The Cold War 1945 1991

By Ms. Joseph

Cold War

• Competition and tension between the US and USSR for power and influence in the world without any direct fighting • Competitions:  Politics – Democracy vs. Communism (Totalitarianism)  Economics – Capitalism vs. Communism or Mixed Economy vs. Command Economy  Technology  Arms Race (weapons & military)  Space Race  Influence among 3 rd World Nations  Military Alliances – NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

“Weapons” of the Cold War

• Threat of Nuclear Attack • Propaganda • Sending Economic and Military Aid to Weaker Nations

Different Values USA

• • • •

Democracy Freedom Capitalism Individualism

USA rules, USSR drools

USSR

• • • •

Totalitarianism Equality Socialism Collectivism

We are the Best, better than The West

Roots of the Cold War

• WWI    Russia gets out early, US entry helps win the war • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Russians lose 1/3 of their territory • Russian Revolution U.S. doesn’t recognize Russian govt. until 1933  West aids White Army • Treaty of Versailles  Russia not invited  Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia granted independence • WWII  Stalin signs Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact      Stalin pleas for help on eastern front denied Russian losses at 29M, US only 400,000 US refuses to give Russia nuclear technology US drops bomb to avoid giving Russia more territory WWII Agreements – Yalta and Potsdam

YALTA (in the USSR) Date: Feb 1945 Present: Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin

Yalta

• Creation of United Nations • Division of Germany • Russian agree to help defeat Japan in exchange for land • Stalin agrees to

free elections in occupied territories

POTSDAM (Germany) Date: July 1945 Present: Churchill, Truman and Stalin

Potsdam

• Stalin has refused free elections , instead installed communist governments in occupied territories.

• US has the A-bomb and are anxious to restrict Russia • Finalize agreement to divide Germany and Berlin

Cold War Foreign Policies

US • Truman Doctrine • Containment • Marshall Plan • NATO • United Nations USSR • Soviet Satellites – Iron Curtain • Molotov Plan • Warsaw Pact • United Nations

Truman Doctrine

• CAUSE - Greece and Turkey threatened with communist takeovers • 1947 Truman promised that the USA

“would support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures”

. • US Foreign Policy military aid to nations resisting communist takeovers - provide money and • Greece and Turkey , received $400M first and successfully defeated communism • Italy received $$ to secure upcoming advance of Communist trade unions • It signalled the end of

“isolationst”

policies.

Containment

• Containment – US Foreign Policy to keep

communism within its existing borders • Places were Containment Policy was used:

– Greece – Turkey – South Korea – Berlin – Vietnam

Marshall Plan

help rebuild European • Purpose to – Prevent spread of communism by eliminating encourage communism • Catch -$ had to be spent on products made in the US • USSR - rejected the a plan to boost the US economy and make countries

United Nations

• Purpose - International Organization established after WWII to maintain international peace • Organization  – 6 main groups Security Council o resolves disputes, maintains peace and security o 15 members, 5 permanent       Russia, China, US, France, Great Britain General Assembly o Representatives from all member nations o Makes policies Secretariat – executive and administrative duties Economic and Social Council – provides economic assistance and programs to 3 rd world nations International Council – oversees transition to colonial rule World Court – resolves international disputes, war crimes

United Nations

Problems - Between 1945-1949 US and USSR vetoed each other initiatives. Many were concerned that the UN might become another LON 1950 – USSR boycotted UN over failure to recognize Communist China  enabled the US to take action in Korea  UN resolution to sends troops to aid South Korea against a North Korean invasion ensured that the UN could send troops to resolve international disputes

Iron Curtain

• • • “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent” Winton Churchill

Soviet Satellites -

Soviet controlled countries in Eastern Europe (aka countries behind the iron curtain)

Purpose

– protect USSR from invasion from the West

Molotov Plan

• USSRs plan to counter the Marshall Plan a.k.a COMCON • Eastern European countries under Soviet influence received some aid

