
inhabitants and maintain the ecosystems on which they
depend. It minimizes the input of energy, water and food
and its waster output of heat, air pollution, and water
pollution.
Eco-city development requirements:
1. Ecological security: clean air, and safe, reliable water supplies, food,
healthy housing and workplaces, municipal services and protection against
disasters for all people.
2. Ecological sanitation: efficient, cost-effective eco-engineering for treating
and recycling human excreta, gray water, and all wastes.
3. Ecological industrial metabolism: resource conservation and environmental
protection through industrial transition, emphasizing materials re-use, lifecycle production, renewable energy, efficient transportation, and meeting
human needs.
4. Ecological-landscape integrity: arrange built structures, open spaces (parks
and plazas), connectors (streets and bridges), and natural features
(waterways, and ridgelines) to maximize biodiversity and accessibility of
the city for all citizens while conserving energy and resources and
alleviating such problems as automobile accidents, air pollution,
hydrological deterioration, heat island effects and global warming.
5. Ecological awareness: help people understand their place in nature, cultural
identity, responsibility for the environment and help them change their
consumption behavior and enhance their ability to contribute to maintaining
high quality urban ecosystems.
Sustainable City
Carrying capacity: the maximum population that can be supported
indefinitely in a given habitat without permanently impairing the
productivity of the ecosystem upon which that population is
dependent. Mostly by the availability of inputs of energy and matters
and the efficiently with which the latter can be metabolized and
recycled.
The metabolism of cities: an analogy between settlements and living
organisms and the way that both consume, transform, and discharge
energy and matter.
2008 US City Sustainability Rankings
Cities are listed by their 2008 Rankings order. Numbers in parentheses
( ) denote 2006 Rankings.
1. Portland, OR (1)
2. San Francisco, CA (2)
3. Seattle, WA (3)
4. Chicago, IL (4)
5. New York, NY (6)
6. Boston, MA (7)
7. Minneapolis, MN (10)
8. Philadelphia, PA (8)
9. Oakland, CA (5)
10. Baltimore, MD (11)
11. Denver, CO (9)
12. Milwaukee, WI (16)
13. Austin, TX (14)
14. Sacramento, CA (13)
15. Washington, DC (12)
16. Cleveland, OH (28)
17. Honolulu, HI (15)
18. Albuquerque, NM (19)
19. Atlanta, GA (38)
20. Kansas City, MO (18)
21. San Jose, CA (23)
22. Tucson, AZ (20)
23. Jacksonville, FL (36)
24. Dallas, TX (24)
25. Omaha, NE (37)
26. San Diego, CA (17)
27. New Orleans, LA (32)
28. Los Angeles, CA (25)
29. Louisville, KY (35)
30. Columbus, OH (50)
31. Detroit, MI (43)
32. Phoenix, AZ (22)
33. San Antonio, TX (21)
34. Miami, FL (29)
35. Charlotte, NC (34)
36. Houston, TX (39)
37. Fresno, CA (33)
38. El Paso, TX (31)
39. Fort Worth, TX (46)
40. Nashville, TN (42)
41. Arlington, TX (41)
42. Long Beach, CA (30)
43. Colorado Springs, CO (26)
44. Indianapolis, IN (45)
45. Virginia Beach, VA (48)
46. Memphis, TN (43)
47. Las Vegas, NV (27)
48. Tulsa, OK (40)
49. Oklahoma City, OK (49)
50. Mesa, AZ (47)
1. Portland, OR
A Role Model for the Nation
Green row houses in
Portland, Oregon
Sustainable City - Curitiba, Brazil
The city of Curitiba in Brazil is recognized as one of the world’s most sustainable
cities. A city with a population of 1.8 million people situated in east Brazil, an area
known for its poverty and violence, it has become an international model in
ecological, social and economic sustainability.
Curitiba was one of the first cities to have a pedestrian area. This was
thanks to Jaime Lerner, a planner by profession, being appointed mayor.
In 1972, the historic boulevard the Rua Quinze de Novembro, was
converted virtually overnight, into a pedestrian area. Workman planted tens
of thousands of flowers. The street was closed on the Friday night, when it
reopened 48 hours later, it was a pedestrian area, one of the first in the
world.