Soviet Union Tests Bomb

• 1949 Soviets Test first Atomic Bomb • US and West react with fear and despair • Arms Race Begins

NATO and Warsaw Pact

NATO

• Military Alliance between the US and western Europe • An attack against one nation would be considered an attack against all

Warsaw Pact

• Military Alliance between the USSR and Eastern Europe • Pledge to defend one another in the event of an attack

Cold War Events Tension and Conflict

• Berlin – Airlift – Wall • U2 Spy Plane • Cuba • Korea • Vietnam

Divided Germany

• Germany had been divided into 4 sectors after WWII  Allies remain in these territories and implement their own economies/political systems • Allies had different goals for Germany  USSR -

prevent Germany from becoming too strong again

 Western Allies -

make Germany economically strong to avoid Communism

Iron Curtain – A term used by Winston Churchill to describe the separating of Those communist lands of East Europe from the West.

Improve your knowledge

• The Russians took very high casualties to capture Berlin in May 1945. They spent the early occupation trying to take over all zones of the city but were stopped by German democrats such as Willy Brandt and Konrad Adenauer. Reluctantly the Russians had to admit the Americans, French and British to their respective zones.

Berlin Blockade

• CAUSES – Western Allies attempt to unite the Western Sectors of

Germany and Berlin and form an independent West Germany with a common currency

– Stalin responds with attempt to take over all of Berlin – 1948 Stalin tries to starve the city to – USSR cut off all ground access to Berlin, leaving 2M West Berliners without food, electricity and fuel

Berlin Blockade

• You are President Truman…What would you have done to save West Berlin?

• What are the pros and cons to each alternative?

Truman’s Choices

• Use military force to gain ground access to West Berlin • Give up West Berlin to Soviets • Is there another?



Airlift Food and Supplies

Berlin Airlift

• Purpose – to prevent the takeover of West Berlin by the USSR • US sent 2M tons of supplies to West Berlin on Cargo Plans • Plans landed 24hrs/day to keep west Berliners from starving

Operation “Little Vittles”

•

US pilots drop candy to the children of West Berlin using parachutes made of handkerchiefs

Extended Thinking

What did the Berlin Airlift do for Stalin?

As you view the film, make note of the end the west and east sectors of Germany?

Berlin Airlift

Effects of Berlin Blockade

• Success for Containment • Germany became 2 countries – East and West Germany • Berlin became permanently divided • US – appeared as friend rather than foe to West German’s • USSR/Stalin - appeared oppressive and brutal

U2 Spy Plane Incident

• May 1, 1960 • US U-2 spy plane shot down over the Soviet Union. • Khrushchev demanded an apology - Eisenhower refused. • Pilot Gary Powers - Convicted of espionage and sentenced to 3 years imprisonment and 7 years of hard labor. – Served 1 year 9 months and 9 days before being traded for the Soviet spy Colonel Rudolph Ivanovich Abel. • Effect- Created further mistrust between US and USSR

Berlin Wall

Berlin Wall

• Constructed in 1961 • Purpose keep East Berliners from defecting to West Berlin • Effects – East Berliners separated from families and jobs, exodus ended

Cuba

• Cuban Revolution – 1956 – Castro overthrows President Batista – Establishes Communist Government in Cuba – Nationalizes all industries • Many owned by U.S. citizens

US Response to Cuban Revolution

• Bay of Pigs Invasion – CIA plan to Overthrow Castro – Sent Cuban Exiles to invade Cuba – Kennedy cancelled US air support – Invasion Failed • Operation Mongoose – CIA plan to assassinate Castro and interrupt Cuban Trade

Cuban Missile Crisis

    Cuban reaction to US attempts to overthrow Castro Turn to USSR for Help Soviets begin building nuclear weapon sites in Cuba October 1962 – US U2 Spy Plane Photographs Missile launch sites under construction in Cuba

Missile Range

• Missiles could reach  Missiles could reach every major city in US (except Seattle) within minutes of launch

Cuban Missile Crisis Oct 16-28, 1962

• Causes  Reaction to US attempts to invade Cuba and overthrow Fidel Castro  Reaction to US missiles placed in Turkey Khrushchev Kennedy

Kennedy Speech Cuban Missile Crisis

Cuban Missile Crisis

• Potential Options Discussed by ExComm (Sec. of State Ambassador) 1. Ignore the Missiles 4. Diplomacy , 5. Naval Blockade of Cuba Sec. of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Security Advisor, CIA Director, Vice President, UN 2. Airstrikes to take out Missiles 3. Airstrikes followed by US invasion

Cuban Missile Crisis

• Naval Blockade – option chosen by Kennedy – Demonstrated US willingness to take action – Gave Khrushchev time to consider the gravity of the situation • US Response – Americans left population centers – US military on full alert • Soviet Response – Send ships toward Cuba – Eventually honor the blockade

CMC Final Agreement

• Public: – USSR agrees to withdraw Missiles – US wont invade Cuba • Private – Kennedy agreed to remove Missiles in Turkey

Soviet Leadership - Cold War

• Stalin (1922-1953) • Khrushchev (1953 – 1964) • Brezhnev (1964 – 1982)

Stalin

• Stalin (1922-1953) – Great Purge (1936-1938) • Political Rivals sent to gulags or purged – 5 year Plan (1928) • focus on heavy industrial products • Few consumer goods made • Focus on quantity vs. quality – Collectivization(1928) • Peasants forced to work on group farms – Military spending high – 1 st A-bomb (1949), 1 st H-bomb (1952)

Khrushchev

• Khrushchev (1953 – 1964) – De-Stalinization (1953) • Denounced Stalin’s brutal policies – Improved standard of living – More freedoms – Continued Collectivization and 5 year plans – U2 Spy Plane incident 1960 – Peaceful Co-existence with West (1961) – Continued Massive Military Buildup • Sputnik – 1 st Satellite in space = ICBMs capable of reaching US (1957) – Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) + Weakened Economy = Removed from Office (1964)

Brezhnev

•1964 – 1982 •Reversed Khrushchev’s de-Stalinization policies (1964) Brezhnev Doctrine – no country could leave the Warsaw Pact (1968) •Détente (1972) – policy to “relax” relations with the US détente SALT (1972)– limited the number of nuclear warheads and missiles that each country could maintain •Invasion of Afghanistan (1979) ended •Drained national treasury, unpopular

Soviet Satellites Yugoslavia

• Only large eastern European Communist state to resist Soviet Control • Josip Tito – leader of Yugoslavia – insisted on own national policies – Developed his own form of Communism – Stalin expelled Yugoslavia from the international communist organization

Soviet Satellites Invasion of Hungary 1956

• Hungarians demand freedoms from communist government • Imre Nagy announced withdraw from Warsaw Pact - Threatens to return to democracy • Khrushchev sends Soviet Army into Budapest • Leaders and protesters rounded up and executed • Hungary returns to Communism

Soviet Satellites Invasion of Czechoslovakia

Soviet Control troops Soviet Communism

1968

• Czechs attempt to loosen • Czech leader Alexander Dubcek restores some freedoms • Soviets send in Warsaw Pact • Czechoslovakia returns to

Soviet Satellites Poland

• Resented Soviet control • Gomulka – freed political prisoners and ended collectivization, eased relations with the Catholic Church • 1970s workers demand economic reforms • 1976 Growing underground movement to

China Korea Vietnam Japan

Cold War in Asia

Communism in China

• 2000 years of Dynastic Rule • 1911 Republic of China established • Nationalist Leader - Sun Yat-sen – Promised land reform and end to political corruption

Communism in China

• 1920 – Chinese Communist Party formed • 1920/30’s Nationalist Party in Control • – Chiang Kai-Shek leads Nationalist Party (1927) – Millions of peasants starve – Unequal land distribution – Govt. policies favor wealthy landlords • 1927 Civil War begins – Nationalist vs. Communists • 1934 – Long March – 90K Communist March 2,000 miles in Protest against government – Nationalist kill 6K Communists – Mao Zedong survives