People took the flowers, workman added more. Protests by motorists, were
met by children bearing flowers, which has led to the alternative name of
the street Rua das Flores.
Had this historic street not been pedestrianised, it was destined to be
destroyed for an overpass, as have so many historic streets in towns and
cities across the world.
Cities should not only be designed for people not cars, they should be
designed that people do not need cars.
The government instituted a
program that allowed residents of
favelas to turn in their trash in
exchange for bus tickets or food.
This greatly improves the quality of
life for the urban poor. And the
program doesn't cost anymore than
it would cost the government to hire
out a private contractor to collect
the trash.
Curitiba also boasts an amazing rate
of recycling: approximately 2/3 of the
city's waste is recycled! The money
that the government makes from the
recycling gets funneled into social
programs for low-income sectors,
including environmental education
for children. Children learn how to
recycle and grow vegetables. The
teenagers can use their gardening
skills to earn money for their
neighborhood associations.
The city was designed to promote equity. Buses
were chosen for a simple reason: they're
cheaper. (Los Angeles, take note.) The designers
of Curitiba recognized that they could build an
efficient, well-designed bus system at a fraction
of the price of a subway system.
By the 1990s, two-thirds of Curitiba's population
used public transit!
A sustainable building, or green building is an outcome of a
design which focuses on increasing the efficiency of resource
use — energy, water, and materials — while reducing building
impacts on human health and the environment during the
building's lifecycle, through better sitting, design, construction,
operation, maintenance, and removal.
Impacts of the built environment:
Aspects of
Built
Environment:
Siting
Design
Construction
Operation
Maintenance
Renovation
Deconstruction
Consumption:
Energy
Water
Materials
Natural
Resources
Environmental
Effects:
Ultimate
Effects:
Waste
Air pollution
Water pollution
Indoor pollution
Heat islands
Stormwater
runoff
Noise
Harm to Human
Health
Environment
Degradation
Loss of
Resources
Green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of
the built environment on human health and the natural
environment by:
Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources
Protecting occupant health and improving employee
productivity
Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation
For example, green buildings may
incorporate sustainable materials in their
construction (e.g., reused, recycled-content,
or made from renewable resources); create
healthy indoor environments with minimal
pollutants (e.g., reduced product emissions);
and/or feature landscaping that reduces
water usage (e.g., by using native plants that
survive without extra watering).
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
LEED was created to accomplish the following:
Define "green building" by establishing a common
standard of measurement
Promote integrated, whole-building design practices
Recognize environmental leadership in the building
industry
Stimulate green competition
Raise consumer awareness of green building benefits
Transform the building market
World Trade Center,
considered New York
City's first "green" office
tower by gaining gold
status in the U.S. Green
Building Council's LEED
program.
Sustainable scores (14 points total)
Construction Activity Pollution Prevention Plan (required)
Site selection (1 pt)
Development density and community connectivity (1 pt)
Brownfield redevelopment (1 pt)
Alternative transportation availability:
Public transportation access (1 pt)
Bicycle storage and changing rooms (1 pt)
Low-emitting and fuel-efficient vehicles (1 pt)
Parking capacity and carpooling (1 pt)
Reduced site disturbance:
Protect or restore open space (1 pt)
Development footprint (1 pt)
Stormwater management:
Rate and quantity (1 pt)
Treatment (1 pt)
Reduce heat islands:
Roof (1 pt)
Non-roof (1 pt)
Light pollution reduction (1 pt)
Greensburg, KS after EF-5
tornado struck. The city has
mandated that all city
buildings larger than 4,000
sq. ft. must be built to
LEED-Platinum level and
must have an energy
performance level at least
42% better than current
building code requirements.