Communism in China

• WWII – Communist – Mao Zedong • gain strength in countryside by giving peasants land • arm peasants with weapons • Communist movement grows – Nationalist- Chiang Kai-shek • save best troops to fight Communists, NOT Japanese • Troops are crushed by Japanese • Nationalist movement weakens • Continues to ignore problems – Land reform, Corruption

Chinese Civil War

• Civil War Resumes after WWII • US sends 3B in Aid to help Nationalists • Why?_______________________

• As you watch the video, answer the following question: – What were the results of the Chinese Civil War?

Chinese Civil War

Chinese Civil War

• Results: – Chiang Kai-shek flees to Formosa establishes the Republic of China • Allies with US – Mao Zedong established the Peoples Republic of China • Allies with USSR

Communism in China

• 1949 Communist Revolution – Mao Zedong becomes leader (1949-1976) • 1952-1957 Soviet Socialism – 5 year Plan and Collectivization • 1956 Break from Soviet Influence • Move toward true communism • 1956-1961 Great Leap Forward – Modernize economy, while equally sharing wealth – Large scale industrial programs – Communes • 1966-1969 Cultural Revolution – Plan to rid China of the 4 Olds: ideas, culture, customs and habits – Red Guard helped to enforce Communist Ideas • 1976 Mao dies, Jiang Qing (wife) takes over – struggle in Communist Party begins

Chinese Modernization

• 1979-1997 Deng Xioping –

The Four Modernizations

• improve agricultural production • update and expand industry • modernize its army • Import foreign science and technology

Deng Xiaoping 1904 1997

•1997-2003 Jiang Zemin •Modernization of industry •Environmental destruction •Widening Gap between rich and poor •Three Represents •Changes to Communist Ideology •Included “representing interests of majority” •Movement to include business interests in party politics

Zemin improved Chinese relations Between the US and USSR

Modern China

•Chinese Global Influence continues to Grow Focus: •Environmental Controls •Gaps between rich and poor •Continued economic improvement •Foreign Investment in economy •Personal, but not Political Freedoms •Media and Political Control

President Hu Jintao moves China toward capitalism

•Human Rights Violations – Tibet •Committed to Chinese Reunification - Taiwan

Korean War

Korea

• 1905 Sino-Japanese War   Korea controlled by Japanese • 1945 Post WWII North Korea occupied by USSR  South Korea occupied by US Plan to create an independent, unified Korea  • 1948  US holds free elections in S. Korea    USSR refuses free elections Syngman Rhee – President of S. Korea Kim Il Sung – USSR installed Leader Communist

Korean Invasion

• Jan 1950 Secretary of State Dean Achseson Speech – South Korea not included as nation of vital interest to US • US uncertainty about South Korea leads Stalin to believe an invasion would be successful • US/USSR misread intentions – Stalin believed US wouldn’t risk another war – Truman believed USSR wouldn’t risk full-scale invasion

 

North Korea South Korea

Korean War

•North and South Korea Divided

at the 38 Parallel

•June 1950 •90,000 N. Korea Troops Invade S.Korea

•June 1950 •Truman orders Naval & Air Force to Korea without formal declaration of war •UN Security Council approves military aid to South Korea

Korean War

•UN Troops Cornered at Pusan •MacArthur lands UN forces

Enemy lines at Inchon Drives North Korean Troops To 38 Parallel



North Korea



South Korea/UN Troops



Cornered at Pusan

Korean War

•MacArthur pins troops against the Chinese border •Ignores warnings from Mao to back Off •Against Truman’s orders, MacArthur bombs bridges crossing into China •China sends troops across border  

North Korea pined at Chinese Border South Korea/UN Troops

Korean War

• Chinese/N. Korean troops drive UN troops back across 38 Parallel  

North Korea/Chinese Troops cross 38 Parallel South Korea/UN Troops

• MacArthur wants victory – expand war into China & use of nuclear weapons • Truman wants “Limited War” – Containing the war within its borders & using conventional weapon • April 1951 Truman Fires MacArthur for publically criticizing his policy of “Limited War”

Korean War

• What were the results of the Korean War?