Water efficiency (5 points total)
Water efficient landscaping:
Reduce by 50% (1 pt)
No potable use or no irrigation (1 pt)
Innovative wastewater technologies (1 pt)
Water use reduction:
(20%) (1 pt)
(30%) (1 pt)
Energy and atmosphere (17 points total)
Downtown mall, Charlottesville,
Fundamental commissioning (required)
VA, first small towns in the United
Minimum (code) energy performance (required)
States to enact green building
Fundamental Refrigerant Management (required)
legislation
Optimize energy performance by 14% (new) or 7%
(existing) buildings (2 pts, required as of June 26, 2007)
Energy optimization (8 pts in addition to the 2 required
above)
On-site renewable energy (3 pts)
Enhanced Commissioning (1 pt)
Enhanced Refrigeration Management (1 pt)
Measurement and verification (1 pt)
Green power (1 pt)
Materials and resources (13 points total)
Storage and collection of recyclables (required)
Building reuse:
75% reuse of building structure and shell
excluding windows (1 pt)
100% reuse of building structure and 50% of
walls, floors, ceilings (1 pt)
Construction waste reuse or recycling:
50% diversion (1 pt)
75% diversion (1 pt)
Reuse of existing materials:
5% salvaged or refurbished materials (1 pt)
10% salvaged or refurbished materials (1 pt)
Recycled content:
10% recycled content (1 pt)
Additional 10% (1 pt)
Use of local materials:
Manufacture within and Extraction within
500 miles (800 km) of building site, 10% (1 pt)
Additional 10% (1 pt)
Rapidly renewable materials (1 pt)
Certified Wood (1 pt)
Indoor environmental quality (15 points total)
Minimum indoor air quality (required)
Environmental tobacco smoke control (required)
Outdoor air delivery monitoring (1 pt)
Increased ventilation (1 pt)
Construction indoor air quality management (2 pt)
Indoor chemical and pollutant source control (1 pt)
Controllability of systems (2 pt)
Thermal comfort (2 pt)
Daylight and views (2 pt)
Innovation and design process (5 points total)
One point for having a LEED AP as a principal
participant on the project.
Additional points for this category are awarded
above and beyond the core 64 points, and are
described as rewarding strategies that go above
and beyond the criteria for those points. Examples
for up to four design points using steel construction
include structure as finish, structure as plumbing,
lightweight materials, recyclability, and potential for
disassembly. (up to 4 pts)
Green buildings provide a potentially promising way to help
address a range of challenges facing California, such as:
The high cost of electric power.
Worsening electric grid constraints, with associated power quality
and availability problems.
Pending water shortage and waste disposal issues.
Continued state and federal pressure to cut criteria pollutants.
Growing concern over the cost of global warming.
• The rising incidence of allergies and asthma, especially in
children.
• The health and productivity of workers.
• The effect of the physical school environment on children’s
abilities to learn.
• Increasing expenses of maintaining and operating state
facilities over time.
The 2030 Challenge
Credible scientists give us 10 years to be well on our way toward global greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions reductions in order to avoid catastrophic climate change. Yet there are
hundreds of coal-fired power plants currently on the drawing boards in the US. Seventysix percent (76%) of the energy produced by these plants will go to operate
buildings.
Architecture 2030 has issued The 2030 Challenge asking the global
architecture and building community to adopt the following targets:
All new buildings, developments and major renovations shall be designed to
meet a fossil fuel, GHG-emitting, energy consumption performance standard of
50% of the regional (or country) average for that building type.
At a minimum, an equal amount of existing building area shall be renovated
annually to meet a fossil fuel, GHG-emitting, energy consumption performance
standard of 50% of the regional (or country) average for that building type.
The fossil fuel reduction standard for all new buildings and major renovations
shall be increased to:
60% in 2010 70% in 2015 80% in 2020 90% in 2025
Carbon-neutral in 2030 (using no fossil fuel GHG emitting energy to
operate).
Passive solar heating during the day is stored in the surrounding
earth to keep home heated at night.
Abstract green architecture
Hundertwasser building is another great
example of a contemporary green roof that is
as impressive as the architecture below it is
bizarre. The Waldspirale (or “forest spiral”)
features over 100 apartments and wraps
around a shared landscaped courtyard space
with an actual flowing stream.
Green architecture
The roof itself features over 30,000
plants of over 70 different species
and brings usable green space to a
dense urban core. (Japan)
Hobbits?
The walls are
made out of
stone and mud
and water
enters the
house by
gravity from a
nearby spring,
and the roof is
entirely green.
Pasadena Municipal Code Chapter
14.90 Green Building Practices
Ordinance.