North Korea



South Korea/UN Troops

Korean War

Korean War Results

• South Korea remained Free – US Contained Communism – Became a Democracy – US Troops Remain at 38 – Leader - Kim Jong Il – Economy has stagnated – People are starving th • North Korea – Communist Parallel – South Korea became an economic “Tiger” – high economic growth – Focus on developing nuclear weapons

Lee Myung Bak President, S.Korea

Kim Jong Il President, N. Korea

Korean War Deaths

500,000

Casualties in the Korean War

4,500 30,000 70,000 NK & Chinese soldiers and civilians SK civilians SK soldiers 780,000 USA soldiers Other UN soldiers

Vietnam

History of Vietnam

• Once a Colony of France – want rubber, tin & rice • Part of French Indochina – Cambodia – Laos – Vietnam • Japanese capture during WWII

Vietnam

• Communist leader Ho Chi Min • declares Vietnamese independence in 1945 – Goals: • Independent Vietnam • Unified Vietnam • Land Reform • French return to reclaim Vietnam

Vietminh Strategy

• Tire the French • Guerrilla Warfare avoid major battles, hit and run tactics • Build support with peasants

Truman Years

• US Policy – 1950-1956 – Containment and Truman

Doctine

• Provide military aid to French to defeat the Communist Vietminh • French Lose

What were the results of the Geneva Peace Talks?

• Vietnam divided at 17 th • North – Communist – Leader Ho Chi Min – Gained Popularity through land reform • South – Non-Communist Dictator – Leader - Ngo Dinh Diem – Refuses Land Reform

Eisenhower Years

• Policy of Containment • Domino Theory – Fall of Vietnam would lead Other countries in SE Asia to fall • U.S. sends $ to aid South Vietnam in resisting Communism

Why is Diem Unpopular?

Who are the Viet Cong?

• Communist Group in South Vietnam • Aided by North Vietnam and USSR • Civil War breaks out in South Vietnam

The Kennedy Years

• Sends military advisors and $ to South Vietnam • US proposes military coup • Diem Assassinated

Johnson Years

• Escalates War in Vietnam • Golf of Tonkin Incident – US boats Vietnam • Golf of Tonkin gives Johnson authority to send troops – 1965 – 165,000 – 1968 – 500,00

What major difficulties do US troops encounter?

3 Major Difficulties 1. Guerilla Warfare • No clearly defined battle lines • • Hit and Run Tactics Unfamiliar Jungle Terrain 2. Unpopularity of S. Vietnamese Govt.

3. War becomes unpopular at home

Nixon Years

Vietnamization – increase South Vietnamese troop’s combat role while US gradually pulls out • Massive bombings put pressure on N. Vietnamese to end the war

How does the war end?

• Vietminh agree to ceasefire • 1973 - Last US troops leave • 1975 – N. Vietnamese invade S. Vietnam • S. Vietnam Surrenders  Vietnam becomes a unified communist country

Costs of Vietnam War

• 57,000 US Soldiers Dead • 2 Million Vietnamese Dead • 150B Financial Cost • US loses First War • Reluctance to commit US troops over seas

Vietnam Today

• US ended trade embargo in 1994 • US established diplomatic relations

Compare Korean War to Vietnam War

Japan

• Demilitarization – Japanese armed services disbanded – Japan agrees to protection from US • Democracy – 2 House Parliament called Diet – Emperor becomes symbolic

Japan

• Economic Miracle – US Investment Intervention – Cooperation of suppliers, distributors • Focus on Technology • Business Management – Lifetime employment – Seniority-Based wages – Group Effort – Quality Control