The City is committed to addressing urban growth
issues impacting energy, waste reduction, urban
design, urban nature, transportation, environmental
health, and water.
Pasadena (continued)
Targets: Reduce energy usage 16%
Reduce potable water usage 20%
Reduce solid waste volumes at least 50%
Achieve 50% average postconsumer recycled and/or tree-free
content in all City
paper purchases
Convert 75% of the City vehicle fleet to reduced-emission fuels
Reduce wastewater flows 15%
Increase total number of trees on public property by 350
Welcome to the web home of the City of Santa Monica, a
beautiful, sustainable community on the shores of the Santa
Monica Bay.
Transportation:
Prosperous Partnership: A pilot transportation collaboration
between Big Blue Bus and Santa Monica College reduced 1.6
million car trips in the first year thus reducing traffic and
greenhouse gas emissions.
Biking is Big: This year the bike valet program parked more
than 20,000 bikes for free at community events around the
city!
Santa Monica (continued)
Better Buildings: The mixed-use Santa Monica Civic Center
Parking Structure received Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design (LEED) certification. The 882 parking space
structure includes 9,000 square feet of commercial retail space
and a solar photovoltaic roof canopy that generates 181 kilowatts
of solar electricity.
Solar Success: Solar capacity in the city has doubled launch of
Solar Santa Monica. To date, there are 139 grid connected solar
projects in the city representing 926 kilowatts of solar capacity.
Compost Collection: The city’s food waste composting program
kept more than 1 million pounds of food waste from Santa Monica
restaurants out of the landfill last year.
Post-Consumer Paper: The city purchases 100% post-consumer
recycled content copy paper for municipal operations. Annually,
this saves an estimated 1.2 million gallons of water, 158,000
pounds of CO2 and leaves 1,700 trees standing in the forests.
The Plaza Apartments opened in January 2006 to provide green affordable
housing in downtown San Francisco.
Plaza Apartments is a 9-story (and basement) mixed-use low-income housing building.
It has 106 single room occupancy (SRO) efficiency studios with private baths. The
housing part of the building contains community rooms, social services, laundry facilities
and a rooftop patio garden for the previously chronically homeless tenants. The ground
floor and basement levels include a credit union and a community theatre.
Tour:
http://www.virtuallygreen.com/vtbs/vtbs_app_with_chat/index.php?tourid=12&tourEntry=true
The Heart of the City and Strawberry Creek Plaza Project IN BERKELEY,
CALIFORNIA
Utilizing ecological rebuilding and design approaches, the Heart of the
City/Strawberry Creek Plaza Project proposes to demonstrate practical,
sustainable solutions to the serious environmental and related social challenges
facing urban communities globally.
Structurally, a Heart of the City Project in Berkeley's downtown embracing an
ecologically oriented design concept would:
1. Create a one block pedestrian street on Center Street between Oxford Street and
Shattuck Avenue.
2. Create a small public plaza.
3. Incorporate a "daylighted" Strawberry Creek into the site design.
4. Create buildings that utilize sustainable design principles, including solar
energy.
The project addresses:
Automobile dependence and transportation alternatives
Pedestrian streets, public space, and street design
The city and region’s housing/jobs geographic imbalance
The need to demonstrate effective green building design, materials, and methods
Education and outreach to the community
Restoration of urban waterways and green space
Local biodiversity
Energy conservation
CO2 abatement/climate change, and related effects
Linkages between environmental restoration and sustainable development
Above: An illustration showing the potential daylighting
of Strawberry Creek, creating a pedestrian
environment on Center Street in Berkeley, California.
Oakland Urban Villages Project
The Oakland Urban Villages Project combines science and
technology with community education, outreach and input to
describe, communicate, and achieve a shared vision for a just
and sustainable city, a model city inspired, perhaps, by the
other great model city, Curitiba, Brazil.
Los Angeles Looks to Re-Green its River
Photo Caption: This is an artist's rendering of parks and pathways along the
Los Angeles River of the future. City officials expect the Los Angeles River
Revitalization Plan, which includes parks, greenspace and over thirty miles of
continuous recreational paths, to be fully implemented in 25 to 50 years.
(Rendering courtesy of Monica Valencia)
Video:
http://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/offices/rowa/?uNewsID=2068